Yes, I'm Okazaki, in charge of pathology. This video will cover the third lecture in pathology . Thank you very much for your cooperation . Now, in pathology, the first lesson covered things like what diseases are , and then we also covered genetic topics like blepharoplasty. So, for the second session, we covered something called "circulatory disorders," and for this third session, the topic is metabolic disorders, so we'll be covering things related to metabolism . First of all, if someone were to say "metabolism" and then ask you "What is metabolism?", would you be able to explain it? Metabolism has a pretty broad meaning, so it's difficult to explain. Well, to put it simply, we ate meals and things like that. This is often referred to as metabolism, and the definition of metabolism is that it involves substances being replaced by other substances within the body, or combining and reacting with each other . In today's lecture, we will discuss what kinds of diseases can result from disruptions in that metabolic process, and we will cover those kinds of illnesses . yes. Okay, as usual, I'll start by sharing my screen, so please wait a moment . Okay, so the section on metabolic disorders and sexually transmitted diseases is on page 23 of the textbook. Please have this ready and wait . Yes, the screen has appeared. Now, let's move on to page 23, "Coping Disorders and Anti-STIs ." So , it will be the same notice as always . Regarding how to proceed, all you need are three pens and two markers. So please prepare a three-color ballpoint pen, and then your own colors and markers, and try conducting the lecture on your own. Okay, let's go then. Okay, the title is "Metabolic Disorders and Anti-STDs," and the goal for this session is to reach a total of 4 points. First, regarding the first point, it concerns changes due to cell damage. Let's make sure we can list these properly . Also, let's make sure to check the type of change . What kinds of metabolic disorders are there? A difficult term appears at the end of the section. Apoptosis . These kinds of things will come up again, so I'd like you to make sure you carefully check everything all the way to the end . So, what makes this lecture a little different from the previous two is that I think it's quite important to really break down and understand the words written in this memo . So , of course, we'll be looking at the main text pages, but it would be good to know that we'll be occasionally referring to the memo section on the left or right side of this page. Okay, so let's go over what's written here as "cell damage." yes. First of all, living organisms consist of protein, fat, and what is commonly known as tapa or fat, and these three are what are called the three major nutrients . Let's start writing from the beginning. The three major nutrients. These three major nutrients are used as raw materials, taken in from outside the body and then processed within the body, thus maintaining their growth potential. So, to maintain that improvement, check out this product which is made using enzymes and such. ATP. It says that this is necessary as a source of scientific energy . yes. So, regarding ATP, let's take a look at what's written in the memo. It says something like "the energy source and the compound," but I just want you to remember that it's an energy source . It's these three letters of the alphabet, isn't it? All you need to know is that ATP is used as energy . And when you ask where that energy is produced, the lower mitochondria come into play . Those of you who took biology in middle school or high school might remember this . Yes, it's one of the functions within the body. I think it would be good if you could confirm the name of this place called mitochondria and that ATP is produced there . yes. Okay, now let's take a look at the lower part, specifically the cell damage impression . So, it says that there are various factors involved, such as physical, chemical, and biological ones . And then it just says the obvious: if you impair the function of mitochondria and things like that, your energy sources will decrease. So, there's no need to specifically point out any particular tickles . yes. Before we get into the extent of cell damage on the lower side, I'd like to take a moment to review the topic of metabolism, which is the title of this discussion . If someone asks you, "What is metabolism?", you can think of it as the chemical reactions that carry out the synthesis and decomposition of substances. So, combining substances A and B is one form of metabolism, and separating A and B is also a form of metabolism. yes. So, the idea is to write it down here . Synthesis . Combining means putting A and B together . So, I disassembled it. Regarding decomposition, you can think of it as splitting this group of A and B into A and B. yes. Metabolism is about combining things and also breaking them down. It's okay if you just understand that it's a general term for all of these. yes. Okay, so next time you examine the lower side, we'll see the extent of this cell damage. Well, it says that this varies depending on the cause . So, if you ask what the main cause of this cell damage is , the idea is that when the energy is eventually depleted, the cell reaches its core . yes. So, if you ask what happens when this energy is added, it's a change in the substances inside the cell, so to speak, the cell breaks down, or the number of cells decreases. In this sense, the term "disability disease" is used to describe a decline in function . yes. Why does the idea of ​​"fighting against sexually transmitted diseases" seem to decrease from here? Also, I think it would be helpful if you could understand the definition of the term as a decline in function . Various functions will deteriorate. Also, you can think of it as a phenomenon where cells and such decrease . yes. And, in contrast to this concept of "anti-sexually transmitted diseases," the second color of the marker pen is often mentioned . Cells are sometimes called by this name, and I apologize for skipping ahead a bit, but there are also things that are called new progressive diseases. I'll go back to the previous page for now . yes. And this progressive disease increases, or rather, it increases. It will get bigger. Also, Mars is said to be transformative, meaning it changes into something different and is reborn—that's the kind of thing Mars is. Anyway, the general idea here is that it increases . And the left side gets bigger . So, Mars, uh, transforms into something else . Please keep it in mind with this kind of image in mind . I hope that people will also get the idea that things are created and progress, rather than just being born or growing up . yes. That's what the first page says . Let's zoom out and move the whole image for now. Okay, so I went to the page and, well , the keyword "progressive change" came up, so I checked the diagram at the top. yes. There were what you might call normal cells. Those cells were damaged. This is a discussion about how things will change from that point onward . First, regarding the progressive disease on the right side, we have the previously mentioned Mars. This is the progression of this disease . Conversely, the image I had was that anti-STDs would either break down or decrease . I'll write this down again. When resistance is broken, it decreases. Please keep this image . yes. Because they break or decrease over time, it's okay if you tell us things like "lower formation," "contraction," or "stone." So, to give you an idea, progressive diseases are those that increase or grow larger, while resistant diseases are those that break down or decrease. Let's keep these two distinctions in mind for now. yes. Well, in the worst-case scenario, this picture can occur, so this is a key word that also came up last time when we discussed circulatory disorders . Let's double-check this again . yes. Okay, now let's move on to the lower section and go into the topics of composition and metabolic disorders . yes. Regarding this, the point is that protein and other nutrients, the so-called three major nutrients, are important for maintaining life . And here I've written "same" and "below," but we also use memorun for "same below" and "below ." Yes, regarding the same thing, the idea is that it's about creating something by combining it with other substances through this metabolic process . yes. For the reason why the following videos are the same, just have the image of what you're going to make in mind . So, regarding the following, since they are also contrasting, I'll write them in different colors. This is a disassembly. Decomposition . The following is a word that, when pronounced differently, can be changed into something else, right? So I'll change it to something else. It's okay if you just confirm that the following is what we're going to do by disassembling the original item. So, this is supposed to be a balance, but when that balance, or what you might call the potential for improvement, is disrupted, various problems arise. yes. So, regarding the organization of this substance, especially when the substance accumulates, yes. This is what's called "organization," and that's the gist of the story . So, well, we don't need to go into the distinctions of 123 about where and what happens, so here we'll just use the same formation as below. I think it would be good if we could distinguish the definitions of these secondary compound words. yes. So, from here on, we'll look at the anomalies that occur in each location . It starts from number one, but I encourage you all to flip through the pages yourselves . So, there are eight in total . So, the main point of this lecture is that this structure is the first thing you need to understand . Okay, so please come back and let's start by looking at the abnormalities in the intracellular period . So, what exactly is an abnormality in intracellular microperiods? Well, a prime example of an intracellular microperiod is this: mitochondria. Since it's mitochondria, if there's a problem with the mitochondria, it's on the lower side . The point is that it becomes impossible to produce ATP-mediated energy . If you're worried that you might get confused when you see ATP before an exam, just make a note that it's an energy source . Things that provide energy . yes. And when things like this decrease, it starts to happen . And it seems there are various types of abnormalities in those intracellular microperiods . Yeah. Let's proceed to the page on the right . yes. If you continue reading, you'll come across keywords like Croft time mixing picture length, air information formation, and cancellation formation . So, I think this is probably easier to understand if you visualize it rather than just look at it in words, so let's use that here . yes. If you're wondering what the so-called "lower left, turbid market" means, please check to see that it simply means there's a lot of water in it. Because there is a lot of water, as shown in this illustration, the 100,000 units of water appear to be quite large . yes. The main point is why this water accumulates, and for the next part, B, we'll just make it profitable . yes. The key feature of the flight information system is its simplicity: it simply says, "The planes are open," and "It's a flight information system ." Just leave it as is , the last part is a bit complicated . Negative organization. This "extinguishing structure" refers to the formation of things like protein fire currents . yes. So, we'll do the same thing on the bottom side, following this color scheme . The cytoplasm appears cloudy , which is why it's called "cloudy," or in other words, it looks like there's water trapped inside . And regarding the claims in the air report, yes . Since it's an air bulletin, I think "air bulletin compilation" is a good term . yes. So, when we talk about what a low birthrate-oriented organizational structure is, let's take a look at the industry for a moment . Excessive protein intake or decreased protein secretion. This increases the digestive flow for those with a low birth rate, and is therefore referred to as a "low birth rate-friendly organization." So, although we refer to this as protein , I think it would be good if you could confirm that this digestive flow is actually a protein-based digestive flow . yes. And, regarding diseases that can occur in the kidneys and such, there is also something called nephrotic syndrome, so if you have some time to spare , I would appreciate it if you could take a look at that as well . yes. Well, nephrotic syndrome is rarely directly related to dental problems , so it's fine if you just remember that it's a kidney disease and that's about it . This is the first one. Okay, next up is the second topic: protein synthesis and metabolic disorders. Let's take a look at this . So, in this section, three keywords emerge: quality composition, amyloid composition, and yearly composition . yes. A reliable formation. So where exactly is this certainty located? Well, traces of skin and aging can be seen in these places on the treasure. So, a commonly used expression would be something like "to confirm or verify ." It's something like, "You can find it in Kana or something ." yes. Therefore, if we connect it using the image of the heel, a characteristic of this solid formation is that it can become very thick . And there's a characteristic of when it gets thicker that's a bit difficult to describe in words. There's a term called "illusion." To put it simply , what is an illusion? It's characterized by the creation of something that isn't actually there, a substance that doesn't naturally exist . yes. It's a substance that shouldn't normally be found . This illusion is what we mean by "that kind of thing being created , and then moving around like this ." So, the problem with the substance I'm talking about here, as indicated by the keywords in the text, is that it has corners and other features that shouldn't exist . yes. Well, I did add a brief explanation about that illusion, but the most important keyword here is that it leads to what you might call a solid, reliable formation . yes. Okay, next up is the amyloid formation. In the section on amyloid formation, the term " immunoglobulin" was introduced for the first time in my lecture . This Mexican globulin, you see, will reappear in the latter part of the section about the number of times it is used. yes . If you're wondering what cyglobulin is , well, it's basically an immune system substance that fights off abnormal substances when they enter the body . However, if you're wondering what gloverin is made of, it's also made of protein, so you can think of it as an immune function made from immune proteins . yes. So, when we ask what amyloid composition is, it's amyloid, the abnormal protein described in the second line. This understanding is correct. Therefore, I think it's safe to assume that the amyloid formation was something Tapa created . yes. And then, if you look at the bottom part, you'll see a keyword called "year-based programming." Well, the pension system is simply organized by the annual income bracket, so I think it would be good if you just looked at this nameless thing, which is a representative substance of the annual income bracket . Okay, on the next page, there are illustrations of guaranteed formations and amyloid formations, so I'll turn back the page for now . Yeah. Okay, let's take a look at some photos together in the next section . yes. Well, the discussion was about how "certainty-based organization" refers to the outer parts, like the upper limit and maintenance costs. One of its characteristics is that it is formed by this thick section called solidity. So, there was talk that Tapa would be the one to create the amyloid structure. The characteristic feature is that these tampas are organized and shaped in this way. yes. Why is the word "amyloid" written in a slightly thinner, upward-facing style? Amyloid . yes. As I mentioned earlier, amyloid is formed from tampa, but here's one thing I want you to keep in mind . Because it's perceived as a solid, it becomes less soluble in water and blood . I think it's important to get confirmation that it's just a mass of protein . A mass of protein that is not easily soluble in water or blood . yes. So, while it may be a case-specific issue, such as the presence of amyloid , if you ask what it is, please understand that amyloid is simply a mass that can be seen in this form . yes. Okay, that's the end of the discussion about the illustrations for now. The text continues from the section on pension planning. That famous train formation includes the unmanned formation that was mentioned earlier, but a representative example is the one you can see on this Kojo Line . yes. And finally, there's the last formation, the one that appears last . The low birthrate-based scheduling was basically about things like streamlining and other aspects of scheduling . However, this section about the exhaust system configuration is just about how the inspection will be carried out, so you can just think of it as "so there is such a configuration" and leave it at that . yes. Well , a lot of new keywords have come up, so let's wrap things up here for now . yes. Okay, let's go back a bit and take a breather . yes. Well, first of all, there were metabolic disorders, and then there were progressive diseases, that was the initial part. Yeah. Then, in the next section, there was a definition of the term "composition" or similar . And then, the point is that if ATP energy production stops, various problems will occur. It has come to light that there were various types of these formations . So, there are various formations in this part , so the point was to get a sense of the location, like the confirmed properties and amyloid . So, the next type we'll look at, type 2, protein metabolism disorders, is actually something we briefly looked at in the previous section on circulatory disorders . Yes, as you can see, the low-protein final is what they're saying . Now, a prime example of tapa that came up in the last lecture was albumin . Albumin is a type of protein . If you think you might get confused, make a note of it . One of the tampas . Low protein levels mean that one of these proteins stops being produced . Yes, there was talk that if that tapa stopped being made, the third line from the bottom, what is commonly known as mumi, would occur . yes. For those of you wondering what we talked about last time, let's go back to the slides from the previous lecture. yes. Okay, let's go back to where we were a little while ago . Yes, yes, that's right. I saw how the fu variety is formed here. It was on page 17, wasn't it? yes. As confirmed on page 17, it is water inside the cell. The mechanism behind this is that it manifests as cells in the joints . So, if you're wondering why this water gets into the cell's joints, well, proteins are supposed to hold the water in place. There was talk about how a decrease in that protein causes water to leak into the cell joints . As I mentioned at the end of last lecture, the definitions of terms like "f," "shock," "blood," and "severe hemorrhage" were important. Have you all reviewed them ? If you've forgotten, please review them as soon as possible . Okay, let's go back to the previous screen and move on to the next part . Next up is a story about urine writing. So, the book on uremic disorders is written as a human function disorder, so I think it would be good if you could get an image of where you are trying to urinate, and how you are positioning your body to do so. Well, in terms of organs, it's the kidneys. Therefore, uremia is caused by a functional disorder in that person. The substances found in this urine are described as the final product of creatine sulfate excreted in the urine, and these things, well , accumulate. I think it's enough if you understand that this happens because you can no longer provide explanations . yes. Regarding uremia, it's okay to understand it as a condition where excretory dysfunction occurs . Yeah. Finally, in the fifth line from the bottom, there is a small amount of phenyl ketone. This came up in the first lecture, in the section on genetics. Yeah. As it says here, this is a congenital amino acid metabolism disorder, and when I learned about it before, I was told it was one of the sporadicated diseases . yes. In the previous-to-last episode, we just said it was one of the congenital diseases, but to explain what kind of disease it is , it's a condition where the enzyme that synthesizes amino acids in the body, which are essentially the energy source, is impaired. So, this strange metabolic product that is produced is phenylketone. Honestly, rather than explaining what phenylketone syndrome is, I think it's enough to say that phenylketone syndrome, homocystine syndrome, and maple syrup syndrome are all part of this group of congenital disorders. Well, penylketones, which are common in patients and often cause problems in clinical practice, tend to appear on national exams, so I make sure to check that one point . yes. So, to summarize, all you need to remember is that there are certain sexual characteristics associated with pre-existing conditions . yes. Okay, next up is the formation of the third player to die and metabolic disorders. Here too, it's not anything new; it's a review of what we covered last time. Well, excess energy is converted into triglycerides and stored as fat. So, the key term here is "fat composition." And sometimes fat can accumulate around organs, but on the next page, let's look at what happens when this fat accumulation occurs in blood vessels, for example . yes. Okay, let's move on to page 27 on the right . If you were to see it inside a blood vessel , well, this is what would happen . It can cause arteriosclerosis. Now, let's talk about the arteriosclerosis. There was a good solution that mentioned a mature atheromycete . For those who might have forgotten, I'll leave this here as it's just a simple illustration . yes. I had them draw a diagram of blood vessels, and the bulge-like structures inside the vessels were what's called arteriosclerosis . Yeah. So, I think it would be good if people understood that this arteriosclerosis is essentially caused by death . When blood vessels narrow like this , the ability to pump blood decreases significantly. So, as you can see in the fourth line from the bottom, it can also lead to problems like metalworking, so I hope you'll take a look . yes. Also, as you can see below, a typical example of a disease related to spending is this: a rise in expenditure quality . And within those lipids, there are two things called cholesterol and triglycerides . yes. Cholesterol and toglycerides are included in the overall expenditure. This is an image I have in mind. And among them, the one I want you to pay particular attention to today is LDL, which is called the "bad" cholesterol, among the bottom two rows. This is what makes arteriosclerosis more likely to occur . So, when you ask why , let's go to the memo on the left. Well, it's written quite a bit, but the last five lines are the names. LDL tends to accumulate in blood vessels and is called a granule . Conversely, it will change color. The reason HDL is called "whole lithography" is because it can remove LDL. That's why when you get a health checkup, they'll ask you things like, " What's your LDL cholesterol level?" LDL cholesterol . Do you know how high your LDL cholesterol levels are considered abnormal ? Yes. L cholesterol levels above 140 are considered elevated . Well, rather than here being about being a player with teeth, yeah . As someone who will be involved in healthcare, I think it's good for people to know about these things . yes. Well, I don't need to go into specific numbers if you don't have the time, but just take a look at the kind of things that are usually looked at in health checkups . yes. So, this topic of expenditure metabolism actually appears on national exams , so let's move on to the questions . Please look at the screen . Yes, this is the problem. Ta-da! Which of the following caused death due to metabolic disorder? So, yes. The "Maturity Alliance" effect is now evident. yes. Let's reaffirm why this arterial effect is caused by cholesterol, or fat . Okay, so let's go back to the bottom. Let's delve into carbohydrate composition and metabolic disorders . Okay, so next time we'll focus on carbohydrates. Well, a typical example of what is commonly called carbohydrates is martial arts, etc., which can be broken down into these categories. yes. If you check it a bit, carbohydrates are broken down into things like martial arts and absorbed by the body . It will now take on a different form and be stored and accumulated as Guriko in Hanzo . So, our bodies are like towers that are constantly being stored. So, when you feel hungry, or just generally hungry, our bodies break down what you're consuming into glucose as needed and use it as an energy source. That's how our bodies work. And this is a typical disease where the body can no longer regulate itself properly. I'm sure you've all heard of it . It's called diabetes . So, there are actually two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, so let's start by color-coding them, beginning with red pen . yes. Type 1 diabetes . This is called insulin-dependent diabetes . I wonder if everyone understands what "dependent" means ? It means that you can't function properly without injecting insulin from an external source, that is, you are insulin dependent . If you ask why, the characteristic of this is that the Langerhans cell and B cells, which are cells that produce insulin, are destroyed, and as a result, insulin is released. yes. So, all you need to know is that a characteristic of type 1 diabetes is that insulin cannot be secreted . Insulin won't be produced . Next, I'll change the color of the Type 2. Type 2 diabetes is insulin- independent. So, if you're wondering why this happens, the key term is insulin resistance . What is resistance? Resistance is the idea that something is present but doesn't function . Yeah. The chair is there, but it doesn't respond properly; it doesn't work. That's what resistance means. It's there, and I'm receiving it , but it's resisting, so you can think of it as a state where it's not working properly . yes. I'm not a diabetic patient . Yes, it was in the urine. Lots of pee comes out in towers . So, a lot of towers will appear . The term "osmotic pressure due to high blood sugar" came up. yes. To reiterate, since we're talking about isobars, osmotic pressure is the force that pulls water. So, this time, in terms of protection, since it's a high bloodline, you can think of it as the tower having the power to draw water, and that's all you need to know . When you have what's called high blood sugar, there's a lot of it in your blood. It draws in a lot of water from the bloodstream . So, the idea is that the water in the cells is drawn into the bloodstream and then put into the urine, causing the cells to dry out . Yeah. Furthermore, along with the abnormal expenditure, there are also issues like the agricultural effect and weakened health , so the fact that it can lead to various diseases is a bit frightening . yes. Okay, so we'll continue discussing carbohydrates in the next section . Well, the explanation of the arteriovenous effect on the lower part has already been illustrated, so yes, that should be fine . yes. Okay, then please go to the next place . So, a decline in upper and middle-level function makes you more susceptible to infection. That's the important part. Actually, this embroidery garden is characterized by the fact that it makes it easier to complete, and also, well, it leads to embroidery-related issues . So, I think it's important for everyone to understand that diabetes is actually very closely related to the health of your teeth . So, when you actually go out into the field and think about what kind of patients you'll be sleeping with, you'll probably find that diabetic patients are quite painful. For example, a patient who is hospitalized came to the hospital's hygiene department . And it's possible that some of you might even end up performing that procedure yourselves . And finally, regarding this particular illness , it is a rare case, so I do n't think any further explanation is needed . yes. Okay, next up is number 5. Incision and calcium metabolism disorder. Let's go here. And it says that calcium is absorbed through the symbolic body, and yes, basic energy is absorbed through this symbol. So, it says that calcium concentration is regulated by the serotonin, serotonin hormones, and also by active vitamin D, so I'll just write out a perfect schematic diagram . yes. What I mean is, it's the feeling of length . Long feeling. yes. Long feeling . This describes the process by which calcium enters the blood vessels from the venous system . Next, we have the process of creating bone from these blood vessels, and the process of calcium returning from the bones to the bloodstream , so let's make a note of it like this . yes. Well, basically all of these are calcium, or CA for short, so if you take a look at these, you'll be fine. Calcium . yes. yes. So, what's involved in the absorption of this calcium? This symbol says it's absorbed, and one of the things involved is activated vitamin D3, which I'll abbreviate as activated vitamin V in blue pen. VD3. This will facilitate absorption from the sense of length. It brings a lot of it into the bloodstream from the long-lasting sensation. And there's one more thing, it's called a side-effect hormone, but I'll just shred this paper for now. Side effects hormones are also known as parathormone. It was a pretty good victory, wasn't it? It is abbreviated as PTH . yes. This parathyroid hormone plays a role in returning calcium from the bones back into the bloodstream . So, the calcium I was summarizing just now, the fact that it's regulated by complex hyperglycemia and activated vitamin D3, is related to the process I just showed you . yes. The deposition of that calcium in tissues is what is known as incision . yes. Calcium will be deposited on the walls of your blood vessels . I think it would be good if you could just emphasize that this is called an incision. So, if you're wondering whether it's an incision, you can think of it as being about calcium, and that should be fine . yes. Also, tomorrow's topic is listed as determinant formation and diffusion metabolic disorders, but regarding determinant formation, it is written as the deposition of substances within tissues . Well, as for typical examples, have you ever heard of things like tourism, miracles that help develop a strong will within the competition, urinary tract absences, or searching for seats ? Those kinds of situations are prime examples of what constitutes an absence . The basic component of the substance that causes these traces to form is calcium. So, the term " incisional reconstruction" connects to the keyword "incisional reconstruction" that I mentioned earlier. And of course, it's not 100% calcium; various factors like immunity and cholesterol are also contributing, so please keep that in mind . yes. So, regarding the composition of cholesterol, let's move on to the next page on the right. Here you go. Cholesterol deposition is present. It's a team of announcement specialists. So, I think the name "Responsibility Final" is fine. On the other hand, there's one more thing I'd like you to take a look at: gout. This is gout caused by the final stage of the competition. In gout, you can see gout crystals forming, and while gout is incredibly painful , a distinctive feature of this final large formation is the formation of needle-like crystals . Because very sharp, pointed crystals are formed, gout is said to be very painful. Yes, that's what you call a needle-shaped crystal. There's this sodium urate final , so I think it would be good if you could just check it out as a way to connect the expressions . yes. That's how it looked, but I skipped over the bottom left column, so let's go back there for a moment . Is the screen okay? Yes, I'll go back. yes. Okay, then please go back. Metabolic syndrome. Regarding this metabolic syndrome , the only thing I want you to keep in mind when it comes to this color is to make sure you understand the regular schedule . Two eyes on the right. yes. Fukube's requirements are 85cm or more for men and 90cm or more for women . Yeah. This "complex" part is the same as in metabolic syndrome. This is a condition for diagnosis . So, that health checkup is not necessary. Please raise both your hands. When you raise your arms in a " Banzai" pose, you knead your stomach area, and if that's considered a diagnostic check for metabolic syndrome, then that's fine. Well, since women tend to accumulate more fat around their waists , I think it's best to consider that the upper limit for women should be set a little higher, at 90cm or more . yes. That concludes the discussion on metabolic syndrome up to number 6, so let's move on to number 7. So , as for number 7, there's not really anything that's particularly important . Yeah. If you're going to look at it, look at the melanin in the fifth row from the top. Regarding melanin, it's described as a blackish-brown pigment that is physiologically present in the skin and other tissues . So, this is written as being caused by sunburn from a large amount of ultraviolet rays , so you can just confirm that melanin increases due to sunburn and things like that . That's why this melanin is also the cause of the problems seen in that Similankan comedian . yes . So, normally, there's no melanin in the mucous membranes of the mouth, but when you have a disease , this melanin is produced , which can cause the inside of your mouth to look dull . yes. When asked why melanin is important, I want everyone to understand that it's a substance that gives color, a pigment . yes. As for the lower-level hemosiderin and bilirubin, well, you can just know that hemosiderin is related to the stone spheres. Yeah. As for bilirubin, well, you can just understand that it's related to things like the yellowing of the whites of the eyes, which is called transverse bilirubin. Okay, so let's finish the bottom part with this level of emphasis, like an underline. Okay, let's move on to the next page . yes. Around here, there are terms like "hemolytic anemia," which are diseases related to cross-sectional diseases, and it seems that bilirubin levels also increase in hemolytic anemia. So, I think it's enough to just think, "That's why we can see this crossing." Yeah. So, well, there are a lot of complexities regarding bilirubin, but let's leave it at this level of knowledge for now. yes. Okay , so the next layer is the lower, exogenous color layer, which is made up of various things that come in from the outside . So, substances like mercury and cadmium , which are sometimes referred to as light pollution , and which have become somewhat of a trend, can be considered as invasive species here . yes. However, "inferior endocrine" refers to endocrine hormones, or in other words, hormones. hormone. Yeah. So, there are various types of hormones, but the most representative one we looked at today was a side effect hormone. As I mentioned earlier, there's something called parathormone, which also has a name written in katakana. So, I think it's good to understand that various things are regulated by this endocrine system, or hormones, that's located inside the body. yes. So why is this second title, which continued for so long, yeah . Let's wrap up the discussion on composition and metabolic disorders here . Okay, there are 3 pages left. Page 31, translocation, and then cell specialist. Having come this far, let's move on to the ending. yes. And the transfer is probably inexpensive. It's said that "contraction" means something shrinks or becomes smaller. yes. Intrauterine atrophy is a disease in which normally developed organs or other parts of the body decrease in size. So, the bottom circles 1 and 2 are labeled as simple and numerical contraction, but let's just check the top section first . yes. Okay, so let's look at the diagram above. Simple contraction is... These nine pieces are slightly smaller than their original size . So, a simple consciousness will have a smaller image. This image is fine. It will get smaller . So, numerical reduction means that the size doesn't change, but the number decreases . yes. Why does it simply become smaller? The number will decrease. It's okay if you distinguish between the two in this way . And I think that's a good enough definition for distinguishing between contractions. Yeah. Well, there are various interpretations depending on the cause, but... Well, especially, in the future, when it comes to studying kale science, I think the nutrition-related aspects will be important. Yeah . Well, in relation to nutrition, this shrinkage, or rather, the cells inside the mouth, can shrink, so I think it would be good if you could take a look at that point . Okay, so let's move on to the last item, Cellular Surgery . As for cell biologists, this is a national exam, and it's rare, but it sometimes comes up in the first term . So, regarding the points, the keywords that come up are this "Ethi" and the second title, uh, apoptosis. It is important to distinguish between these two. First of all, the definition of "Essence" is irreversible functional cessation. This is called a Necrose. So, can I go ahead and check the next page ? Yes. Now, pay attention to the screen . yes. Turn the page two. yes. Apot. Apoth's cells are programmed to react to climate changes, contrary to his will. This is called apoptosis . So, since we've come up with the terms necrosis and apoptosis , I'd like to start by creating a brief summary . yes. Okay, let's use the bottom of page 33 to make a comparison . Necroticism refers to what is commonly known as a painting . Let's distinguish between this and apoptosis , also known as natural growth . yes. Okay, so, looking at Necros , each of these will be fine with just two lines of space . yes. There was talk about how so-called cellular tissues can have a will of their own . I've written a little bit of the character for "cell tissue" with my will . I'll wait . yes. If you ask me what this means, to put it simply, it means that cells are destroyed. Destruction of cells . yes. Basically, it's about cells being destroyed in a bang. One of the differences between the two is whether or not there is inflammation at the end. Which do you think it is? Cells get destroyed . When cells are damaged, inflammation occurs in the surrounding area, so this inflammation is a necessary condition. This is a slight difference from what will come up later . Okay, so Necro, uh, Nepros is finished, so Apot . Yes. As for Apothos, it is a programmed cell as checked earlier . This is the definition of an appointment. So, these programmed cell cells can't grow any further once they reach a certain level. The image of Apothos is that he's telling himself to break, that he's breaking down on his own . So, to put into words what it means for something to break down on its own, the image of the apone is that the cells become smaller, they undergo fragmentation . yes. In other words, it's simply breaking down on its own, so in terms of whether there's inflammation or not, what do you think? Yes, it's fine if you can distinguish between the two by saying, "Yes, there's no inflammation ." yes. Therefore, when you are asked about the apotheca and necrotium in the exam, you can often make a judgment based on whether or not there is inflammation, so I think it would be good to focus on that point first. First, let's learn to distinguish between Onecross and Apoth . Yeah. Okay, then please go back. Let's look at the differences between the two. I think it's probably okay . Okay, so I'll head back now. Yes, that's what I mentioned earlier, this irreversible shutdown. The key point is that, ultimately, the I cell membrane of these cells is destroyed , and an inflammatory response occurs . So, I think it's best if you keep in mind that this Ethine Cross has the image of something that breaks easily . yes. Okay, so when you told me the next place, I drew the image of the weather of that organization . That's the beauty of this pure healing process. But that organization is... In terms of how it will change, it will be through the transformation into a more functional system, and also through the development of hidden treasures . Regarding the secret technique, it simply gives the feeling of being enveloped, like being gently embraced . The tissue that encases it is called flesh tissue, and the treasure is encased in another type of tissue . Oh, I remember this phrase from last time. Mechanical person. The quality of the machine was the quality of its properties. In other words, the key point is that the mechanism changes shape . yes. I hope you'll understand that there are two differences: why the form changes, and how that foreign object gets enveloped . yes. So, after looking at this illustration , if you look at the bottom, you'll see things like "go" and "kidnapping stone," but it's okay to just understand that "go" means blood clotting and then it happens . Let's start by saying "Let's go," like we did last time . And then, as for the kidnapping, since it's a kidnapping, it kind of melts away, like it disappears . For example, this is easy to imagine in terms of the brain's speed, but if the brain is like this , and a kidnapping will arises, then a part of the brain will be lost. That's the image. yes. The image is that when you write it the same way, it looks something like this , yes. Yes to this part. It gives the impression that someone is being kidnapped . yes. So, regarding Yukai, I think it would be good if you could keep in mind that it will disappear. However, if a secondary change occurs in the part that was kidnapped , then the name will change again, so please keep that in mind . Well , especially when it comes to food, to put it simply , it gives the impression of spoiling. Therefore, a characteristic of this plant is that it emits a strong, foul odor from the lower part of the stem . Okay, and then it says "weather of the stone structure ," which is what we saw at the top , so to speak, the structure of the structure and the treasures. I think it would be good if you could confirm that they change in various ways like this. Okay, let's finish by watching Apot. yes. Apot was a genetically programmed cell programmer. So, the point is that it changes on its own, and the very last point—that no inflammatory reaction occurs—is the key. Yeah. And as for the other one, the question is whether it's a defective product or not . If you can make the DNA of expansion stand out enough to make it seem like you're trying it on, that's fine. yes. Ah, apoptosis is often asked about in comparison to necrosis in exams, so I think it would be good if you refer to this summary as shown below . So, regarding the main points of this lecture... Okay, so if you can just confirm that there were progressive formations and counter-movement changes, and that there were different types of formations, that's fine. And, surprisingly, the last two, Apothos and Necros, are quite similar in their katakana names, and it's easy to get them confused, so please make sure to sort them out as soon as possible . Now, in the three lectures we've already covered, there was some content that came up in the 12th lecture from the past . Therefore, I strongly encourage you to review the lectures up to this point, rather than simply letting them slide. Please make sure to keep in mind the connections between different pathologies within the university as you continue your studies. Okay, that concludes our third lesson on pathology, covering metabolism and beyond. thank you for your hard work .