Happiness is being satisfied with what you have. Success comes from dissatisfaction. Is success worth it then? Oof. I'm not sure that statement is true anymore. Like I made that statement a long time ago and a lot of these things are just notes to myself and they're highly contextual. They come in the moment, they leave in the moment. Happiness. Okay. So very complicated topic but I always like the Socrates story where he goes into the marketplace and they show him all these luxuries and fineries and he says how many things there are in this world that I do not want right and that's a form of freedom so not wanting something is as good as having it in the old story with Alexander Dionius right Alexander goes out and conquers the world and he meets Dionius who's living in a barrel and Dionius says get out of the way you're blocking my son and Alexander says oh how I wish I you know could be like Dionius the next life and Dionis says that's the difference I don't wish that I could sorry Dioynes Dioynes Dioynes says I I I don't wish to be Alexander so two paths to happiness and uh one path is success you get what you want you satisfy your material needs or like Dioynes you just don't want in the first place and I'm not sure which one is more valid um and it also depends what you define as success if the end goal is happiness then why not cut to the chase and just go straight for uh does being happy make you less successful? That is a conventional wisdom. That may even be the practical earned experience of your reality. You find that when you're happy, you don't want anything. So, you don't get up and do anything. On the other hand, you know, you still got to do something. You're an animal. You're here. You're here to survive. You're here to replicate. You're driven. You're motivated. You're going to do something. You're not just going to sit there all day. Unlikely. Some people do. Maybe it's in their nature. But I think most people still want to act. they want to live in the arena. Uh I found for myself as I've become uh happier is a big word, but you know, more peaceful, more calm, more present, more uh satisfied with what I have, uh I still want to do things. I just want to do bigger things. I want to do things that are more pure, more aligned with uh what I think needs to be done and what I can uniquely do. So in that sense, I think that being happier can actually make you more successful, but your definition of success will likely change along the way. Is that a realization you think you could have gotten to had you have not had some success in the first place? At least for me, I always wanted to take the path of material success first. I was not going to go be an aesthetic and sit there and renounce everything. That just seems too unrealistic and too painful. Uh, in the story of Buddha, he starts out as a prince and then he sees that it's all kind of meaningless because you're still going to get old and die and then he goes into the woods looking for something more. I'll take the happy route that involves material success. Thank you. I think it's quicker in some ways. You know, one of your uh insights is it's far easier to achieve our material desires than it is to renounce them. And uh it depends on the person, but I I think you have to try that path. If you want something, go get it. Uh, you know, like I I I quipped that the reason to win the game is to be free of it. So, you you play the games, you win the games, and then you get hopefully you get bored of the games. You don't want to just keep looping on the same game over and over. Although a lot of these games are very enticing and have many levels and are relatively open-ended. Uh, and then you become free of the game uh in a sense that you're no longer trying to win it. You know, you can win it. Uh, and either you move to a different game or you play the game for the sheer joy of it. Yeah. You, another one of yours, most of the gains in life come from suffering in the short term so you can get paid in the long term. I think that's classic. Winning the marshmallow test on a daily basis. But, uh, there's an interesting challenge where I think people need to avoid becoming uh, a suffering addict. Sort of using suffering as the proxy for progress as opposed to the outcome of the suffering. Right? It's like I was in pain not eating the marshmallow. I was in pain doing this work. I have attached well-being and satisfaction to pain, not to what the pain gets me on the other side of it. If you define pain as physical pain, then it's a real thing. It happens and you can't ignore it. But that's not what we mean by suffering. Suffering is mostly mental anguish and mental pain. And it just means you don't want to do the task at hand. Uh if you were fine doing the task at hand, then you wouldn't be suffering. And then the question is what's more effective to suffer along the way or just to interpret it in a way that it's not suffering? You hear from a lot of successful people they look back and they say oh the journey was the fun part right that was actually the entertaining part and I should have enjoyed it more. It's a common regret. Uh there's a little thought exercise I like to do, which is you can go back into your own life and uh try to put yourself in the exact position you were in 5 years ago, 10 years ago, 15 years ago, 20 years ago. And you try to remember, okay, who was I with? What was I doing? What was I feeling? What were my emotions? What were my objectives? And really, really try to transport yourself back and see if there's any advice you'd give yourself. Anything you do differently. Now, you don't have new information. And don't pretend you could have gone back and, you know, bought a stock or bought bought Bitcoin or whatever, but just knowing what you know now in terms of your temperament and a little bit of age related experience, how would you have done things differently? And I think it's a worthwhile exercise to do. So don't let me rob you of the conclusion, but I'll tell you for me uh I would have done everything the same except I would have done it with less anger, less emotion, less internal suffering because that was optional. It wasn't necessary. And I would argue that someone who can do the job uh at least peacefully but maybe happily is going to be more effective than someone who has unnecessary emotional turmoil. Well, you end up with a series of miserable successes, right? The outcome may have been the same, but the entire experience of getting there and and the journey is not only the reward. The journey is the only thing there is. You know, even success, it's human nature to bank it very very quickly, right? Because the normal loop that we run through is you sit around, you're bored, then you want something, then when you want something, you decide you're not going to be happy until you get that thing. Then you start your bout of suffering or anticipation while you strive to get that thing. If you get that thing, then you get used to it and then you get bored again. Then a few months later, you want something else. And if you don't get it, then you're unhappy for a bit and then you get over it and then you want something else. Right? That's the normal cycle. So whether you're happy or unhappy at the end, it tends not to last. Now I don't want to be glib and say that oh there's no point in making money or being successful. There absolutely is. Money solves all your money problems. So it is good to have money. Um that said there are those uh those stories. I I don't know if you've seen those studies. I don't know how real these are. A lot of these psych studies don't replicate, but it's a fun fun little study that shows that uh people who break their back and people who win the lottery are back to their baseline happiness two years later. Yep. Again, I don't know if that's entirely true. I think money can buy you happiness if you earned it because then along the way you have both pride and confidence in yourself and you have a sense of accomplishment and you you know set out to do something and you were right. So I I'll bet that lingers and then as I said money solves your money problem. So I don't want to be too glib about it but I would say in general this this loop that we run through um of desire, dopamine, fulfillment, unfulfillment like you you have to enjoy the journey. The journey is all there is, right? 99% of your time is spent on the journey. So, what kind of a journey is it if you're not going to enjoy it? How do you shortcut that desire contract? You could focus, you could decide that I don't want most things. I think we have a lot of unnecessary desires that we just pick up everywhere. We have opinions on everything, judgments and everything. Uh so, I think just knowing that those are the source of unhappiness uh will make you be choosy about your desires. And frankly, if you want to be successful, you have to be choosy about your desires. You have to focus. You can't be great at everything. You can't be great at everything. You're just going to waste your energy and waste your time. Is fame a worthwhile goal? Uh, it gets you invited to better parties, gets you into better restaurants. Uh, fame. So, fa fame is this funny thing where a lot of people know you, but you don't know them. And, uh, it does get you put on a pedestal. Uh, it can get you what you want, uh, at a at a distance. So, I wouldn't say it's worthless. Obviously, people want it for a reason. Um, it's high status, so it attracts the opposite sex. Uh, especially for men, it attracts women. Uh, that said, it is high cost. It means you have no privacy. Um, you do have weirdos and lunatics. Uh, you do get hit up a lot for weird things. Uh, and you're on a stage, so you're forced to perform, so you're forced to be consistent with your past proclamations and actions, and you're going to have haters and all that nonsense. But the fact that we do it, the fact that we all seem to want it means that it would be disingenuous to say, "Oh, no, no, I'm famous." But you don't want to be famous. Um, that said, I think fame, like anything else, is best produced as a or pursued as a byproduct of something potentially more worthwhile. Um, wanting to be famous and craving to be famous and being famous for being famous, these are sort of traps. Fame for fame's sake. Yeah. Exactly. So, it's better that it's earned fame. Uh so for example earn respect in the tribe is you do things that are good for the tribe. Uh who are the most famous people in human history? Uh there uh you know there there are people who sort of transcended the self. The Buddhas and the Jesuses and the Muhammads of the world. Who else is famous? Uh the artists are famous. You know art lasts for a long time. The scientists are famous. They discover things. The conquerors are famous presumably because they conquered for their tribe. There was someone that they were fighting for. So generally the higher up you rise by doing things for greater and greater groups of people even though it may be considered tyrannical or negative like uh you know Jenghaskhan is famous but uh to the Mongols he was doing good to the rest of them not so much uh the higher level you're operating at the more people you're taking care of the more you sort of earn respect and fame and I think those are good reasons to be famous if if if fame is empty if you're famous just cuz your name showed up in a lot of places or your face showed up in a lot of places then that's a hollow fame and I think deep down you will know that and so it'll be fragile and you'll always be afraid of losing it and then you'll be forced to perform so the kind of fame that uh pure actors and celebrities have I wouldn't want but the kind of fame that's earned because you did something useful uh why dodge that now you can there's a challenge I think especially if people make uh very loud public proclamations about things you mentioned there about um you're almost hostage to the things that you used to say that um being able to update your opinions and change your mind looks very similar to the internet as hypocrisy does. No, no, no. The difference between me saying something in the past and saying something different now is perhaps I've learned, perhaps I've updated my beliefs, but so few people do it in a legitimate way. I think that the grifter shill you see this is the the the smoking gun that shows that he didn't really believe that thing all along. Right. And uh yeah, I I went to a retreat in LA a couple of years ago and there was a guy that I used to follow that a big um business and productivity advice content creator really really successful and he just totally stepped back from everything and went uh like monk mode and focused on his business. I asked him why and he said uh I started feeling like I had to live up to in private the things that I was saying in public. Right. Yeah. It's a it's a what was it that uh who said it was a mein that um foolish consistency is a hobgoblin of little minds right um but essentially look all life is all learning is error correction right every knowledge creation system works through correcting errors making guesses and correcting errors so by definition if you're learning you're going to be wrong most of the time and you'll be updating your priors and so for example I did this Joe Rogan podcast I don't know it's like eight or nine years ago um and people will call out like the one thing that didn't turn out to be correct, right? And it's just like and they just beat on it because it it helps them in their mind raise their status a little bit. Aha, I caught him in an error. Well, I think if you catch someone in a blatant lie where there's believe one thing and they say another, that's legit. That's a character flaw. They shouldn't be lying. But on the other hand, if they just made a guess at something and they got it wrong. And by the way, mostly it's about the AI AGI thing. And I think I'm still right about that, but it's a different story. Um people who think we have achieved AGI just fail a touring test from their side. Um but uh it's funny how people latch on to single proclamations. But the reality is all of us are dynamical systems. We're always changing. We're always learning. We're always growing. And uh hopefully we're correcting errors. What you don't want to be doing is lying in public so that because you're you're trying to look good. And I think people can smell that. I I I what this world really lacks right now is authenticity and because everybody wants something. They want to be seen as something. They want to be something that they're not. And so you do catch a lot of people uh saying things that they don't really believe. And I think people are very sensitive to that. Uh radars have become hypers sensitized to try and work out whether or not this person means the thing that they're saying. Yeah. I mean they they a lot of people are wrong. Most of us are wrong most of the time especially in any new endeavor. Difference between being wrong and disingenuous though, purposefully wrong. Correct. Exactly. So I think I think that's the big difference. If someone is wrong, no big deal. As long as they have a genuine reason for saying what they're saying, or believing what they're believing. But if they are lying to elevate their status or their appearance or to live up to some expectation, that's the mistake. And that's a mistake not just for the listener, it's a mistake for themselves cuz then you're going to get trapped in a hall of mirrors. You yourself are going to be consistent with your past proclamations. So if you're lying to others, you're going to be lying to yourself. You're puppeted by a person that you are not even. That's right. Yeah. It's it's like what was that line? There's you're you're basically trying to impress people who you know don't care about you. Um so they don't like the real you and if they saw the real you they wouldn't care and the people who would like the real you don't get to see the real you so they pass you by right? You only want the respect of the very very few people that you respect. Uh trying to demand respect from the masses is a fool's errand. status games, the allure of acrewing, whether it's fame, actual fame, or just the competition comparison trap, it's always there. Uh there's a real draw of being swayed by social approval. How should people learn to get less distracted by status games in that way? I think it it just helps to see that status games don't matter as much as they used to. uh in old society, let's go back hunter gatherer times, there was no such thing as wealth. You just had what you could carry. Um there was no stored wealth. So wealth games didn't really exist to wealth creation games. All that existed was status games. If you were high status, then you got what little was available first. Um but even back then, you had to earn your status by taking care of the tribe. Uh now we have wealth creation where you can actually create a product or a service. you can scale that product or service and you can provide abundance for a lot of people. Uh and that's not zero sum, that's a positive sum game. I can be wealthy, you can be wealthy, we can create things together and clearly since we are all collectively far far wealthier than we were in huntergatherer times. Uh wealth creation is positive but status is limited. There's limited status to go around. It's a ranking ladder. It's a hierarchy. And so it's a rise in status. Somebody else has a lower in status. Now you can have multiple kinds of status. So you can expand some kinds of status, but it's not like wealth creation where it can go infinitely where we can all be, you know, living in the stars and moon bases or Mars colonies or what have you. So just realize that status games are inherently limited. Uh they're always combative. Um they always require uh direct combat whereas uh wealth creation games can be just you're creating products. You don't have to fight anybody else. Yes, in the marketplace your product has to succeed, but that's not quite the same as uh invective against other people or being angry with other people or feeling pushed down or pushed up or having a beef with somebody. So, I would argue that wealth creation games are both more pleasant. Uh they're positive sum and they actually have uh concrete material returns. If you have more money, you can buy more. Show me where you can exchange your status at the bank. Exactly. Yeah. It's it's it's vague and it's fuzzy. Now, you see people get rich, they have money, what do they want? They want status. So they go to Hollywood, start starring in movies, they donate to nonprofits, they go to KS or Davos or what have you. Um, and they start trying to trade the money for status. So, you know, people always want what they don't have. Uh, and we are evolutionarily hardwired for status because as I said, wealth creation didn't really exist until the agricultural revolution, uh, when you could store grain and then the industrial revolution took it to another level and now the information age is taking it to yet another level. But there's never been an easier time to make money. Yes, it's still hard, but there's never been an easier time to create wealth because there's so much leverage out there. There's so much opportunity. You still have to go find it. It's not easy. It's not going to fall on your lap, and you have to learn something and know something and do something interesting. But nevertheless, it's possible to many more people. A few hundred years ago, you were born a surf, you were going to die a surf. There was almost no way out of that. That's changed. And so I would argue that you're better off focusing on wealth games and status games. If you're trying to um build up, for example, your following on a social network and get famous and then get rich off of being famous, that's a much harder path than getting rich first. Um and then go for your fame afterwards would be my advice. Well, a lot of people do that as you said. It's funny how uh people who have achieved such a level of wealth that you don't think why do you need the status given that most people use status to then try and cash in to achieve wealth if you've achieved money already if you're post money or uh asset heavy as it's known. Um why are you trying to go in the other direction? Well, as you said because we've we've got an illustrious history biologically of wanting status and wealth is kind of novel. It's new. It's new. Wealth is uh something that you have to understand more intellectually. Yeah, there's a physical component, more food, more survival, but uh to truly understand the effects and the powers and the abilities and limitations uh and the advantages and disadvantages of wealth, you have to use your neoortex a lot more. Does that mean it's not limbic? The reason to play the game is to win the game and be done with it is harder to win and be done with for status than it is for wealth. That's a good observation. I had thought that through, but you're right. Yeah, I think that's right. I think you people will always want more status. Uh but I think you can be satisfied at a certain level of wealth. Well, as well you always have this sort of sense. This is what leaderboards are, right? This is the the billboard chart, right? And it is zero sum and it is I guess you know the Forbes richest people on the planet thing. That one's harder to climb the ladder on. But uh the fact that for example iTunes and YouTube can put you in competition against your contemporaries every single day and make you go up and down and show you likes and comments and ratings. This is how much you're up. Exactly. They they keep you running on that treadmill forever. Jimmy Carr has this cool idea where he says trajectory is more important than position. So if you are number 101 in the world but last year you were number 200 versus you're number two in the world but last year you were number one. there is this sense of the deceleration is very very tangible and um it's again it goes back to evolution you know something that is bleeding eventually dies unless you stop the bleeding so you're you're hardwired not to lose what you have and because we evolve in conditions where we're so close to just not surviving uh you don't want to give anything up. It's hardwired into us to not give anything up. So you grip tightly. That's right. If you struggle to stay asleep because your body gets too hot or too cold, this is going to help. Just add an EightLe Pod 4 Ultra to your mattress like a fitted sheet and it will automatically cool down or warm up each side of your bed up to 20°. It's got integrated sensors that track your sleep time, your sleep phases, your HRV, your snoring, and your heart rate with 99% accuracy. It even starts cooling or heating your bed an hour before you get into it. That is why eight has been clinically proven to increase total sleep up to 1 hour every night. Best of all, they've got a 30-day sleep trial, so you can buy it and sleep on it for 29 nights, and if you don't like it, they will give you your money back. Plus, they ship internationally. Right now, you can get $350 off the Pod4 Ultra by going to the link in the description below or heading to 8LE.com/modernwisdism and using the code modernwisdom a checkout. That's eigle.com/modernwisdom and modernwisdom a checkout. The worst outcome in the world is not having self-esteem. Why? Yeah, that's a tough one. Uh, well, I I I look at the people and I don't want to offend anybody, but I look at the people who don't like themselves, and that's the toughest slot because they're always wrestling with themselves, and it's hard enough to face the outside world. Um, and no one's going to like you more than you like yourself. So, if you're struggling with yourself, then the outside world becomes an insurmountable challenge. And it's hard to say why people have low self-esteem. It might be genetic. It might just be circumstantial. A lot of times I think it's cuz they just weren't unconditionally loved as a child and that sort of seeps in at a deep core level. Um but self-esteem issues can be the most limiting. Uh one interesting thought is that you know to some extent self-esteem is a reputation you have with yourself. Um you're watching yourself at all times. You know what you're doing and you have your own moral code. Everyone has a different moral code. But if you don't live up to your own moral code, the same code that you hold others to, uh it will damage your self-esteem. So perhaps one way to build up your self-esteem is to live up to your own code very rigorously. Have one and then live up to it. Uh another way to raise your self-esteem might be to do things for others. Uh if I look back on my life and you know what are the moments that I'm actually proud of, there's very far and few between and it's not that often and it's not the things you would expect. It's not the material success. It's not having learned this thing or that. It's when I made a sacrifice for somebody or something that I loved. And uh that's when I'm actually ironically most proud. Now that's through an explicit mental exercise. But I'll bet you at some level I'm recording that implicitly. So that tells me that even if I am not being loved and the way to create love is to give love to to express love through sacrifice and through duty. And so I think doing things like that can build up your self-esteem really fast. It's interesting when you talk about sacrifice because a lot of the time people say, "I sacrificed so much for my job." It's like, "Yeah, but that was you sacrificing something that you wanted less for something that you wanted more as opposed to genuinely taking some sort of cost." And uh yeah, I wonder whether if self-esteem is you adhering to your internal your your actions and your values aligning um even when it's difficult or perhaps even more so when it's difficult. I wonder whether there is a price that people who are more introspective, high integrity pay because you think well you've got this uh heavy set of overheads that you need to pay in some way. Well, if being ethical were profitable, everybody would do it, right? So, uh you at some level it does involve a sacrifice. Uh but that sacrifice can also be thought of as you're thinking for the long term rather than the short term. Um for example the virtues are the set of uh virtues a set of beliefs that if everybody in society followed them as individuals it would lead to win-win outcomes for everybody. So if I am honest and you are honest then we can do business more easily. We can interact more easily because we can trust each other. So even though there might be a few liars in the system as long as there aren't too many liars and too many cheaters uh a high trust society where everybody's honest is better off. And I think a lot of the virtues work this way right? If I don't go around sleeping with your wife and you don't sleep with mine and you know if I don't take all the food that's at the table first and so on, then we all get along better and we can play win-win games. Uh in game theory, the most famous game is prisoners dilemma. But that's all about everybody cheating and the Nash equilibrium. The stable equilibrium there is everybody cheats and you're for the only way you can be you can play a win-win game is if you have long-term iterated moves. But that's not actually the most common game played in society. The most common game played as one called a stags hunt where if we cooperate, we can bring down a big stag and both have big dinners, but if we don't cooperate, then we have to go hunt like rabbits and we each have small dinners. So most of uh and and that game has two stable equilibriums. And one could be where we're both hunting the rabbit and one could be where we're hunting the stag. So the high trust society is a more most more virtuous society where I can trust you to come hunt the stag with me and show up on time and do the work and divide it up properly. So you want to live in a system where everybody has their own set of virtues and follows them and then we all win. But I would argue you don't need to do that for sacrifice. You don't need to do that for other people. You can do it just purely for yourself. You will have higher self-esteem. You will attract other high virtue people. Would I go on a stag hunt with me? Correct. Yeah, that's right. And if you're the kind of person, if you're the kind of person who long-term signals ethics and virtues, then you will attract other people who are ethical and virtuous. Whereas, if you are a shark, you will eventually find yourself swimming entirely amongst sharks. And that's an unpleasant existence. But again, this goes back to the equivalent of the marshmallow test. And by the way, the marshmallow test does not replicate. I saw it replication crisis hard recently. But it is about trading off the short term for the long term. Uh, and so I think for a lot of these so-called virtues, there are long-term selfish reasons to be virtuous. Yeah. Uh, did you deal with self-doubt in the past? Is that something that was a hurdle for you to overcome? Yes and no. I think I I dealt with self-doubt in the sense that, oh, I don't know what I'm doing and I need to figure it out. Um, but I didn't doubt myself in the way of somebody else knows better than me for me or that, you know, I'm an idiot or I'm not worthwhile or anything that I I guess I had the benefit of I grew up with a lot of love like the people around me love me unconditionally. And so that just gave me a lot of confidence. Uh, not the kind of confidence that would say I have the answer, but the kind of confidence that I will figure it out and I know what I want or only I am a good arbiter of what I want. Yeah. That level of self-belief, I suppose, allows you to determine what is it that matters to me, my self-esteem, should I chase this thing or not? I can make a fair judgment on that as opposed to being so swayed. But it's such a good point about even if you think you're not consciously logging the stuff that you're doing, there is some that's in the back of your mind. Was it the Damon? Is that what the ancient Greeks or something used to talk about? Yeah. The Yeah. Also in computer science like there's a concept of a demon which is a uh a program that's always running in the background. You can't see it. Okay. Um but yeah, it probably comes from the ancient Greek demon. Uh but yeah, I what you know that you don't even know you know is far greater than what you know you know, right? You can't even articulate most of the things you know. There are feelings you have that have no words for them. There are thoughts you have that are felt within the body or subconsciously that you never articulate to yourself. You don't really you can't articulate the rules of grammar yet you exercise them effortlessly when you speak. So I would argue that your implicit knowledge and your knowledge that is unknown to yourself is far greater than the knowledge you can articulate and that you can communicate. And so at some level you're always watching yourself. That's what your consciousness is, right? It's the thing that's watching everything including your mind, including your body. M so if you want to uh have high self-esteem then earn your own selfrespect. I had this idea the internal golden rule. So the golden rule says treat others the way that you should be treated. You want to be treated. The internal golden rule says treat yourself like others should have treated you and it was a a repost to maybe people that didn't grow up with unconditional love. Yeah. In that way. On the love thing, one of the interesting things about love is you can try to remember the feeling of being loved. So go back to when someone was in love with you or someone did love you and like really remember that feeling like really sit with it and try to recreate it within yourself and then go to the feeling of you loving someone and when you were in love. And I'm not even talking about romantic love necessarily. So be a little careful there. I'm talking more about like love for it can sometimes get complex if you're talking about past romantic love, right? a sibling or a child or something like that or or a parent and uh think about when you felt love towards someone or something. And now which is better? And I would argue that the feeling of being in love is actually more exhilarating than the feeling of being loved. Being loved is a little clawing. It's a little too sweet. You kind of want to push the person away. It's a little embarrassing. And you know that if that person is too much into it that you feel constrained. On the other hand, the feeling of being in love is very expansive. It's very open. It actually makes you a better version of yourself. It makes you want to be a better person. And so you can create love anytime you want. It's just that craving to receive it. That's the problem. The most expensive trait is pride. How come? Oh, that was a recent one. Uh I I tweeted that just because I think that uh pride is the enemy of learning. So when I look at my friends and colleagues, the ones who are still stuck in the past and have grown the least are the ones who were the proudest because they sort of feel like they already had the answers. And so they don't want to correct themselves publicly. And so this goes back to the fame conversation. You get locked into something you said. It made you famous. You're known for that. And now you want to pivot or change. So pride prevents you from saying I'm wrong. It What's pride in this context here? It could be as simple as you're trading stocks and then you don't admit you were wrong. So you hang on to a lousy trait. Uh it could be that you uh made a decision to uh you know marry someone or move somewhere or enter a profession, it doesn't work out and then you don't want to admit that you were wrong so you get stuck in it. Uh it's mostly about getting trapped in local maxima as opposed to going back down and climbing up the mountain again. Mhm. And that's why it's an expensive trade because you continue to need to repay it in one form or another. Yeah. You're you're just stuck at a suboptimal point. Uh it's going to cost you money. it's going to cost you success and time and time. Uh the great artists always have this ability to start over whether it's Paul Simon or Madonna or you two and I'm dating myself a little bit. Um but even the great entrepreneurs, they're just always willing to start over. Uh I'm always struck by the Elon Musk story where, you know, he uh he did PayPal as X.com originally. Actually, it was his his financial institution that got merged into PayPal. It's good that you've got the domain. You know what I mean? Yeah, exactly. I'll park that. I'll hold on. He's consistent. He's been using it for quite a while. Um, and he said something like along the lines of, uh, I made $200 million from the sale of PayPal. I put $100 million into SpaceX, 80 million Tesla, 20 into Solar City, and I had to borrow money for rent. Right? This guy is a perennial risk taker. He's always willing to start over. He doesn't have any pride about being seen as successful or being seen as a failure. He's willing to put it all in. Back himself again each time. Back himself again each time. But the key thing is he's always willing to start over, right? even now when he's sort of made his his new startup is a USA, right? He's basically trying to fix it like he would fix one of his startups. And I think that is a willingness to look like a fool and that is a willingness to start over. And a lot of people just don't have that. They become successful or they become rich or they become famous and that's it. They're stuck. They don't want to go back to zero. And creating anything great requires zero to one. And that means you go back to zero and that's really painful and hard to do. Talking about risk, something I've been thinking about a lot to do with you. Any moment when you're not having a good time, when you're not really happy, you're not doing anyone any favors. I think lots of people have become unusually familiar with suffering silently in that sort of a way of not having a high bar for your expectation for quality of life. Uh yeah, a lot of it is just you're memeing yourself into a bad outcome because you think that somehow suffering is glorious or that it makes you a better person or you know my old quip was if you're so smart why aren't you happy? Why can't you figure that one out? Um the reality is you can be smart and happy. There are plenty of people in human history who are smart and happy. Uh and I think it just starts with saying yeah you know what I'm I'm going to be happy. There was a guy that I met in Thailand a long time ago and uh he used to work for Tony Robbins. uh you know he had a great attitude and uh we were sitting around and he said you know uh he said I realized one day that someone out there had to be the happiest person in the world like there just that person just has to exist he said why not me I'll take on that burden I'll be that guy and I heard that I was like wow that's pretty good that's a good frame right he knew how to reframe things and so I think a lot of happiness is just a choice uh in the sense that you make first you just identify yourself as actually I'm going be a person that's going to be happy. I'm going to figure it out. And you just figure it out along the way. You're not going to lose your other predilictions. You're not going to lose your ambition or your desire for success. I think a lot of people have this fear that, oh, if I'm happy, then I won't want to be successful. No, you'll just want to do things that are more aligned with the happy version of you, and you'll be successful at those things. And believe me, the happy version of you is not going to look back at the unhappy version and say, "Oh man, that that guy was going to be more success. I wish I was him." You're actually trying to be successful so you'll be happy. That's the whole point. you have you've gotten it backwards. You you unlocked one of my trap cards. Um, one of my favorite insights is that we sacrifice the thing we want for the thing that's supposed to get it. So, we sacrifice happiness in order to be successful so that when we're finally sufficiently successful, we can actually be happy. And if you have some sort of simultaneous equation and you just sort of stripped success off from both sides, the at least in my own life, I have not found there to be a trade-off. If anything, I have found that the happier I get, the more I am going to do the things that I'm good at and aligned with and that will make me even happier. And so, I actually end up more successful, not less. The aligned with thing is interesting. Uh, I'm going to try and put this across as delicately as I can. I would say from the bit of time that we'd spent together, you have a really interesting trait of holistic selfishness. Uh, you're sort of prepared to put yourself first. um you seem largely unfazed by saying or doing things that might might result in other people feeling a little bit awkward if it's truthful for you. Uh it's like unapologetically self-prioritizing, I guess. Yeah, I think everybody is. Uh maybe unapologetic is the part that's that's relatively uh rare, but I think everybody puts themselves first. That's just human nature. You're you're here because you survive. You're a separate organism. That's interesting. I'm maybe. But I know we like to virtue signal and pretend we're doing it for each other. How many how many times does somebody say, "Yeah, of course. I'd love to come to the wedding." They're like, "I don't want to be at the wedding." How many times does someone say, "How are you doing today?" And they don't tell you. How many I don't go to weddings. But this is my point. So I don't think you're necessarily right with that. I think that people do I don't think they put themselves first. I sometimes think that they they compromise what it is that they want in order to appease socially what's in front of them. Yeah. I just view it as you're wast everyone's wasting their time on it. Um, don't do something you don't want to do. Why Why are you wasting your time? There's so little time on this earth. Life goes fast. What is it? 4,000 weeks. That's your lifespan. Um, and and yes, we hear that, but we don't remember it. But, uh, I guess I'm keenly aware of how little time I have, so I'm just not going to waste it. How have you got more comfortable at um, being the unapologetic self- prioritizer? Yeah, I've gotten I've gotten utterly more and more ruthless on it. Ma mainly it's that I see or hear people's freedom and then that liberates me further. So I read a uh I read a blog post by uh P Mark aka Mark Andre where he said don't keep a schedule and I took that to heart. So I deleted my calendar and I don't keep a schedule. I try to remember it all in my head. If I can't remember it, I'm not going to add I'm glad you got here on time. Yeah, exactly. Um I hate to look things up at the last minute. Mhm. Uh so, but ironically, I don't even know if Mark himself follows that, but he made the correct point. Uh I read a little story about Jack Dorsey doing all his business off his uh iPhone and iPad and not even going into a Mac, and I said, "Okay, I want to do that." So, I'm going to operate through text messaging and not put up my nasty email. Does that feel like more freedom? It does. Yeah. Cuz you're on the go. Um so, I have a nasty email autoresponder that says, "I don't check email and don't text me either." Right. If you need to find me, you'll find me. Obviously, some of this is a luxury of success, but some of these habits I adopted long before actually the hostile email autoresponder started a long time ago. Um, I used to own the domain. I let it go. I don't do coffee.com. I used to reply from that email uh just so people would get the point. But I stopped being rude about it. Now I just ghost. I just disappear. Um, my wife knows not to ever uh book or schedule me for anything. Uh, I'm not expect I'm not expected to go to couples dinners. I'm not expect to go to birthdays. I'm not expect to go to weddings. If somebody tries to rope her into having me show up, she says he makes his own decisions. You got to ask him directly. What about vice versa? Well, are you not killing serendipity in a way that No, no. I'm freeing up all my time. So, my entire life is serendipity. I get to interact with whoever I want, whenever I want, wherever. You'll hear the invite, but make the decision because if you're if there's fewer things in coming, you're assuming that you know what's best for you to anything in the future. So, I'll say, "Okay, if that thing is interesting, I'll see if I can get in that day when I'm in the mood." But there's nothing worse than something coming up that your past self committed you to that your present self doesn't want to do. God damn it. Past. Yeah. And then it destroys your entire calendar. It destroys your your day because there's like, oh, this 1 hour slot which is sitting like a turd on my calendar that I have to like schedule my whole day around. I can't do anything the 20 minutes before, the 20 minutes afterwards. Even for phone calls, if someone wants to do a phone call, say, "Okay, just text me when you're free. I'll text you when I'm free." and we'll just do it on the fly. It's a much better way of living than this overly scheduled uh you know cal.com or iical whatever. The uh the overscheduled life is not worth living. It's not. I think it's a terrible way to live life. That's not how we evolved. It's not how we grew up. Um it's not how how we were as children hopefully uh unless you're a helicopter parent or a tiger mom. Um your natural order is freedom. Uh I had a friend who uh said to me once, you know, uh I never want to have to be at a specific place at a specific time. And I was like, "Oh my god, that's freedom." When I heard that, that changed my life right there. You still arm alarm clockless? Yes, I'm alarm clockless. Today, I did set my alarm clock just so I wouldn't miss this. Very important. Yeah. If you still, but just so you know, I set the alarm clock from 11:00 a.m. in case I was stricken with a flu that day. I wasn't going to set my alarm clock for 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. And sure enough, I got up many hours before that. Um, but it was sort of a backup emergency alarm. In fact, sometimes when I something that I need to do, I don't want to look at a calendar, so I'll just set an alarm for it. Just sink a little bit more into that like kind of that you energy, that self- prioritizing energy because I think people rationally love the idea of this. I'm going to do what only I want to do. uh even if they've got the level of freedom, it's not you energy in the sense that I think everyone should live their life that way to the greatest extent possible. Obviously, we have our requirements around work and obligations that are genuinely important to us. But don't fritter away your life on randomly scheduled things and things that aren't important don't matter and events and weddings and you know tedious dinners with tedious people that you don't want to go to. To the extent you can bring freedom into your life, optimize for that, you'll actually be more productive. You won't just be happier and more free. You will be more productive because then you can focus on what is in front of you, whatever the biggest problem of that day. When I wake up in the morning, uh the first 4 hours are when I have the most energy and that's when I want to solve all the hard problems. And the next 4 hours are when I kind of want to, you know, do some more outdoorsy activities or I want to work out or maybe I can, you know, have some meetings, but I'll try to do those last second based on whatever the day's priorities demand. the last 4 hours I kind of want to wind down. I want to hang out with the kids and I want to play games or read a book or something like that. So having that flexibility and freedom is really important. So you can just put whatever is most needed into the slot at that moment. Uh and instead if I have like a meeting at 2 p.m. and then I have to like get a thing and some emails done, I put that off till 6 p.m. I'm rushing. I'm not going to be productive. I'm not going to be uh You're certainly not free. You're not I'm definitely not free. But also another thing that I really believe is that inspiration is perishable. Act on it immediately. So when you're inspired to do something, do that thing. If I'm inspired to write a blog post, I want to do it at that moment. If I'm inspired to send a tweet, I want to do it at that moment. If I'm inspired to solve a problem, I do it that moment. If I'm inspired to read a book, I want to read it right then. If I'm inspired to solve a problem, I solve it right there. If I want to learn something, I I do it at the moment of curiosity. The moment the curiosity arrives, I go learn that thing immediately. I download the book. I get on Google. I get on ChatGpt, whatever. I will figure that thing out on the spot and that's when the learning happens. It doesn't happen because I've scheduled time because I've set an hour aside because when that time arrives I might be in a different mood. I might just want to do something different. So I think that spontaneity is really important. You're going to learn best when you're having fun when you generally are enjoying the process not when you're forced to sit there and do it. How much do you remember from school? You know you were forced to learn geography, history, mathematics on this schedule at this time according to this person. Didn't happen. All the stuff that sticks with you is you learned it when you wanted to, when you genuinely had the desire. And that freedom, that ability to act on something the moment you want to is so liberating that most of us go through our lives with very very little tastes of that. If you live your entire life that way, that is a recipe for happiness. It feels like efficiency that that you have efficient also. You have the inspiration that is going to be the most frictionless time to ever do that particular task. So, oh, I've had the inspiration to do that. I'll put that off until a time when I no longer really want to do it quite so much. And while I do want to do that thing, I'll do something else that I needed to do because it's on the schedule. It does not work. Procrastination is because you don't want to do that thing right now. You want to do something else. Go do that something else. I reject this frame that efficiency and productivity and success are counter to happiness and freedom. They actually go together. How so? The happier you are, the more you can sustain doing something, the more likely you're going to do something that will in turn make you even happier. and you'll continue to do it and you'll outwork everybody else. The more free you are, the better you can allocate your time and the less you're caught up in a web of obligations and commitments and the more you can focus on the task at hand. In other news, this episode is brought to you by Function. Staying on top of your health requires more than just an annual physical, which is why I partnered with Function. They run lab tests twice a year to track over a 100 biomarkers and monitor for early signs of thousands of diseases. They even screen for 50 types of cancer at stage one, which is five times more data than you get from an annual physical. You receive insights from a team of expert physicians who provide a detailed written clinician summary of all their observations and then phone consultations for any critical findings. Getting these lab tests done would usually cost thousands, but with function, it is only $499. And right now, you can get the exact same blood panels that I get and bypass their weight list by going to the link in the description below or heading to functionhealth.com/modernwisdom. That's functionhealth.com/modernwisdism. This is related to another insight of yours. The less you want something, the less you're thinking about it, the less you're obsessing over it, the more you're going to do it in a natural way, the more you're going to do it for yourself, you're going to do it in a way that you're good at and you're going to stick with it. The people around you will see the quality of your work is higher. But this seems like a difficult tension to navigate because an obsessive attention to detail is a competitive advantage of your work as well. So you have these two things sort of conflicting with each other. No one is going to beat you at being you if it So one of the things I like to say is like find what feels like play to you but looks like work to others. So it looks like work to them but to you it feels like play. It's not work. So you're going to out compete them because you're doing it effortlessly. You're doing it for fun. They're doing it for work. They're doing it for some byproduct. To you it's art. It's beauty. It's joy. It's it's flow. It's fulfilling. Uh, you must enjoy podcasting. If you didn't, you wouldn't be good at it. You would either, right? If you would, you if if you decided that the right way to get ahead in life was to go write books, you would nobody would have heard of you. Chris Williamson's book would be a complete flop. That's not who you are. You're a podcaster. You enjoy talking to people. You enjoy interviewing them. The more you do things that are natural to you, the less competition you have. You escape competition through authenticity. by being your own self. If I had to summarize how to be successful in life in two words, I would just say productize yourself. That's it. Just figure out what it is that you naturally do that the world might want that you can scale up and turn into a product and it'll be it'll eventually be effortless for you. Yes, there's always work required, but it won't even feel like work to you. It'll feel like play to you. And modern society gives us that opportunity. You know, if you were 2,000 years ago, you're born in a farm. Your choices are very limited, right? You're going to do stuff on that farm. Now, you can literally wake up and you can move to a different city. You can switch careers. You can switch jobs. You can change the people that you're with. Uh, you know, you can change so many things about who you are and who you're with and what you're doing that there is infinite opportunity out there for you. Literally infinite. And so it's much better to treat this like a search function to find the people who need you the most, to find the work that needs you the most, to find the place you're best suited to be at. And it's worthwhile to spend time in that exploration before diving into exploitation. The biggest mistake in a world with so many choices is premature commitment. If you prematurely commit to being a lawyer or a doctor and now you've got like, you know, 5 years invested into that, you might have just completely missed. You might just end up in the wrong profession, the wrong place, or the wrong people for 30 years of your life grinding away. And yes, the best time to figure that out was before, but the second best time is now. So, just change it. And also, presumably kill things that aren't working very quickly. By default, you should kill everything. You know, if you can't decide, the answer is no. Uh, and most things you should just be saying no to. The part of my keeping my calendar free is just by default saying no to everything. Do I want to create a calendar just to add your event, right? Or to add your need or your desire. One of the other things about, you know, early on in life, you're looking for opportunities. So, you're saying yes to everything. And that is a phase that you go through. That is the exploration phase. Later, when you found the thing you want to work on, you're in the exploitation phase. You have to say no to everything by default. And if you don't say no to everything by default, if you have to even explicitly go out of your way to say no to something, that will take up time. Uh, for example, you know, there there are a lot of people out there who are into hustle culture and and a big piece of hustle culture is like, well, you're not going to get something if you don't ask for it. So, they'll hustle people. They'll always be sending you requests, messages. Yeah, this is a famous person problem, but I have it. And people are always asking me for things. And I kind of squirm when I get these messages, and I'm sure you get these two text messages, emails saying, "Hey, Chris, my friend so and so should really be on your podcast, or you should come to my event. You should write a forward for my book." And you kind of squirm when you get this, right? You have to figure out how to say no. And one of the things I learned along the way is that if you wouldn't ask somebody else to do it and then you get that request yourself, you can just dismiss it. You don't have to respond. You don't you don't even let let it enter your brain. You have to be able to delete emails and text messages without flinching if you want to scale. And scaling is very important. Scaling your time is really important. Every interruption will take you out of flow. So the only way you can remain in flow is if you get either very good at ignoring these things by default or closing yourself off like a hermit like our mutual friend Tim Ferris does or you just become emotionally capable of not registering these as something that causes turbulence inside of you. That not registering it emotionally thing is that uh it's fundamental. That's so fundamental to so many things in life. Okay. Can we dig into that a little bit? is because again I've only seen you as you right I didn't know you 20 years ago I didn't know you as a child um so I've only seen you with this holistic selfishness the in integrated self- prioritization whatever we I don't know what we called it selfish is fine I'll take selfish I'm selfish I'm very selfish person don't contact me uh yeah that emotional reaction I also get the sense too that maybe people have lived obligation life for so long that they actually kind of struggle to tap into what it is that they want. They've hidden their wants and their desires and their needs and they've dep prioritized themselves so much for so long they go, "What do I want actually? What what is it? Do I want to go to this thing or not?" Because all I've done is be puppeted, right? I've been marionetted by other people's desires for so so so long. I can't even tap into that anymore. And saying no feels like a war crime. So, so I think it's really good to be able to view your own mind and your own thoughts objectively and that is the big benefit of meditation. It creates a small gap between your conscious observation self and your mind and that lets you then look at your thoughts and evaluate them a little bit like you would a third party's statements. And uh if you just take your mind to be you and they're integrated in one and the same at all times and you're reacting from the mind, then you're not even going to question things that come into your mind. Anything that comes in that creates a reaction will immediately create a reaction. But if you can observe your thoughts a little bit and not in some woo way, but you can even just do it through therapy, you can do it through journaling, you can do it any way you would like, you can just take long walks, you don't have to meditate and do lotus position. uh all that is unnecessary. But if you can observe your own thoughts and view them a little objectively, then you can start being uh a little more choosy, a little more critical and you can realize that there are no problems in the real world other than maybe things that inflict pain on your body. Everything else has to become a problem in your mind first. You have to view it and interpret it and create a narrative that it is a problem before it becomes a problem. And then you realize that a lot of your emotional energy is spent on reacting to things that your mind is automatically saying are problems. Uh and you don't need all those problems. Do you really need that many problems in your life? Again, I would say try to focus on just one overarching problem and then go solve that problem. It's like if you want to be successful, define success very concretely. Focus on that. In everything else, when it enters your mind, it becomes a problem. Whether it's a judgment about the girl walking down the street or the car that just cut in front of you or whether it's like you know this your accountant did this stupid thing like yes it's going to trigger you but observe for a moment that like it's triggering me. I've created a problem. Do I really want to have this problem right now? Do I want to spend the energy on this problem or do I want that going somewhere else? And it it doesn't have to be that overt. You don't have to the mind mud wrestling with itself is also a problem but because it loves to do that. I have my problems have got problems and I have a real problem about fixing my problems. Yeah. Exactly. So you just you're going to be much happier and much more focused. Again, I think happiness and focus and success can kind of complement each other. You're going to have much more energy. Just think about as mental energy. You have much more mental energy to focus on the actual problems you want to solve if you don't start unconsciously, subconsciously, reactively picking up problems everywhere. So before anything can be a problem that takes up your emotional energy, you have to accept it as a problem. You can be choosy about your problems. And I'm not saying I'm perfect in that regard, but I think I'm better than I used to be. Well, lots of people are addicted to solving problems. So much so that sometimes people create problems when we don't have any simply so that we can solve them. We have that going on. And then even worse is we take on problems that we can't affect. So, uh, you know, another one of my little quips was, uh, you know, um, a rational person, uh, can, uh, sort of a rational person should should cultivate indifference to things that are out of their control, right? Uh, or a rational person can find peace by cultivating indifference to things that are out of their control. Uh, and I'm as guilty as anybody of doom surfing on X or social media and getting worked up about things that I can't do anything about, right? like, do I want to be fighting those battles in my mind when I literally cannot do anything about it? So, if you find yourself looping on a problem, like you're watching the news too much and you're getting caught up in a problem you can't do anything about, um, you have to step away from that. And, uh, modern media is a delivery mechanism for mimetic viruses. And now, what's happened now is, you know, 100 years ago, 500 years ago, if something wasn't happening in your immediate vicinity, you wouldn't hear about it. it wouldn't be a problem for you. But now every single one of the world's problems has turned into a mimemetic virus which is going into the battlefield of the news and is trying to infect your mind in real time so that yeah so that you become obsessed with the war in Ukraine which is really far away or you get obsessed with climate change or you get obsessed with AI doom or you get obsessed with whatever and there's nothing as riveting as the old religion the world is ending the world is ending pay attention the world is ending and if you don't Cassandra complex at global scale Cassandra complex at global scale Well, and I would argue that large percentages of the population are essentially just infected with these mimetic viruses that have taken over their brain and are causing them to do incredible girration about things that probably aren't even true or are greatly exaggerated. But even to the extent they are true, they're things that that person can do nothing about. And they should put their own house in order first. So, you know, another little line I have for myself is your family is broken, but you're going to fix the world. Right? People are running out there to try and fix the world when their own lives are a mess. Oh my god. Right? And and I think it defies credibility if you can't fix your own life first. I'm not going to take you seriously if you can't fix your own life. Like all these philosophers who, you know, seem like people you emulate and so smart or like these brilliant celebrities and they go off and commit suicide. Well, you just kind of invalidated your whole way of life. It's like that line of in No Country for All Men where the killer is waiting for the protagonist and protagonist shows up and the killer says, "Well, you know, if your set of rules brought you here, then what good are your rules?" I didn't work. Um I I I I am self I'm holistically selfish in in that I want to be objectively successful in everything I set out to want. Mhm. Yeah. Uh you have one life. Don't settle for mediocrity. Don't settle for mediocrity. And and I think the only like people debate intelligence for example, right? We talk about IQ tests and all that, but I think the only true test of intelligence is if you get what you want out of life. And there are two parts to that. One is getting what you want so you know how to get it. And the second is wanting the right things. Knowing what to want in the first place. I could want to be a, you know, 6'8 basketball player and I'm not going to get that. So it's wanting the wrong thing. So that's wanting something that you can't get. That's wanting something you can't get. Is also wanting something that you don't want. Yeah. Wanting something that's a booby prize. There are plenty of booby prizes out there, too. Right. I haven't heard that word in about 20 years. Yeah. Prizes that are just not worth having or that create their own problems. Well, if you're not careful, you can end up in a place in life not only that you don't want to be, but one that you didn't even mean to get to. That's if you're kind of proceeding unconsciously. Uh but and usually I think people end up there because they are uh going on autopilot with sort of societal expectations or other people's expectations. So, uh you know, or out of guilt or out of like uh mimemetic desire. You know, Peter Teal has this whole thing from Rene Gerard about how mimemetic desires are desires are picked up from other people. Uh, and some of those are automatically baked into society like, you know, go to law school, go to med school, go to whatever, go to business school. Um, or they might be from watching what your friends are doing and, you know, the other monkeys are doing. Um, or it might just be, you know, what your parents expectations are. I might be a guilt. You know, guilt is just society's voice speaking in your head, socially programmed, so you'll be a good little monkey and do things that are good for the tribe. Um, but I think the the the best outcomes come when you think it through for yourself and decide for yourself. And I don't think people spend enough time deciding. For example, we run on these uh four-year cycles. You know, in Silicon Valley, you go join a startup, you vest your stock over four years. That's the standard. Okay? Um uh in u uh college, you know, you go for four years. High school, you go for four years. Um some things take longer. You know, you have children, they hit puberty 9 years later. That's like a 9-year cycle until that relationship changes. Um but we're used to these fairly long cycles, multi-year cycles in which we are committed to things. You go to law school, you know, four or five year cycle. You go be a lawyer, 40-year cycle. These are very long cycles. The amount of time we spend deciding what to do and who to do it with, very short, very very short, right? We spend, you know, 3 months deciding, one month deciding on a job where we're going to be for 10 years or 5 years. And because a lot of discovery is path dependent where the next thing you find on the path is depend on where you were on the previous path. You sort of start going down this vector that is a very long distance. People decide frivolously which city to live in and that's going to decide who their friends are, what their jobs are, their opportunity, their weather, their food supply, their air supply, quality of life. You know, it's such an important decision, but people spend so little time thinking it through. I would argue that if you're making a four-year decision, spend a year thinking it through. Like really thinking it through. 25% of the time. Yeah. Exactly. There's the secretary theorem. I don't know if you know that one. Computer science. After you've done this many people, pick the best one of the next however many. That's right. Yeah. The secretary theorem is this computer science professor is trying to figure out uh how much time he should spend interviewing secretaries and then how long to keep the secretary. So let's say he's going to have a secretary for 10 years. Does he keep searching for you know one year, 2 years, 3 years, 1 month, 2 months? What is the optimal time? Uh and it turns out that the optimal time is somewhere around a third. about a third of the way through, you take the best person you've worked with and try to find someone that good or better. So that by the time you've gotten about a third of the way through, you have, excuse me, seen enough that you now have a sense of what the bar is. And then anybody who meets or exceeds that bar is good enough. And this applies to dating, this applies to jobs and careers, this applies generally. But the interesting thing about the secretary theorem is that it's actually not time based. It's not based on onethird of the time. It's iteration based. The number of candidates, the number of shots you took on goal. That's right. So, you want to have lots and lots of iterations. So, that means that you need to bail out quickly and you need to be decisive quickly. That's right. You need to you need to take opportunities quickly and bail out quickly. Correct. Like if you go back and you look through failed relationships, uh probably the biggest regret will be staying in the relationship after you knew it was over. Exactly. You should have left sooner. The moment you knew it wasn't going to work out, you should have moved on. So in that sense, I think Malcolm Gladwell popularized this idea of 10,000 hours to mastery. I would say it's actually 10,000 iterations to mastery. It's not actually 10,000. It's some unknown number. But it's about the number of iterations that drives a learning curve. And iteration is not repetition. Repetition is a different thing. Repeating is doing the same thing over and over. Iteration is modifying it with a learning and then doing another version of it. So that's error correction. So if you get 10,000 error corrections in anything, you will be an expert at it. don't partner with cynics and pessimists. You mentioned there about uh the people who've got a nightmare going on at home and are trying to fix the world. But a lot of the time that cynicism and pessimism we find in ourselves. We see the world whether we want to whether it's because we've embied what the news or or the negative people around us have said or it's a bit more kind of endogenous than that. It's just sort of in us. It's the way that we see the world. How can people avoid cynicism and pessimism within themselves? Yeah. Synism and pessimism is a tough one. It's we're naturally hardwired for it. Again, I go back to evolution. I I'm sorry to keep harping on evolution, but within biology, there's very few good explanatory theories. And you know, theory of evolution by natural selection is probably the best one. So, if you can't explain something about life or psychology or human nature through evolution, then you probably don't have a good theory for it. And I would say that pessimism is another one that comes out of this, which is in the natural environment, you're hardwired to be pessimistic. Because let's say that I see something rustling in the woods and if I move towards it and it turns out to be food and prey then good I get to eat one meal but if it turns out to be a predator I get eaten and that's the end of that. So we are hardwired to avoid ruin um and and uh you know just dying. So we are naturally hardwired to be pessimists but modern society is very different despite whatever problems you may have with modern society. It is far far safer than living in the jungle and just trying to survive. uh and the opportunities on the upside are nonlinear. For example, when you're investing, if you short a stock, you the most money you can make is 2x. You just lose, you know, if the stock goes to zero, you double your money. But if the stock is the next Nvidia and it goes 100x or a,000x, you make a lot of money. So upside through because of leverage is nearly unlimited. Uh also in modern society, because there's so many different people you can interact with, if you go on a date and it fails, there are infinite more people to go on a date with. In a tribal system, there might have been 20 people and you can't even get through all of them. So, modern society is far more forgiving of failure. And you just have to sort of neoccortically realize and override that. You have to realize that you're much more running a search function to find the thing that'll work. And then that one thing will pay off in massive compounding. Once you find your mate for the rest of your life, you find your wife or your husband, then you can compound in that relationship. It's okay if you had 50 failed dates in between. The same way once you find the one business you're meant to plow into and it'll compound returns. It's okay if you had 50 small failed ventures or 50 small failed job interviews. It doesn't the number of failures doesn't matter. And so there's no point in being a pessimist. It's you want to be an optimist. But I would say you want to be you want to be skeptical about specific things. Every specific opportunity is probably a fail. But you want to be optimistic in the general. In the general you want to be like something in here is going to work out. How do you navigate that tension? I mean, exactly as I said, I'm optimistic in the general that if something fails right now, then this is a little woowoo, but it wasn't meant to be. It was a learning experience. It was an iteration. As long as I learned something from it, then it's a win. If I didn't learn from it, then it's a loss. But as long as you're learning and you keep iterating fast and cutting your losses quickly, then when you find the right thing, you have to be optimistic and compound into it. So, you don't want to jump into the first thing. And you don't want to marry the first person you date necessarily, unless you got very lucky. Um, but you you want to investigate and explore very very quickly until you find the match. And then you have to be willing to go all in. You have to be willing to move your chips to the center of the table. So both those uh both those uh approaches are required. So it's a barbell strategy. It's sort of black or it's white. And most people are sort of stuck in this gray bit. And I'm like half in, but I'm kind of don't really know if I am. I also think like labels like pessimist, optimist, cynic, introvert, extrovert, these are very self-limiting. Humans are very dynamic. There are times when you feel like being introverted. There are times when you feel like being extroverted. There are contexts in which you'll be pessimistic. There are contexts in which you'll be optimistic. Leave all those labels alone. It's better just to look at the problem at hand. Look at reality the way it is. Try to take yourself out of the equation in a in a sense. Like obviously you're involved, but motivated reasoning is the worst kind of reasoning. Uh you're not going to find truth through highly motivated reasoning. You have to be objective. And objective means trying to take yourself out of it as much as possible or at least your personality out of it as much as possible. And so to the extent you run with this thick identity and personality, it's going to cloud your judgment. It's going to try and lock you into the past. If you say, "I'm a depressed, unhappy person. Yeah, I'm going to be unhappy." That's a way of locking yourself into your past. even saying, "I have trauma. I have PTSD." Yeah, you you feel something. There are memories. There are flashes. There are occasional bad feelings. But don't define yourself by it because then you'll lock it into your identity and you're just going to loop on it. It's better to stay flexible because reality is always changing and you have to be able to adapt to it. Adaptation is also intelligence. Adaptation is survival. Adaptation is kind of how you're here. You're here because you're an adapter and your ancestors were adapters. So to adapt, you will be able to see things clearly. And if you're seeing them through your own identity, it's going to cloud your judgment. A quick aside, you've probably heard me talk about element before. In fact, you might be thinking, "For sake, Chris, will you shut up about element?" 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And if you don't like it for any reason, they'll just give you your money back. You don't even need to return the box. That's how confident they are that you love it. Plus, they offer free shipping within the US. And right now, you can get a free sample pack of all eight flavors with your first box by going to the link in the description below or heading to drinklnt.com/modernwisdom. That's drinklnt.com/modern wisdom. Moving on to sort of thinking about happiness. Obviously a topic of yours that's a it's honestly the one that I feel least qualified to talk about. Is it like a guy that's got long arms teaching you how to bench press or a dude that's really tall teaching you how to deadlift? someone that feels like they came from behind the eightball. Yeah. Is you're you're asking a crazy person about their thoughts. So, just thought it through. Is happiness still more about peace than it is about joy? It's just one of those overloaded words that means different things to different people. So, I'm not even sure we're communicating the same language. But, uh what is happiness? I think it's just basically being okay with where you are. Not wanting not wanting things to be different than the way they are. Not having the sense that anything is missing in this moment. Needing something to change. Your current positive situation being contingent on an adjustment on getting something from the outside world. Ironically, I think most people if you were to ask them when they were happiest for a sustained period of time, not for a brief moment, because pleasure can override happiness and create kind of this illusion of happiness. But if you ask people when they were happy for a sustained period of time, they were probably doing some variation of nothing. That's interesting because in the chase is this sort of lack, this contingency. That's right. But then you get bored. If you just sit around all the time, you get bored. So you want adventure, you want surprise. Like there's a funny thought experiment of the bliss machine, right? Which is suppose I could drill a hole in your head and put electrode in. And they did this with monkeys and I can put a wire in there and I can stimulate just the right part of your brain and I can put you in bliss and you'll just be in bliss. Would you would you want that? Would that be nice? For how long? Do it and I'll tell you. Right. So most people will say, "Well, I don't want that. I want meaning. I don't want just bliss. I want meaning." And you're like, "Okay, well, I'll put an electrode in there and I'll give you meaning. How about that?" And if you kind of run this thought experiment long enough, I think most people realize actually what I want is I want surprise. I want and I want the world to surprise me and I want to wrestle with it in ways that are somewhat predictable but somewhat not. And you kind of end up back where you started. So I I don't know if necessarily for some people Pure happiness is the ultimate goal. They want to, you know, just be blissfully happy wherever they are, whenever they are. But I think other people, most people would say, well, I'm here in this world. I'm here in this life. I don't understand it or why, but I want to be I want to be engaged. I want to be surprised. I want to do things. I want to accomplish things. I want to want things and then get them. Right? That's kind of the whole game that we're all playing here. Surprises are really interesting. the sort of unpredictability. I think total bro science here, but I'm pretty sure that that's kind of how dopamine works. That things are a bit better than you expected. That within that it means that if you for the perennial insecure overachievers that uh cloy for control that really want to be able to the schedule is perfectly done and we know the itinerary, we know where we're going to be at this time. you're in some ways I guess reducing down the capacity for surprise because everything has become uh very contrived prescribed done in advance laid out your ability to be surprised actually diminishes. Yeah. If if nothing worked out the way you expected, if it was all serendipity and you didn't want that, you would just be a ball of anxiety. On the other hand, if everything worked out as you expected and wanted, you'd be so bored you might as well be dead. So there's some, you know, the the river of life kind of flows between these two banks and enjoy it. You say thinking about yourself is the source of all unhappiness, but presumably you need to work on yourself and your weaknesses as well. So some degree of reflection is important. And if thinking about yourself is a source of unhappiness, is this a price that you need to pay? I need to sort of reflect inward. I'm going to have to diminish this level of happiness for a little while and then I can use this new level. I've got my brown belt on and I can go out into the world as a brown belt. What I'm specifically referring to that is if if you're thinking about your personality and your ego and the character of you and uh you're obsessing over that. That's where a lot of depression and unhappiness sort of lingers and and gets cultivated. Uh so uh thinking about woe is me, this happened to me. that happened to me. I have this personality. I have this issue. I deserve this. I didn't get that. That's you're just strengthening a little beast in there that is insatiable. And that's where I think a lot of unhappiness comes from. What's the beast? It's the ego. But that word is so overused that I kind of hate to use the word. Um, but it's like a it's a recurrent collection of thoughts that are very self-obsessed and will never be satisfied. Very concretized as well. So, they're not malleable, not particularly flexible. So you're just adding to them by thinking about them all the time. You're creating narratives and stories and identities. Um but that's different from solving personal problems. So if you encounter something, you learn from something, you're reflecting upon the learning, then you can reflect upon it, absorb it, and then just move on. But sitting there saying, "I'm Chris. I'm Nal. I deserve this. This happened to me. That person wronged me. This is who I am. This shouldn't have happened. I need to go get revenge on this or I need to fix that or change this." I mean that I think is where a lot of mental illness is, you know, comes from. So it depends if you are thinking about something to solve a problem and get it off your chest and get it off your mind. If it leaves your mind clearer at the end of it, then I think it was worthwhile. If it leaves your mind busier at the end of it, then you're probably going the wrong direction. Is this a a justification for detachment? uh cultivated ignorance uh distraction. Detachment is not a goal. Detachment is a byproduct. It's it's just a byproduct of just realizing you know what matters and what doesn't. Uh and and just for one moment on the self thing, I think everybody craves thinking about something more than themselves. If you want to be, you know, happy to some extent, you have to forget about your personal problems. And one way to do that is take on other problems, bigger problems. Uh and that could be a mission, that could be s that could be spirituality, that could be kids, um it could be caring about the planet, although I think people take that a little far, you know, and then they get kind of oppressive and and tyrannical in support of abstract concepts. But so these can be taken too far. Just like religion for example, just like anything in excess, anything in excess, right? Um but generally the less you think about yourself, the more you can think about a mission or about God or about a child or something like that. I remember Vinnie Himmath uh the founder of Loom said uh I am rich and I have no idea to do what to do with my life and you replied God kids on mission pick at least one that's right preferably all three. It's very liberating. Um yeah thinking I think overthinking about yourself is probably the it's it may not be the cause of depression but it certainly doesn't help rumination. Yeah. I I kind of had a self-induced Stockholm syndrome from this sort of a thing because I like to think about stuff and you provide you with an endless number of things to think about. So, you're kind of Yeah, you have this um you're the prisoner and the prison guard at the same time. And I had Abigail Shrier on the show. She was wrote this book called Bad Therapy, sort of pushing back against therapy culture for kids, specifically for kids. there was a blast radius that covered pretty much everything, including kind of CBT, I'm like, f like we're getting perilously close to some really evidence-based stuff here. But the more that I've thought about it and the more that I've looked at the evidence, there is like basically a direct correlation between how much you think about yourself and how miserable you are. Therapy is great if it lets you vent and it solves a thing and then x session later you're done. You're clear. But if you're just looping on the same thing forever, then it's actually the opposite. You're bathing in it. You're indulging in it. Yeah. Yeah. How have your become happy techniques developed over time? Yeah, I used to have a lot of them. Uh, now I kind of try not to have any because I think the techniques themselves are kind of a struggle. It's sort of like bidding for status implies you're low status. It reveals that you're low status. So, someone who's basically trying to show off uh comes across as low status. The same way someone who's trying to be happy is sort of saying I'm unhappy and creating that frame. So it's better just to not even think in terms of you position yourself as being in lack in order to attain. Yeah. I don't even think in terms of happiness unhappiness anymore. I just kind of just do my thing. Again, another question that's similar to a bunch of them. Do you think you could have got there had you have not done the procedural systematic sort of step by step by step this is what it is and then come out the other side? I don't think there are any formulas. I think it's unique to each person. It's like asking a successful person, how did you become successful? Each one of them will give you a different story. Uh you can't follow anyone else's path. And most of them are even probably telling you some narratized version of it that isn't quite true. I mean, that's something that I continually realize, especially as I get to spend more time around people that are successful and you hear um it's very important to prioritize work life balance, right? That's one of the most common things that people who have attained success say that's not my experience. But if you look at, you shouldn't be asking somebody who is successful what they do to continue their success now. You should be asking them what did they do to attain their success when they are where you were. And the people who are really extraordinarily successful didn't sit around watching success porn. They just went and did it. They just had they had such an overwhelming desire to be successful at the thing that they were doing that they just went and did that thing. They didn't have time to study and learn and listen and they just did it. It's the overwhelming desire that's the most important and the focus that comes from that. That tweet of yours that was uh people who are good at making wealth or people are good at attaining wealth don't need to teach anybody else how to do it. Yeah. You don't need mentors, you need action. That was one of them. Another one is you know the uh the people who actually know how to make money don't need to sell you a course on it. There it is. Um, yeah, there's lots of variations on it. But I if you don't, another one is if you don't lie awake at night thinking about it, you don't want it badly enough. Yeah, I think you I've heard you talk before about how um sort of unclosed loops problems that you're working on can cause you to be sleepless. And uh this I'm not a good sleeper. Tell me about that. Oh, I mean my eight sleep hates me. It's always telling me I failed at sleeping again. And Brian Johnson thinks I'm going to die early. He's probably right. But I How much do you reckon you sleep a night? You got any idea? Oh, it's so random. Some nights I'll sleep 8 hours. Some nights I'll sleep 4 hours. But it's literally just random. Are you bothered about that? You trying to optimize? You go a sleep coach teaching you how to I don't fogg myself over things. Uh if I want to sleep, I'll sleep. If I don't want to sleep, I don't sleep. It's not a I don't think I'm doing anything right or wrong. You don't label it good night, bad night. No, I work out every day because I think it gives me more energy and I've gotten into a good habit with it. Maybe I'll do the same thing with sleep. Maybe I'll develop a good habit, but I'm not going to beat myself up over it. There'll come a point where it's important to me and when it's important to me, I'll just do it. You know, most of like, for example, you look at people with addictions, right? Overeating or smoking or whatever, they can kind of go through all the different methods, but it's half-hearted. And then one day they're like, "Oh I've got lung cancer. My dad has lung cancer." and they drop it immediately. So I think a lot a lot of change is more about desire and understanding than it is about uh forcing yourself or trying to domesticate yourself. It's efficiency again I guess you know aligning the thing that you want to do with the way that you feel about what it is that you want to do. Yeah. It's not it's not getting caught up in a in a half desire or a mimetic desire. It's really just being aware of what it is that you actually want at this point in time. And when you want something, then you will act on it with maximal capability. And that's the time to act on it. In the meantime, just doing it because other people tell you you should do it or society tells you you should do it or you feel slightly guilty about it. 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Plus, they ship internationally. Right now, you can get 35% off your subscription and that 30-day money back guarantee by going to the link in the description below or heading to livemus.com/modernwisdomd and using the code modernwisdom at checkout. That's l i v m o m e n t o.com/modernwisdom and modern wisdom a checkout. You mentioned anxiety before. Uh imagine how effective you'd be if you weren't anxious all the time is is one of yours and anxiety is the emotion dour of the 21st century and lots of driven people very anxious very paranoid that's what's caused them to be affected. They pay so much attention detail oriented not letting things go staying up at night thinking about it. That's the paranoia coming in. What have you come to learn about anxiety and dealing with it? So, anxiety and stress are interesting. They're very related. Stress is when uh like if you look at an iron beam, when an iron beam is under stress, it's cuz it's being bent in two different directions at the same time. So, when your mind is under stress, it's because it has two conflicting desires at once. So, for example, you know, you you want to be liked, but you want to do something selfish, and you can't reconcile the two, and so you're under stress. uh you want to do something for somebody else, you want to do something for yourself, right? These aream you you don't want to go to work but you want to make money so you're under stress right so you have two conflicting desires and I think one of the ways to get through stress is to acknowledge that oh I actually have two conflicting desires and either I need to resolve it I need to pick one and then be okay losing the other or I will decide later but at least just being aware of why you're stress can help alleviate a lot of stress and then anxiety I think is sort of this pervasive unidentifiable able stress where you're just kind of stressed out all the time and you're not even sure why and you can't even identify the underlying problem. I think the reason for that is because you you have so many uh unresolved problems, unresolved stress points that have piled up in your life that you can no longer identify what the problems are and there's this mountain of garbage in your mind and it's a little bit of it poking out the top like an iceberg and that's anxiety. But underneath there's a lot of unresolved things. And so you just need to kind of go through very carefully every time you're anxious. Like, okay, why am I anxious this time? I don't know why. Oh, well, let me sit here and just think about it. Let me let me write down what the possible causes could be. Let me meditate on it. Let me journal. Let me talk to a therapist. Let me talk to my friends. Let me just kind of see like when does that stress go away? If you can kind of identify and unravel and resolve these issues, then I think that helps get rid of anxiety. uh a lot of the anxiety is piled up because we move through life too quickly, not observing our own reactions to things. We don't resolve them. So, this goes counter to what I was saying earlier about not reflecting too much on things, but you reflect on the problems to observe them and solve them. You don't reflect on them to feel better about yourself, to indulge them. Well, if if if you're doing it to just feel better about yourself, that could be strengthening your personality and your ego and could be creating a more fragile personality. Um, you know, one one big anxiety resolver for me is just ruminating on death. I think that's a good one. You're going to die. It's all going to zero. You cannot take anything with you. And I know this is trit. And I know the the we don't spend enough time thinking about the big questions. We kind of give up on them when we're very, very young. You know, a little child might ask the big questions like, why are we here? What's the meaning of life? What is this all about? You know, is there Santa Claus? Is there God? But then as adults, we're taught not to think about these things or we've given up on them. But I think the big questions are the big questions for good reasons. And uh if you can keep the idea in front of you at all times that you're going to die and that everything goes literally to zero. What's there to stress about? Yeah. For better or worse, life is very short. How should people deal with its briefness? Enjoy it. Make the best of it. You know, it's it's even briefer than that. Each moment just disappears. it's gone. There's only a present moment and it's gone instantly. So if you're not if you're not there for it, if you're stressed out or you're anxious or you're thinking about something else, you missed it. So you're any moment when you're not in that moment, you are dead to that moment. You might as well be dead because your mind is off doing something else or you know living in some imagined reality that is just a very poor substitute for the actual reality. So one of my recent realizations was what is wasted time? What is a what is a waste of time? So I don't like to waste time but what is wasted time? And everything is wasted time in a sense because nothing matters in the ultimate. Uh but in each moment the thing matters. In each moment it's the only thing that matters. Actually the what's happening in front of you is literally has all the meaning in the world. And so what matters is just being present for the thing. So if you're doing something that you want to do and you're fully there for it, then it's not wasted time. If you don't want to do it and your mind is running away from it and you're reacting against it and you're wishing you were somewhere else and you're thinking about some other thing or you're anticipating some future thing or regretting some past thing or being fearful of something, then that's wasted time. That's time that's being wasted when you're not actually present for the reality in front of you. So my definition of wasted time, yes I do want some material things in life and I you know there there are things that have more value than others within this life but this life is very short and bounded. So the true wasted time is a time that you're not present for when you are not there for it. When you're not doing the thing you want to do to the best of your capability such that you're immersed in it. If you're not immersed in this moment then you're wasting your time. People get worried about dying and no longer being here, but they don't realize that so much of their life is spent not being here in any case. That's right. But and I think people crave being here for it. And and and when you're here for it, you're actually not thinking about yourself. You are more immersed in the thing, the the moment, the task at hand. We don't want peace of mind. We want peace for our mind. That's right. Yeah. You don't peace. The mind is what can eat you alive if you let it. And there's more to you than the mind. How so? Well, I mean the very I don't want to disassemble the body, so to speak, right? Because please go on. Yeah. At the end of the day, like everything arises within your consciousness, right? You you got nowhere else to experience it. Sorry. You've got nowhere else to experience. Nowhere else to experience it. And that consciousness is uh relatively static in the sense that it's been exactly the same from the moment you were born to the moment you die. And everything that you experience from your body from your mind to the world to to everything is within that consciousness. Uh and that thing that base layer of being and this is what the Buddhists will tell you is the real thing. Everything that comes and goes in the middle including your mind including your body is unreal. And trying to find stability in those transient things is is your castle that you're building on sand that's going to crumble. Life is going to play out the way it's going to play out. There will be some good and some bad. Most of it is actually just up to your interpretation. You're born, you have a set of sensory experiences, and then you die. How you choose to interpret those experiences is up to you. And different people interpret them in different ways. Yeah. The old line about two people walking down the street. They're having the exact same experience. One is h experience. One is happy, one is sad, right? It's a narrative in their heads. It's how they choose to interpret. Um, so I think when I said that, it was a long time ago. I was talking more about having positive interpretations and negative interpretations. But these days, I think it's better just not to have any interpretations and to just allow things to be. You're still going to have interpretations. You can't stop it. Uh and nor should you try. But even that having an interpretation is just a thing you can leave alone. Yeah. I really want to try and just dig in a little more to the best way to remind people that they should value their time. just how brief it is that the time that you spend ruminating, being distracted, fears of the past, regrets. Well, I don't want to tell anybody how to live their life. I would just say that to the extent that you want to improve your quality of life, the uh the easiest and best way to do that is to observe your own mind and your own thoughts and and be a little not not necessarily critical but um be observant of yourself more objectively and then you'll kind of realize your own loops and patterns. It takes time. It's not it's not overnight. It's not instantaneous. So you mean letting go is not a one-time event. Yeah. And and there's letting go is not necessarily even the right answer. Like yes, if you're trying to be an enlightened being and you know you want to live like a god and everything's going to be perfect and be a Buddha, sure you can let go. But uh I think in practice it's actually quite hard to do. Um, I think I would say that it's uh you're going to find a lot of fulfillment out of life by just doing what you want to do and genuinely exploring what it is that you want rather than doing what other people expect you to do or society expects you to do or what you might just think should be done by default. Um, you know, I think most older successful people will tell you that their life was best when they lived it unapologetically on their own terms. Be selfish. Holistic selfishness. We can clip that little selfish. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Keep running back. Bad guy. Great. I I had this insight or a question, I guess. How much do you think that we should trust the voice in our heads? Because half of wisdom suggests to rely on your sort of bottomup intuition and then half of it has to be sort of top down rational as possible. How do you navigate the tension between head and gut in this way? I think the gut is what decides. Um the head is kind of what rationalizes it afterwards. The gut is the ultimate decision maker. If it doesn't and and what is the gut? The gut is refined judgment. It's taste aggregate aggregated and it could be aggregated through evolution uh and it's in your genes and your DNA or it could be aggregated through your experiences and what you've thought through. The mind is good at solving new problems and uh new problems in the external world that have defi defined edges you know beginnings and ends and and objectives. What the mind is actually really bad at is making hard decisions. So when you have a hard decision to make I find it's better to yes you ruminate on it. You think through all the pros and cons but then you sleep on it. You wait a couple of days. You wait until the gut answer appears with conviction and it feels right. And when you're younger, it takes longer because you just don't have as much experience. And when you're older, uh, it can happen much faster, which is why, you know, and you have less time to Yeah. And old people just more set in their ways as a consequence, right? They know what they want. They know what they don't want. Um, so it takes time to develop your gut instinct and judgment. But once you've developed them, don't trust anything else because you can't go against your gut. It'll bite you in the end. Uh usually in relationships that failed, you can look back and say, "Oh, actually, I knew it was going to fail because of this reason, but I kind of went ahead anyway because I wanted it to be this way, right? I wanted this person to be a different way than they are, or I wanted to get a different thing out of it than I thought I was going to than I knew I was going to get, but I just wanted it." So sometimes desire will override your judgment and then trap. Yeah. Wishful thinking. It traps you into a into a pathway that chews up time. What's that uh inside of yours? U we think we can't change ourselves but we can. We think we can change other people but we can't. Exactly. Uh I think to add to that you can't change other people. You can change your reaction to them. You can change yourself but other people only change through trauma or their own insight on their own schedule and never in a way that you like. Yeah. Alanderon says that uh people do sometimes change but rarely in relationships and never when they're told to. Absolutely. Yeah. The fastest way to kind of alienate somebody is to tell them to change. In fact, uh the Dale Carnegie School of Public Speaking, you know, the way that operates is, uh they get you up there and they realize that the number one problem with public speaking is uh that uh people are very self-conscious and so uh people who are practicing in the Dale Carnegie School of Public Speaking, I don't know, I never went through I heard this secondhand so I could be wrong but I like the story where they get up and they start speaking and the people in the audience are only allowed to compliment them genuine compliments not fake compliments on things that they did well but you're not allowed to criticize them on things that they did poorly and eventually they kind of get through it and they develop the self-confidence the same way uh there's like the Michelle Thomas school of language learning and on that one what they do is you listen to a teacher talking to a student they're not teaching you you're not expected to remember or memorize anything you just listen to a student stumbling over the language. It's a better way to learn because you yourself don't feel flustered. You're being tested, graded. Oh, so you're not in your own head as much. Correct. You're not in your own head and you're just you might even be laughing at the student or you might be agreeing with the teacher or vice versa or sympathizing with the student. But because you are a passive observer, you can be more objective about it and you aren't threatened or fearful and you can learn better. And coming back to the original point of you can't change people. If you do want to change someone's behavior, I I think the only effective way to do it is to compliment them when they do something you want. Not to positive. Yeah. Exactly. Not to insult them or be negative or critical when they do something you don't want. And we can't help it. It's obviously in our nature to criticize. And I do it as well, but it just reminds me that like when somebody does something praiseworthy, don't forget to praise them. Like definitely go out of your way and and it'll be genuine. It has to be genuine. It can't be a fake thing. uh this is not, you know, one of those uh just dropping compliments type thing eventually that people will see through that. They want authenticity, but just don't forget to praise people when they do something praiseworthy and you'll get more of that behavior. There was a a really famous thread on Reddit about five questions to ask yourself if you're uncertain about your relationship. One of the questions was, "Are you truly in love with your partner or just their potential or the idea of them?" And that's the, you know, they show such great promise. They they look at their look at their ability for for for change and growth. They they they they're on the right path. The partner matching thing is so hard. Uh you know, when people come and ask me like, "Oh, should I be with this person?" Like, "Well, if you're asking me, the answer is clearly no." Right? Because you wouldn't have to ask if you were with the right person or when you ask someone like why they're uh in a relationship with somebody and they start reading out his or her resume, right? That's also a bad sign. What do you mean? Oh, it's like, oh, we have so much in common. We like to golf together. It's like, it's not a basis for a relationship. Or, oh, you know, she's a ballerina or, you know, he went to Harvard or what have you. These are resume items. That's not who the person actually is. What's a better answer? I just love being with this person. I just trust them. I, you know, I I enjoy being around them. I I I love how capable he is. I love how kind kind she is. You know, I love her spirit. I love his energy. uh the more the the more materially and concretely definable the reasons are you're together the worse they are. Uh the ineffable is actually where the sort of true love lies because real love is a form of unity. It's a form of connection. It's connecting spirits. Oh you two, my consciousness meets your consciousness. It's a the the the underlying drive uh in love, in art, in uh science, in uh mysticism is the desire for unity. It's a desire for connection. As you know, Bourhees famously wrote, "In every human, there's a sense that something infinite has been lost." You know, there's a God-shaped hole in you you're trying to fill. And so, we're always trying to find that connection. Love is trying to find it in one other person and saying, "Okay, you're male, I'm female, or whatever." And you know, whatever your predilictions are, and now now we connect, now we form a hole uh connected hole. Or in mysticism it's like it's all about okay sit down meditate and you'll feel the whole. In science it's like oh uh you know atoms bouncing is mechanics but that generates heat. So thermodynamics and motion or kinetics are one combined theory that's a whole. Electricity and magnetism are one thing that's that's the whole creates that sense of awe. Uh in art it's like I feel an emotion I create a piece of art around it and then you see that painting or you see the cysteine chapel or you read the poem and you feel that emotion. So again, it's it's creating unity. It's creating connection. Uh and I think everybody craves that. And so when you really love somebody, it's because you you feel a sense of wholeness by being around them. Uh and that sense of wholeness probably doesn't have anything to do with what school they went to, you know, or what career they're in. Just sort of tying that into the life is short, stop about. Uh if you're faced with a difficult choice and you cannot decide, the answer is no. And the reason is modern society is full of options. Yeah. Knowing this rationally sounds sounds great, but having the courage to commit to it in reality, I think is a different task. And cutting your losses quickly in the big three, relationships, jobs, and locations is hard. What would you say to someone who may cerebrally be able to agree with you and say, "I understand." My cousin said this about me. He said that uh he said what I really he says what I've really noticed about you is your ability to walk away from situations that are just not great enough for you or not good enough for you. And I think that is a characteristic that I have. I will not accept second best outcomes in my life. Um ultimately you will end up wherever is acceptable to you. You will get out of life whatever is acceptable to you. Um, and there are certain things to me that are very very important where I will not settle for second best. But then there are a lot of other things I just don't care about because if I spend all my time caring about those things, I don't have the energy for the few things that matter. And uh, so in decision-m I have a few heristics for myself. Other people can use their own, but mine are if you can't decide, the answer is no. If you're offered an opportunity, if you have a new thing that you're saying yes or no to that is a change from where you're starting, the answer is by default always no. Secondly, uh if you have two decisions, if you have A or B and both seem like very equal, take the path that's more painful in the short term, the one that's going to be painful immediately because your brain is always trying to avoid pain. So any pain that is imminent, it is going to treat as much larger than it actually is. This is kind of like a decision-making equivalent of Talib surgeon. Uh tell surgeon where you want the surgeon that doesn't look as good because he's more likely to be a good surgeon. Yeah, it's similar in that appearances are deceiving because you're avoiding conflict. You're avoiding pain. So take the path is more painful in the short term because your brain is creating this illusion that the short-term pain is greater than the long-term pain. Because long-term yeah you you'll commit your future self to all kinds of long-term mana. Mñana exactly mñana. So take the more short-term painful one. And then finally the last one which I would credit Kapo Gupta with uh is that you want to take it take the choice that will leave you more equinimous in the long term. By quantumous he means like more at peace more mental peace in the long term. So whatever clears your mind more and will have you having less self-t talk in the future if you can model that out that is probably the better route to go. And then I would focus decision-m down on the three things that really matter because everything else is downstream of these these three decisions. Especially these are early life decisions. Later in life, you have different things to optimize for. But early in life, you're trying to figure out who you're with, what you're doing, and where you live. And I think on all three of those, you want to think you want to think pretty hard about it. And people do some of these unconsciously. You know, who you're with very often it's like, well, we were in a relationship. We stumbled along. It felt okay. It had been enough time, so we got married. Right? Not great reasons. Maybe not terrible reasons either. I mean, people who overthink these things sometimes don't get the right answer. But maybe here, if you're the kind of person that's not going to settle for second best, you iterate. You iterate on a closed time frame so you don't run out the clock. And then you decide um on what you do. You try a whole bunch of different things until you find the one that feels like play to you, looks like work to others. You can't lose at it. Um get some leverage. try to find some practical application of it and go into that. And then where you live, uh where you live is really important. I don't think people spend enough time on that one. I think people pick cities randomly based on where I went to school or where my family happened to be or where uh my friend was or I visited one weekend. I really liked it. You really want to think it through because where you live really constrains and defines your opportunities. Um it uh it it's going to determine your friend circle. It's going to determine your dating pool. It's going to determine your job opportunities. It's going to determine the food and air and water quality that you receive. Um, it's going to determine your proximity to your family, which might be important as you get older and have kids. So, very, very, very important decision. Weather, you know, quality of life. How much do you stay inside or outside? How long are you going to live based on that? And I think people choose that one probably more poorly than they put a lot less thought into that one than the other two. I in some ways, yeah, but also the You're so right. How many people fall backward into a relationship and before they know it, we're living together, we got a dog, we got a kid, we were married and you know, yeah. And then when you have kids, because then that's half of you and half of them running around, you're never going to separate yourself from that. So once you have a child with somebody, then the most important thing in the world to you is half that other person whether you like them or not. Mhm. Yeah. Uh Jeffrey Miller had a tweet a long time ago that I always think about and he said every parenting book in the world could be replaced with one book on behavioral genetics that I am a big believer in genetics. Yes, I do think a lot of behavior is downstream of genetics and I think we underplay that. We like to overplay nurture and underplay nurture for sorry underplay nature for societal reasons but nature is a big deal. Um the temperament of the person you marry is probably going to be reflected in your child by default. people want securely attached kid, pick a securely attached partner. Well, the secret to a happy relationship is two happy people, right? So, I would say if you want to be happy, then uh be with a happy person. Don't think you're going to be with someone who's unhappy and then make them happy down the road. Or if you're okay with them being unhappy, but there are other things you like about them, that's fine. But this goes back to the unhappiness with other things. Yes. And actually we we talked a little bit about how people do connect successfully, you know, on spirit and and those things, but that's maybe a little too abstract. If you want to get a little more practical, it could be based on values. And values are a set of things you won't compromise on. Values are the tough decisions of, oh, my parent got sick. Do they move in with us or do we put them in a in a nursing home? Uh, you know, the ch do we give the children money or do we not? uh you know do we um do we move across the country to be closer to our family or do we stay put where we are uh you know do we argue about politics do we care or do we not right the values are way more important than checklist items uh and uh I think if people were to align much more on their values they would have much more successful relationships the emotional pain of of fearing change I have this thing the job the location the partner I'm going to enter or not enter this thing. For the most part, it's leaving. I think we have this sort of loss aversion that that we really feel evolved loss aversion. It's just painful separating yourself in front of your friends. It's embarrassing. And how how would you advise people to uh get past themselves with the loss aversion? That fear of change. Oh my god, am I going to Yeah, it's the hardest thing in the world. Uh starting over. It's back to the zero to one thing. It's uh it's the mountain climbing thing. You're not going to find your path to the top of the mountain in the first go around. Sometimes you go up there, you get stuck, and you come back down. And the difference between all the successful people and the ones who are not is the ones who are successful want it so badly they're willing to go back and start over again and again whether in their career or in their relationships or in anything else. The more seriously you take yourself, the unhappier you're going to be. You learned how to take yourself less seriously. Well, fame doesn't help on that one because that is one of the traps of fame. People are always talking about you. they have a certain view of you and you start believing that and then you take yourself seriously and then that limits your own actions. You can't look like a fool anymore. Um you can't do new things anymore. You know, tomorrow I announce I'm a break dancer, right? That's going to be met with a lot of scorn and ridicule. But what if I want to be back? I'd back I'd back you if you want to make that. Yeah. The truth is if I want to be a break dancer, I'd be break dancing. But uh you know like I'm starting a new company 0ero to one again from scratch. Let's do it you know one more time. uh and not just going and raising a big VC fund or retiring or what have you. But that's because I want to build the product. I want to see it exist. So I think that you constantly just have to force yourself. You have to remind yourself. Um look, deep down you're still the same Chris you were when you were 9 years old. Deep down you're still a kid. Uh you know, you're still curious about the world. You still have a lot of the same predilictions and desires and wants. You've got a nice veneer on it. But one of the nice things when you have kids is you realize how much closer they are to you in personality and knowledge and knowhow. Like I look at my son who's uh you know he's eight and uh I just noticed like wow he's probably has 60 to 80% of my knowledge and development wisdom and he has a lot more freedom and he has a lot more spontaneity. In some ways he's smarter and there's not a big gap here left to close. this kid's going to be, you know, done very soon. It caught up to me. And so to the extent that I think I know better or that I'm somewhere or that I'm someone, it's it's just an illusion. It's is it's just a belief. What's the lineage between that and taking yourself too seriously? I shouldn't take myself too seriously because there's nothing here to take that seriously. And if I take myself too seriously, then I'm going to get trapped. I'm going to get I'm going to circumscribe myself again into a limited set of behaviors and outcomes that keep me from being free, keep me from being spontaneous, keep me from being happy. Um, so it it just goes back to the, you know, don't think about yourself too much. There's a special type of pain in realizing that the advice that you need to hear right now is something that almost always you learned a long time ago and that you know you're basically sort of the same person you were as you were nine. You know a lot of the time people ask questions like um what advice do you wish that you would give yourself 10 years ago? People ask themselves that question almost invariably the advice that you would give yourself 10 years ago is still the advice that you need to hear today. Absolutely. That's why I did that exercise of thinking back, you know, 10 years, 20 years, 30 years ago. What advice would I give myself? For me, it's just be less emotional. Don't take don't take everything so seriously. Do the same things, but do them without all the emotional turbulence. And so, that's the advice I'm giving myself going forward. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. It's funny how we need that distance to be able to be a little bit more objective, to have a little bit more perspective. And it's almost a little bit of a trick, right? Because typically when you do that you say what would you tell a friend that was going through this right and then you try and turn the advice to the friend around onto yourself but you always think well I'm not the friend you go okay you 10 years ago there's enough distance in that you go oh I actually am still that person there's just a single line between that and and related to this story is I think understanding is way more important than discipline now Jaco would have a fit but you know on physical things discipline is important if I want To build a good body, I got to work out on a regular basis. But on mental things, I think understanding is way more important. Once you see the truth of something, you cannot unsee it. All of us have had experiences where we've seen a behavior in a person and then it just changes what we think about that person. We no longer want to be friends with them or we deeply respect them if it was, you know, really good behavior that maybe was observed unintentionally. Um so when we when we really do see something clearly it changes our behavior immediately and that is far more efficient than trying to change your behavior through repetition. Could you give me an example? Um if you were let's say that you know you have a friend and then that person turns out to be a thief. You see that person stealing something you're done with them. uh if you are uh you know the the smoking lung cancer example is a good one right someone close to you or anytime someone close to you dies or you even hear about someone dying you hear about someone dying what's the first thing you do the first thing assuming that you weren't that close to them obviously you're close to them it's different but if you weren't that close to them but you know you hear about someone in your extended social dying you immediately start trying to different distinguish yourself from them you're like oh well how old was this person you know did they have were they a smoker you know did they have an issue do I have that issue, right? You immediately start comparing and what what you're what you're doing there is you're sort of just trying to see if there's an overlap here. But if you see the truth in something, if if you're like, "Oh my god, this person was the same age as me and they died." And that's starting to happen at my age where I'm starting to hear about, you know, extended circle people just reminds you time is really short. There's a truth there. There's a truth there that you cannot action. There's a truth there that you cannot unsee. Uh, you know, or for example, I think were you into bodybuilding or something back when? I don't know. Like bro lifting stuff of a skinny Yeah. Right. But there probably was a point where you were uh being really aggro in the gym and you injured yourself many times. Right. And each one of those was an deep understanding of don't go beyond this point, right? There was a truth there. So again, when you when you see these things in such a way that you can't unsee them, that changes your behavior instantly. And I would argue that that introspection to find those truths is actually very useful. Is that a justification for more experimentation, exploration, experience in life, sort of trying to find serendipity because all of these experiences are going to teach you a inescapable lesson. You're going to do what you're going to do. I mean, your level of exploration, I think, is sort of up to you. But life is always throwing truth back at you. Uh, it's about whether you choose to see it, whether you choose to acknowledge it. Uh, even if it's painful. Truth is often painful, right? If it wasn't, we'd all be seeing truth all the time. Reality is always reflecting truth. That's all it is. Why would you not have accessed it already? Exactly. Uh, you know, all the all the philosophy that's out there, for example, uh, it's almost trit. Like most people they look at philosophy like until they discover it for themselves and because because wisdom is the set of things that that cannot be transmitted. If they could be transmitted, you know, we'd read the same five philosophy books and we'd all be done. We'd all be wise. You have to learn it for yourself. It has to be rediscovered for yourself in your own context. You have to have specific experiences that then allow you to generalize and see the truth in those things in such a way that you're not going to unsee them. But each person is going to see them in a different way. I can tell you that Socrates story and it's not going to resonate until there's something that other people desire that you realize you yourself don't want. And the moment that happens, then you'll see the truth in the general statement. I want to just read you a twominute essay that I wrote uh a couple of weeks ago. So, it's called unteachable lessons. Okay. I've been thinking about a special category of lesson, one which you cannot discover without experiencing it firsthand. There is a certain subset of advice that for some reason we all refuse to learn through instruction. These are unteachable lessons. No matter how arduous or costly or effortful it is going to be for us to find out ourselves, we prefer to disregard the mountains of warnings from our elders, songs, literature, historical catastrophes, public scandals, and instead think some version of, "Yeah, that might be true for them, but not for me." We decide to learn the hard lessons the hard way over and over again. Unfortunately, they all seem to be the big things, too. It's never new insights about how to put up level shelves or charmingly introduce yourself at a cocktail party. Instead, we spend most of our lives learning firsthand the most important lessons that the previous generations already warned us about. Things like money won't make you happy. Fame won't fix your self worth. You don't love that pretty girl. She's just hot and difficult to get. Nothing is as important as you think it is when you're thinking about it. You will regret working too much. Worrying is not improving your performance. All your fears are a waste of time. You should see your parents more. You'll be fine after the breakup and will be grateful that you did it. It's perfectly okay to cut toxic people out of your life. And even reading this list back, I'm rolling my eyes at how trite it is. These are all basic obvious insights that everybody has heard before. But if they're so basic, why does everyone so reliably fall prey to them throughout our lives? And if they're so obvious, why do people who have recently become famous or wealthy or lost a parent or gone through a breakup start to proclaim these facts with the renewed grandio ceremony of someone who's just gone through religious revelation? It's also a very contentious list of points to say on the internet. If you interview a billionaire who says that all of his money didn't make him happy, or a movie star who said that her fame felt like a prison, the internet will tear them apart for being ungrateful and out of touch. So, not only do we refuse to learn these lessons, we even refuse to hear the message from those warning us about them. And even more than that, I think for every one of these, if I consider a bit deeper, I can recall a time, including right now, where I convinced myself that I am the exception to the rule. That my particular mental makeup or life situation or historical wounds or dreams for the future render me immune to these lessons being applicable. No, no, no. My inner landscape would be solved by skirting around the most well-known wisdom of the ages. No, no, no. I can thread this needle properly. Watch me dance through the minefield and avoid all of the trip wires that everyone else kicks. And then you kick one. And you share a knowing luck, the kind that can only occur between two people who have been hurt in the exact same way. And a voice in the back of your mind will say, "I told you so." That's unable. It's a good essay. I I think one of the reasons why these lessons are unteachable is because uh they're too broad. They have to be applied in context. A number of the ones that you laid out contradict each other. Like spend more time with your parents and you know don't work so hard but you know at the same time you do want to be successful, right? I think I think a lot of these lessons come from down on high from as you said like the famous movie star or the billionaire saying oh you don't need to be happy. It's like well okay then give it up right? Uh so in reality I think many of these contradict each other and they it's like if you went to school and you just studied philosophy for four years you would not know how to live life because you wouldn't know which philosophical doctrine to apply in which circumstance. Uh you have to actually live life go through all of the issues to figure out what it is that you want. What's the context in which some of these things apply and some of them don't. Um, yes, you want to visit your parents more often, but you don't want to live with your parents and you don't want to necessarily see them every day or every weekend depending on the parent. You might not get along with one of them. So, I think it is highly contextual. Um, that said, I I I would argue that once you figure it out for yourself, you can kind of carve these variations on these maxims that apply to you and uh then you'll have a specific experience that helps you remember it and actually execute on it. And you can also phrase it in a way where it's not trit anymore. So like Yeah. So so a lot of my maxims and notes to self are carved in a way that they're modernized. They're saying something true which might be trit if I didn't say it in a new way or in an interesting way that is more relevant to me today. There was a Nobel Prize winner who said something to the effect of uh everything worth saying may have been said before but given that nobody was listening it must be said again. Yeah. It has to be said again has to be recontextualized for the modern age. things do change, technology changes, things culture changes, people change. on that. I've heard you say uh you talk about the difference between seeming wise and being wise that uh you tried to appear smart as a kid uh by sort of wrote memorization masquerading as insight and wisdom and uh I I certainly feel that you know a lot of the show for me I think has been was and still is a redemption arc from this you know decade of my life where I completely suppressed any intellectual curiosity. It's like, okay, I'll be a professional party boy for 10 years, stand on the front door of a nightclub and give out VIP wristbands and have access to all of the pretty girls or, you know, the cool parties or whatever it might be. Seems like it worked out. Okay, it did in some ways. I mean, isn't that fun? It's it it was look, it was a good way to spend my 20ies, but to sort of come back above, put your head above water, two degrees, one of which was a masters, and then this like just shut down any of that learn. I mean, I I did that while I was at uni. While I was at uni, I was running the events. So, it's actually a decade and a half. And uh I think there was a big redemption arc within this show. And I I constantly have to kind of wipe the slime off me of this sense that I need to prove myself. And so much of it, this why it really resonates with me. Um when you're memorizing things that indicates that you don't understand them or that sort of yeah, wrote memorization and regurgitation masquerading as wisdom. Um because people use fluency as a proxy for truthfulness and insight. They use the complexity of your language and your communication. Yeah. There's a lot of jargon out there. I think it's it's it's the mark of a charlatan to explain a simple thing in a complex way. And so when you see people using very complicated language to explain simple things, they're either trying to impress you and offiscate or they don't understand it themselves. Well, there's an allure in that though. You know, this was one of the things I had to do when I went to therapy. It's kind of an interesting I think I've talked about this before. Um, I needed to turn off podcast Chris when I stepped into therapy because most of the time that I spend one-on-one in a deep conversation that's undistracted throughout the week. I trained myself over, you know, when I started doing it 700 episodes now, 900, whatever. Uh, and I I knew what I could do to say to this therapist some, you know, to just sort of veer off a little and create some nice story, put a bow on it, push it across the table, and watch your eyes light up a little bit, like a little grin or a self-deprecating joke or whatever. I'm like, you're not here. You're you're performing. You're doing this. You're doing the Chris Williamson thing with the sort of jazz hands. So, I have my own version. Okay, tell me. Okay, so you have podcast Chris. I have podcast guest Naval. Precisely. So very often I'll uh think of something. I'll have some what I think is an insight and I want to tweet it or write it down, but in my mind I'm talking about it on a podcast. That's kind of how my mind registers it. And for a while I thought this was a bad thing and I tried to eradicate podcastal and then I just realized that's just how it comes out. So I might as well just be okay with it. Now do you know the reason I'm on this podcast? No. You know, I haven't done a proper formal interview straight up top whatever 10 20 podcasts in a long time since Rogan maybe. Probably since Rogan. Yep. Yeah, it went out at the top, right? That was a theory. Yeah. Well, it's still at the top. Yeah. Yeah, I know. And and then, you know, I've done some stuff with Tim Tim Ferrris, a good friend, but that's been more co-hosting. I haven't been a guest. Um, and then I did one or two random things where I just stumbled into a thing where I, you know, there was a reason, but it wasn't like this. And I reached out to you for this one, right? I have lots of people reaching out to me for podcasts. I do not answer them. I reached out to you. And the reason is a really funny one. It's because when I am playing podcast in the vault in my head, for some reason, you're on the other side. And I don't know why. I literally don't know why. It's not like I've even seen many of your podcasts. I think I've seen some snippets here and there, but for some reason, you were the guy in the podcast in podcast. And so, I was like, I might as well just do it. So, I reached out to you. I wonder if this will close that loop or further entrench it. I wonder if you've made it way worse now and you're just gonna have Well, first off, it was a dream and now it's reality plus a dream and I can't get away from him. Yeah, there are enough people that I turned down where I said I'm just not doing podcasts. I feel bad about that. I got to go back and do those podcasts. But I probably wear out my luck. I have nothing new to talk about. So, I don't know what I'm going to say. Well, I appreciate you you said on Rogan and this was something, you know, to kind of pay it back to you. Uh, I had a a fiveheaded Mount Rushmore of guests before I started this show and it was Jordan Peterson, Sam Harris, Alanderon from the School of Life, you and Rogan, and that was my uh hydra of Mount Rushmore. And uh I knew I think someone had asked you at some point, maybe it was a tweet or something after Rogan or maybe even said it on Rogan where you said, "Uh, I don't like to say the same thing twice, at least not in the same way." I don't like sequels. Yeah. Yeah. And I really really respected that. You know, that was 2019. You said it was uh eight or nine years ago. It wasn't as long ago as you. I have a terrible memory. Yeah. Yeah. Um you're right. 2019 right before co Yes. And uh I really appreciated that because there is something the content game you can continue to sort of I'm sure I'll have said many things today that the the audience will have already heard but uh caring enough about having novel insights or at least having a new perspective on similar insights to say oh well you know in the space of six years since you were on Joe a lot of these well I'm coming at them actually the first thing I said to you today like I'm not convinced that I actually fully agree with that thing that I used to say, which is cool, right? That's you showing that the um position that you put in the ground previously is not a tether. It's not you being held to it anymore. Well, I I think the reason why I wanted to be on this is because for some reason I have the impression that you engage in conversations and I like conversations. I don't like interviews. Mhm. This is why I was doing my last startup air chat, which was all about conversations. And conversations to me are more genuine. They're more authentic. There's a give and take. There's a back and forth. There's a genuine curiosity. It's not to say the other podcasters don't do it. They absolutely do do it. But for some reason in my mind, I had you as a guy that I would actually have a conversation with. And sure enough, you just read me your essay, which I don't think anybody else would really do, right? That implies there's a give and take. There's a genuine curiosity. And I think that's useful because then uh certain inexplicit knowledge that I had will be surfaced for myself. And I think that's helpful. Well, you're seeing, you know, to kind of break the fourth wall a bit, you're seeing very much of uh some of the gateway drug insights that you had that you just don't get to choose. I'm aware that you kind of have an anti-guru sentiment in you, like a very strong like don't listen to me. I don't know what I'm doing. Is a trap. No, guru is a trap. do not follow me, do not bow to me, do not do any of the other things to me. But, uh, if you see resonance in another person, and I think this is what we're all trying to find. You know, people can complain about the mountains of content creation that happens and and maybe rightly so. Um, but if you're able to find someone and you see in them a little bit of you, maybe not even much of you, but like, oh, that bit of them, their self-esteem or the way they look at relationships or what they want to do, the kind of life they want or the level of peace of mind that they want to have or whatever it might be. If you find in somebody else a little bit of that, it's kind of like what you're saying before, you can't you can no longer be unconvinced of that and it it steps in and becomes a part of you. And uh yeah, you're maybe seeing reflected back to you some you know this sort of percolated very meandering insight from however long ago that something's happened and maybe in you know 5 years time you'll be like you know that thing that you said about the lessons and then I don't know it's cool that's like synthesis right it's this sort of blending of the reason I spend a lot of time in San Francisco is because it's a gravitational attractor for the smartest people in the world and despite all the many problems the city had is mismanaged beyond belief. Um it does just seem to pull in the young smart creative people. Uh not just the ones who are building technology, but they're exploring every facet of life and they're weird and sometimes it's repulsive and it's bizarre, but you talk to these people and you just see a very intelligent person coming at life in a completely different way. um putting it through the cominatorics of human DNA which are uncountable and giving you a weird perspective that can twist your mind around. And to do that, you always have to be learning. You you have you can't be in a guru mentality. If I'm with somebody and they're listening to every word I say and hanging on it, that's not interesting for me. I'm not going to learn anything. Um, I want people who are intelligent, who will say something back that is a little different and I may not agree with it, but it's going to leave a mark. It's going to leave an impression and it's going to leave an impression to the extent that both that they are correct and that I choose to listen and I'll choose to listen if I don't view myself as higher status or smarter than them. The flip side of that is I'm not really impressed by high status people like I don't just because the case pretty much in fact uh most of my friends who have gone on to become very uh famous or successful the more famous successful they've been the less I spend time with them um partially because they get surrounded by an army of sickop fans which gets hard to break through uh and because I don't want anything from them and I don't and I don't like that I don't like these situations in which transactional relationships are implied that can be a though to people who are up that because the higher that they climb up that hierarchy, the fewer and fewer people don't want anything from them. So in that way you have an even better friend, right? But they get they get surrounded by people who do want things from them and are so good at pretending they don't that it's just not worth my time to try and break out from that group. Um so it does get lonely at the top so to speak. But it's also by choice because you know it's you can problem. Yeah, you can be your own best friend too. I am my own best friend actually. So, I really do enjoy spending time with myself. Yeah. The smartest people aren't interested in appearing smart and don't care what you think is. Yeah. I mean, a a lot of life is not giving a You know, a lot of the best things in life come out of that. Does this mean sort of talking about that wrote memorization masquerading as wisdom and insight thing which I think perhaps almost certainly uh podcasts like this will have contributed to. you know, you hear a an Alanderoton who's, you know, like a painter with words. Uh, very simple, very sort of unpretentious, but if you're intellectually curious, you see, you only see the production of his thoughts. You don't necessarily see the work that's gone into the thoughts behind. So, you confuse the presentation of them for the insight. Does that make sense? Of course. Yeah. A lot of my stuff is more polished. Like one of the funny things, yeah, one of the funny things that uh right before this uh podcast was I thought maybe I should go back and read my old tweets to sort of remember what I said and I can articulate it well. But then I realized that's just performance. I would just be memorizing my whole stuff to perform. I Well, that's an extra special level of hell that you've descended into. I wrote memorizing me to be more mely. Bingo. And and to live up to some expectation or some uh famous personality that I now have to become some straight jacket that I have to put on. I'm having to live up to in private the things that I prefer. That's right. So, of course, pretty quickly I saw through that, you know, it's nonsense and it also constrains my time and it's just work and it I think that's that's, you know, your meditation practice at work there, that mindfulness gap to be like, huh? Yeah, there's that thing again in Exactly. Exactly. So, it's not about changing your thoughts. It's not about fixing your thoughts. It's not about changing yourself. It's just about being observant of yourself so that you can then it'll automatically change. Whatever change needs to happen will happen. you trying to change yourself is very circular. Um the mind trying to change the mind, the mind doesn't like wrestling with itself. I don't I don't think it gets you anywhere. You've spent a lot of time either creating wealth or thinking about how to create wealth. What have you learned are the best places to spend wealth? To spend wealth. Yeah. Yeah. How you you spend this time creating this wealth accumulating? How does what are the best ways for you to put it back out? I actually think Elon had this one figured out, which is he plowed his own money back into his own businesses to go and do bigger and better things for humanity. Um, so what I would like to, you know, you could give it to nonprofits, but a lot of nonprofits are grifty or it's people who didn't earn it trying to spend it or they don't have tight feedback loops on having a good effect. So, one of the things I want to do as an aside is I want to create a little school for young physicists. But that's that's my nonprofit. A young physicist. Yeah, that that that's my nonprofit thing. But uh and I've been and I've actually uh underwritten uh media and some physics stuff. I don't like to talk about it. So I don't I don't talk about my whatever so-called philanthropy because I think that makes it less real. That makes it more status oriented. Makes it less philanthropic. Yeah. Exactly. And then people look at how charitable my charity is. And then people also come hunting for money. So there's all that disease. I don't believe in giving to schools. They have enough money. Ivy Leagues have enough money and they don't know how to spend it. So I think the best use of money is I think a good business creates a product for people that they voluntarily buy and they get value out of. So in that sense I think Steve Jobs and Elon and and uh entrepreneurs like that have created a lot of value for the world. So one of the things I can do is I can take my own money and I can invest it in myself to go and build the next great thing that I think needs to exist. And that's basically what I'm doing right now. I'm doing a new business. I'm self-unding it. Um, I'm plying a lot of money into it. I'm going to build something that I think is beautiful, that I want to see exist. Um, I really want to see exist. Have you spoken about this yet or is it still dark mode? It's so early. It's Yeah, maybe I'll show it to you in a few months. Uh, hopefully 6 months. Um, and uh, I'm excited about it and that's a good use of money. What about the worst places to spend wealth? What is the old line? If it flies, floats or fornicates. Well, very nice way to change the final F. Very impressive. That's the way I heard it. Can't take credit for that. I'm pretty sure it's Fox, but yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I think that was u Maybe it was uh Felix Dennis. Okay. Who who had that quote. Yeah. He said, "If a flies floats or fornicates rented I I think the last one was a little too it's wrong that he he didn't have a family, didn't have kids." So, you know, he missed the big one. Um but yeah, there there are lots of bad ways to spend money. Uh I I I believe in investment, you know, I don't believe in consumption. Uh yes, you can you're born with a short housing position. You close that out, you get yourself a nice house. Um get yourself some help to free up your time so you're not doing uh things that other people can do better. Um treat people well. You know, always overpay and expect the best. Uh pay them like they're the best and expect the best. Um, but overall I think a good use of money is to take risks and build things and do things that other people can't do. Align it with your own unique talent so you can keep delivering to the world. I'm not going to sit idle. Uh, I'm not going to retire. That's a that's a waste of whatever time I have left on this earth. Um, and if I'm doing something I enjoy, then I'm already in perpetual retirement. Um, because work is just a set of things you want to do that that that you have to do that you don't want to do. So if you want to do it, it's not work. Um, and so there are things that I want to do don't feel like work. I can put money behind them and I can use that to make instantiate them into reality. And I don't want to say make the world a better place cuz that's too trit, but it's more just create a product that I'm proud of that wouldn't exist otherwise that other people will get tremendous value. And it's been enabled through wealth because you're able to take a level of risk that you wouldn't have been able to otherwise. Exactly. Yeah. Wealth gives you freedom. It gives you freedom to explore more options. And in my case, it gives me freedom to start businesses without having to ask other people for permission or to warp my vision based on uh their desires to make a return or how they think money should be made. Is there anything that you'd add to the how to get rich thread? Is there anything where you thought like just one if I could go in and edit and add one more in or or No, there's like 10,000 things. I could talk about that topic forever to be honest. like that that that thread was so short and it was so limited and it was so like you know crafted in a sense although I wrote it very spontaneously um it left so much on the cutting room floor that I could just talk about that topic for days but it's all contextual right business is very very very contextual like you have to look at the particular business and understand what's being done and why it's being done and how it's being done and then you can tear it apart or you can re and then reassemble it properly um and I like to think that That is actually where I have specific knowledge and expertise. My specific knowledge, expertise is not in happiness, not in philosophy, not Yes, my life is very hacked to be very unique. But I don't think that's where my specific knowledge is. My specific knowledge is in being able to analyze a business, especially a technology business, and take it apart at the seams and predict in advance what is likely to work and what is not likely to work. clubhouse notwithstanding. Um because you're still going to be wrong most of the time. It's like playing the lottery, but you know one or two of the tickets numbers in advance. You only have to be right a few times or even just once to to get the big score. Um you know, Peter Thiel started PayPal, but he made all his money on Facebook, right? And now he's done more since then, obviously. But that was the big winner. And that's true in any power law distribution. Number one is going to return more than two through n put together. Two will return more than three through put together. you're operating in a highly leveraged intellectual domain. So the outcomes are going to be nonlinear. Um so I I know a lot about that topic, but it's highly contextual. It makes a lot more sense if there's a specific business in front of me, a specific entrepreneur, and I can take that apart and I can say, you know, so there are certain companies where I'll say, "Oh, this is not going to work because you, the entrepreneur, are doing this for the wrong reasons. You're you're doing A so you can get to B. Just go to B." Or, "You're doing this to make money." when really the person who's doing this because they love the product is going to beat you or you're raising money from the wrong people who are in it for the wrong reasons or your co-founder is not in it for the right reasons or you don't have the right kind of co-founder or your vesting schedule is wrong or you're starting the business in the wrong place or you're approaching it from this angle instead of that angle and and of course I'll be wrong too but I've just seen a lot of data I have my theories around it uh and that's where I feel very comfortable operating the problem is when I have to talk about how to create wealth and how to get rich is a clickbait title deliberately. But when I talk about how to create wealth, talking about it in the abstract is very difficult because then you just want to speak truth. You have to just say the timeless stuff. You have to be right in almost every context and so it really limits what you can say. The lack of specificity makes it Yeah. Correct. It's back to philosophy. But when I if I can get specific about it, you know, that's when that's when the real knowledge could be like a counselor for people. Yeah. part of the reason why I started doing podcasts and you know this is ego at play so I'll admit it freely when I was tweeting you know I kind of pioneered philosophy Twitter if you will or a certain kind of practical philosophy Twitter where in 140 characters I would try to say something true in an interesting way that was insightful to me at the time but then that got copied there's thousands of us now right thousands of people spitting it out chat GPT trying to create these things all day long um although I like to say I like to think that my stuff is incompressible I'm saying it in the tightest way possible. Um, which is kind of a little failed poetry background. Um, but what I realized was if you truly have a deep understanding of something, then you can talk about it all day long. Then you can rederive everything you need from that understanding. No memorization required. You can get to it from first principles and every piece of what you know is is like a it's like a Lego block that just fits in and forms a steel frame. It's solid. It's locked in there. And so on a podcast, I can unload much more deeply about some of these topics. Um, so for example, we can talk about any business you like, but it has to be in context. It has to be real. It has to be an actual problem. Then we can solve it. I I just really love that heristic of if you're having to memorize something, it's because you don't understand it. You don't understand it. That's right. If you if you if you have to memorize something, it's because you don't understand it. And if you understand something, you don't have to memorize it. Yeah. I again, you know, just to sort of call out a lot of what I tried to do this redemption arc thing of if I sound smart, that's like being smart, right? You go, well, chat GPT has memorized the entire internet. Good luck competing with that. You're not going to beat it in memorization. You're not even going to beat a library at memorization. You're not going to beat any 10 books in memorization. So memorization is not the thing. Understand the value of memorization is going down by the day. It's already so low. Understanding is a thing. Being able to being able Judgment is the thing. Taste is a thing. Um, and understanding, judgment, taste, these come out of having real problems and then solving them and then finding the commonalities. What is philosophy? Everyone, you live long enough, you'll be a philosopher. Philosophy is just when you find the hidden generalizable truths among the specific experiences that you've had in life and then you know how to navigate future specific experiences based on some heristics and you create a philosophy around that. Any subject pursued deeply enough will eventually lead to philosophy. Mastery in anything, literally anything, will lead you to being a philosopher. You just have to stick with it long enough and generalize the truths back out. And these are universal truths. It's back to the unity and variety. You can find you can find unity in anything if you go deep enough. And that's why the trit stuff unfortunately sort of keeps coming back around. You're like, well, look, this is cliche for kind of a reason. It's cliche for reasons. Uh but, you know, sometimes you learn new things. Sometimes you do figure out new things too. Uh even even in philosophy for example science has advanced as science has advanced it's actually expanded our boundaries of philosophy. Um when we used to think that uh you know the earth was the center of the universe you would actually have a different philosophical outlook than when you think the universe is vast and we're infantestimally small. It will give you a different philosophical outlook. uh the same way if you think that uh the nature is driven by angels and demons and gods versus if there are laws of physics that are computable and understandable that will lead you to a different philosophical outlook. Uh if you think that knowledge is something that is passed down from above and through generations versus something that is created on the fly and then tested against reality that will lead you to a different philosophical outlook. If you think humans are created by God as opposed to humans evolved from some, you know, unicellular organism, yeah, it still doesn't solve the original problem. Who created that? But at least it takes you further down the down the road. Even sim theory is an attempt at reformulating philosophy based on what we know about computers, even though it kind of leads to a lot of the same conclusions as you know creator. But it it it is at least philosophy that is informed by technology and by science. So philosophy can also invol evolve moral philosophy evolves right uh there was a time when every culture practically that was a conquering culture practice slavery now almost all cultures abort slavery that's moral philosophy having evolved um you know there was even like this sounds too ludicrous to be true and I don't know if it fully is true but there were a a fairly large group of doctors based on studies who believed until the 1980s that babies couldn't feel pain and so even to this day I think circumcision is done without anesthesia and because under the theory that you know very young children babies don't feel pain and that's ludicrous and there was a study that came out in the 80s that said no no no they do feel pain it's like oh yeah of course right so people can be stuck in bad philosophical traps for a long period of time so even philosophy can make progress and uh as an example one of the realizations that I had and this is thanks to uh David Deutsch and my friend James Pierce and also thinking it through a little bit is that there are these timeless old questions that we run into where the answers seem like paradoxes. So we stop thinking about them. So an example is free will. Do you have free will? Or does anything matter? Is there a meaning to life? And there and and we get stuck in them because for example, is there a meaning to life? Like yes, life has a meaning because you're you're right here. You create your own meaning. This this moment has all the meaning you could imagine. It's all the meaning there is. On the other hand, you're going to die. It all goes to zero. Heat. Death. The universe has no meaning. Right? So which one is it? Well, the reason why it seems paradoxical is because you're asking the question of a human here and now at a certain scale and a certain time and then you're answering it from the viewpoint of the universe over infinite time. So, you pull the trick. You switch the level at which you're answering the question. And questions should be answered at the level at which they're asked. So, if you ask the question, is there meaning? You, Chris, are asking that question. Yes. Yes. To Chris, there is meaning. There's meaning right here. This is the meaning. you can interpret any meaning you want onto it. Um, don't ask the question as Chris and then answer it as God or as the universe. That's the trick that you're playing. That's why it seems paradoxical. The same way you can say, do I have free will? People debate free will all day long. This the question is answered at the wrong frame. So they ask the question is do I as an individual have free will? Hell yeah, I have free will. My mind body system can't predict what I'm going to do next. The universe is infinitely complex. I'm making a choice in my mind and I'm doing something. There's my free will. So answer at the level at which you were asked. Of course I have free will because I feel like I have free will and I treat you like you have free will and you treat me like I have free will. We have free will. The problem then is you start trying to answer the question as if you're the universe. You're like well on the universal scale big bang particle collisions. No one makes any choices. You know how could you be any different than the what the universe wants you to be and it's all one block universe. So you don't have free will. Don't answer the question at the level at which it wasn't asked. So if God asked the question is there free will? No there is no free will. the universe asks a question, there is no free will. But if an individual asks a question right now, then yes, there is free will. So a lot of these paradoxes resolve themselves, philosophical paradoxes that people have been struggling with since the beginning of time when you just realize there you're you're answering them at a scale and time different than they were asked. Speaking of updating beliefs, is there anything that you've changed your mind around recently? Very recently. I mean, all the time. Uh, but are you talking about like philosophical existential things or like technological things? Yeah, philosophical existential things or anything that comes to mind. If there's anything that's front of mind where you go, ah, yeah, that's a pretty big OS update. Yeah, I'm less lazy fair than I used to be on a societal level. I think that culture and religion are good cooperating systems for humans. And so if you want to operate in a high trust society, you need to have sets of rules that people need to follow and obey so they get along even if they're, you know, one sizefits-all doesn't work for everybody. Moved up a little bit from libertarian. Yeah. I think pure libertarians get out competed and die, right? They get overrun because they're every man for himself. They can't coordinate. They can't coordinate. Exactly. Right. Um so the coordination problems, right? Culture exists to solve fundamental coordination problems. Religion solves coordination problems. Ethnicity solves coordination problems historically. Um and when you uh break down those coordination systems too fast and don't replace them with anything else, you get societal breakdown. So you can have very malfunctioning societies. you know, go to Japan versus go to any western city and you can see the difference being a a culture that's working and a culture that's not. Um, so I I think that that's like a a broader set of things that I've changed my mind on uh a fair bit. I used to be much more lazy fair on that stuff, let's put it that way. Mhm. Um, what else? I mean, on child raising, I've gotten a lot looser. You know, I'm still not like completely less afair, but I'm much more realized like kids are going to be kids and you kind of let them do their thing. The debate with them. Is it a Talib that has the ascending levels of like anarchism versus conservatism? Is that his insight? Like at the local level, I'm this. It seems like you've gone the other way. It's like at the child level I'm an anarchist and at the societal level I'm a conservative. No, he he was quoting somebody else, some brothers, I forget which ones, but he was making the point eloquently as he often does. Uh that uh at you know at at at the family local level he's a communist. At the family level you're communist. uh at maybe the the extended family level you're a socialist at the local level, you know, you're kind of a uh a democrat and so on until at the federal level you're a libertarian, right? So, you've done it the other way. You're being a libertarian with the kids and you're being a religious conservative and societal. No, that's that's that's a that's a funny way of looking at it. I I don't know if the scale is that that simple. Um what else have I changed my mind on? I mean, I think a modern AI is really cool. I think it's but I think these are natural language computers. Um they're starting to show evidence of kind of uh reasoning at some levels but I don't think they do creativity. I think modern AI one of so just on that one of my favorite takes is from Dwash Patel and he says um uh if you gave any human on the planet 0.0 0 0 0.1% of the consumption that a LLM has. Any LLM, they would have come up with thousands of new ideas, right? Give me one new idea, one fundamental new idea that's been generated. Yeah. Like I'm big into poetry. Every poem ever written by an LLM is garbage. I think even their fiction writing is terrible. Even the new GPT45, with all due respect to Sam and Crew, uh I I think they're terrible, terrible writers. I find them really bad at summarizing. They're really good at extrapolating, you know, paperwork. um they're very bad at actually distilling the essence of something and what's important. They don't have an opinions or a point of view. But they're still unbelievably powerful breakthroughs. They solve search. They solve natural language computing. They make English a programming language. They solve driving. They solve uh simple coding and backup coding. They solve translation. They solve transcription. Um they are a fundamental breakthrough in computing. It is a different way to program a computer. rather than you explicitly speak its language and write the code and then run the data through it. You just run enough data through it until it figures out how to write the program. That's huge. Um but are they are they AGI? Not yet. And I don't see a direct path from here to there. Um maybe we'll have to solve a few more problems before that happens. And I think ASI is a fantasy. I don't think there's any such thing as uh artificial super intelligence where it has some kind of intelligence that humans can't fathom. Okay. Uh yeah, it seems like I don't know if you're from the boss room camp or whatever in No, I'm not an AI doomer. I think that's such a flawed line of reasoning. But let's say that you know you came out of the less wrong.com like slate style codec world and there was this sort of lineage from computers and AI gets more powerful more powerful more powerful and then you end up AGI ASIS and it seems like LLMs have been this sort of orthogonal move from that which are you saying you don't believe they are a step on that it's kind of a little bit of a traditional branch I think Steven Wolf puts it better it's a different form of intelligence it's like if you see Jaguar in the jungle, it has a different form of intelligence in your like a plant has a form of intelligence how it can like photosynthesize and grow. It's a different form of intelligence. It's not and intelligence again like love or like happiness is this overloaded word that means many things to many people. But by my definition where you know the true test is you get what you want out of life. It doesn't even have a life. It doesn't even want anything. It's a different thing. Um I do think it's unbelievably useful. I'm glad that it exists. You don't see it much yet in large scale production systems replacing humans because this tendency to hallucinate. So you can't put it into anything mission critical confidently wrong one time out of 10. Correct. And it doesn't even know when it's wrong. Uh and maybe they'll get that one out of 10 down to one out of 100. But you'll kind of always want human oversight for critical critical things. I I always feel so bitter. It's I'm petty sometimes. My my less economist version of me is petty and I always want to like teach it a lesson if it gets something wrong. like how the like no you were so confident I'm treating it but I'm anthropomorizing anthropology it doesn't have a point of view and they are going to get a lot better and they might get to the point where the error rates are so low that you can put them into certain bounded problems like self-driving I think will be solved completely uh because it's a bounded problem cars don't you know go like off-road and drive through houses and stuff like that right so because and and same way like certain kinds of coding the creative side of coding I think doesn't go away I think if anything programmers get even more leverage and more powerful And rather than computing replacing programmers, programmers use AI to replace everybody else. On Tesla versus Whimo, would you bet on software or hardware for self-driving? Yeah. So the I think Tesla's in the stronger, longer term position, but it's hard to argue with what's working right now. And Whimo is working right now. So I would not underestimate them because there's a learning curve that you go through when you actually deploy something. And Whimo is way ahead in that regard. But Tesla's camera only approach if it works uh is a superior. It's much more scalable and Tesla knows how to print cars, right? They can just mass manufacture cars. But I think I think they'll both be around. They'll both be fine. It's everybody else who doesn't have a self-driving vehicle that's screwed. You mentioned uh kids there and you had a tweet that said, "I'm not convinced that declining fertility needs to be proactively fought." I forgot that one. You're going to have to I'm I dug deep. Um why? Well, I mean, think back like what was it 30 years ago, 20 years ago? Everybody was saying overpopulation of the earth is going to be a problem. Malthusian ending, we're going to have too many people. And now all of a sudden we're going to have too few people. So part of it is just the doomerism meme is always alive and well, right? Or it just gets repackaged. Yeah. We're running out of oil. We have too much oil, right? You know, it's like the world is cooling, the world is warming. Like there's always something to scream about. The world is ending. Uh there's no progress in technology. AI is going to blow up the world, right? So people tend to overdo in both directions. Now, what is the actual fertility problem, right? Well, people are having less kids. Are they having less kids because there's a disease? Was there a virus? Did they lose their fertility? The microplastics in the testicles, right? No, it's people are having less kids because they're choosing to have less kids, right? Women have gotten emancipation, independence in the workforce, and they're making more money. Um, people don't need kids as insurance policies. They have less kids. Maybe they're living hedonistic lives. God bless them, right? They want to have more fun. They want to have less kids. I don't see the act of choosing to have less kids as a problem. Okay, so let's move one level up. Uh it's because of retirees. It's because a large percentage of the population is essentially retiring at the guaranteed age of 65 or 70 thanks social security. And so they need other people to pay for it. They need more workers in the workforce. And if the workforce is shrinking, then you have a small number of people Exactly. who are supporting a large number of retirees. And in democracies, you can't take pensions away. The voters vote you out. So they slowly strangle the economy. So what do you do? Then you have a bunch of immigration and then the whole culture changes. You end up in a low trust society and people start fighting over limited resources and how do you control which immigrants come in and how do you make sure that they're good taxpayers after they're in and so on. So you end up with in in kind of this trap where the low fertility rate is upstream of the downstream problems that are cultural and societal. But I'm not sure that you're going to solve that by making people have more kids. How are you going to meme them into having more kids? And I'm not even sure it's necessarily a problem because keep in mind, you have more resources now. You have less of a burden. Now, there's there's a flip side where every kid is a lottery ticket and an invention. So, there's some benefit to having more kids, but you can't you can't force it. I think it'll work itself out, right? The Scott Adams has this great law which calls the Adams law of slowmoving disasters. When disasters are very slowm moving like peak oil or global warming or population collapse and everyone can kind of see them coming economics and society as a force solve them because enough individual people has incentives to go solve them. So I don't know exactly how it gets solved but I think it could get solved in various ways. Uh, one example could be um, you know, maybe people retire later. Maybe AI and automation and robots take care of the older people. Maybe we figure out how to have immigrants while still keeping a high trust society. We kind of put more rules around immigration that protect some of the high trust benefits. Maybe we outsource more things. Maybe we just, you know, have more land and housing to go around. Believe me, if we were having too many kids, everybody complain about how there's no housing and there's no land, right? So they'll always find something to care about. So, I just don't view this as like a thing that any individual or government action is going to solve. I think economics and incentives over time will solve it. And I'm not even convinced it's like that big of a problem. Is there anything that you do think is a it may be selfcorrecting too, which is that if there are too few kids in society and the returns to having kids literally might just go up. It might just be easier to have the incentive to now have a child because there's so few around, they're going to get the best job. They're going to have opportunity resources. It's like everyone wants to everyone's I suppose if you could come at it from a pain side which is you look at all of the other people around who don't have kids. Let's say that um pensions completely drop off and the only way that old people are able to survive is if their children pay them some sort of stipend like reverse you know send send money back up the generations. You go okay well that's a pretty good incentive. That's a good incentive. I also think that people have been me'd into thinking that uh kids make your life worse and that's a that's a pretty pretty bad what's your experience been? Kids make your life better in every possible way. If you want to if you want an automatic built-in meaning to life, have kids. Uh, and I think there are these bad psych studies, like most psych studies, unfortunately, that say that people are unhappy when they have kids. Yeah, it's because you're catching in the middle of changing a diaper and you're saying like, "Are you glad you had kids or not?" Or or they don't even say that. They say, "Are you happy or not?" And they say, "No, I'm not happy right now." But what they don't realize is that person has found something more important than being happy in the moment. They found meaning. And the meaning comes from kids. And if you ask parents, do you regret having kids? I think it would be 99 to1 against, you know, it would be, "No, I don't regret having kids. I love having kids. I'm so glad I had kids." It's it's incredibly rare to meet a parent that regretted having children. It's pretty good odds. It's it's extremely good odds. And I think so I think I think a lot of people get late into life and uh you know, then they can't admit that they didn't want kids that that that they should have had kids. It's kind of late in the game. Um, but you know, a lot of times you see everybody who has a pet, right? Uh, and they're pushing them around in a stroller, right? What is that? That's a sublimated desire for children. Yeah. Uh, Malcolm Collins says that uh, having a pet is to children is using porn is to sex. He basically thinks that it's sort of a surrogate. It It's definitely in that direction. And, you know, I like pets. I like animals. I don't but I don't like the idea of like neutering or spaying something and then keeping it as a prisoner in the house and having to train it. You know, it's just I don't want to be responsible for that. Given that you've been thinking more about child rearing kids, what do you hope that your kids learn from their childhood? They should just be happy and do what they want. I don't I don't I don't have particular goals in mind for them. I think that's a that's another route to unhappiness. Having That's different though, right? Than learn versus goals. It's not necessarily what do they want? What what do you want them to want out of life? Like what is it that you had that idea around your number one job as a parent is to provide unconditional love to your kids. Yeah, that's it. Right. So I can be loved or I am loved unconditionally. Is that one of the things? I want my kids to feel unconditionally loved and I want them to have high self-esteem. Mhm. As a consequence of that, but I don't get to choose any All I get to choose is my output. I can output love. I can't choose what they feel. I can't choose how they behave. I can't choose what they want. I can't choose what they turn out to be. And downstream from that, there should be freedom. There should be a degree of freedom that comes from the self-esteem that comes from the unconditionality. They should make their own mistakes and learn their own lessons and uh have their own desires and fulfill them as is appropriate. Uh I like any parent, I wouldn't want them to be hurt. I wouldn't want them to be unhappy. But I cannot control these things. Uh you replied to my friend Rob Henderson. He was talking about um how kids fall asleep more quickly when they're being carried and uh you said cry it out and co-sleeping is dangerous. What's IYI science? IY is Nim TB. He talk about intellectual yet idiot. These are people who are overeducated and they deny like basic common sense. Okay. Uh so there's a lot of that that goes on in child rearing uh thanks to really bad studies uh and and bad public medical directives. So, for example, you know, uh a few uh a few parents you maybe they're drunk or they're high or they're just other issues and you know, they roll over their kid when they're sleeping, the kid suffocates or they neglect their kid and then is that co-sleeping having them in the bed. Yeah. Exactly. Or or there, you know, the the modern proclamation. And so, because of that, they say, "Well, don't co-sleep with your kids." Well, the kids in every society through all of human history co-slept with their parents. Where else do you think they were sleeping? They weren't houses in multiple rooms. Yeah. Exactly. Put in the other tent. We'll put It's just nonsense. Co-sleeping has been around since the dawn of time. So has uh feeding kids cow milk when or goat milk when breast milk is runs out or is not available. Um yet we're told formula, you know, made with soy and and and corn syrup, which was invented recently, is somehow better than uh cow milk. And cow milk can be dangerous for your kids and co-sleeping is dangerous for your kids and cry it out is the right answer. All of that is nonsense. I mean, it's very clear that um we raise children throughout human history without uh these interventions. And and to me, the idea that like you're going to let your kid cry it out, I get why that's done for practical reasons so that you know you can get some sleep and you can go to work in the morning, but the reality is when you let the kid cry it out, you're letting the kid ball until it finally gives up. I mean, the kid left by itself to cry it out in the wild. It's going to get it's going to get eaten, right? It's going to get eaten by a tiger. Um, so this kid is starting off on the wrong foundation. The the one I mentioned earlier about the idea that babies don't feel pain. Like that's ludicrous, right? Um, I've never heard that before. That's such a wild idea. Yeah, I'm not saying that's 100% true. I read it on the child in the cheek quite hard. And that's an academy. I read it on Twitter and I did one level confirmation on it, but it's so ludicrous that I should probably do two or three level confirmations on it before I talk about it. Um, but there are definitely some people who believe that there enough that it was a thing. um in certain circles for a while. But I think we just go through these, you know, the these IYI beliefs, these intellectual beliefs come from people who uh take a little bit of knowledge and extrapolate it too far. They think we know more than we know due to recent scientific studies and these are junk science. These are low power studies on uh you know on very certain contexts that then get over applied. Behavioral psych is very guilty of this but it's true across a lot of science. Um, so even with science, you have to be skeptical. You have to look very carefully at, you know, does it apply in the right context or not? Is it come from good sources? Did they run enough high-powered studies widely accepted? And there are a whole bunch of things you're just not supposed to talk about. You're not supposed to say like you don't say like you you can you can't say anything negative about vaccines because god forbid what if they don't get the polio vaccine, right? And that's part of the reason why the recent vaccine debate because we've taken our worship for vaccines too far because we don't want people to not take non-essential vaccines. So it gets overdone. So the same way there's this whole SIDS thing, sudden infant death syndrome, right? It's like no, there's kids don't suddenly mysteriously die. Like more likely there was neglect or there was a problem and then whoever was the caretaker doesn't want to admit to the problem or didn't recognize the problem, but kids don't just spontaneously die in the crib, right? Um so they talk about swaddling babies. You swaddle babies, you know, basically tie them up, mummify them. Uh so you constrict them so they die of SIDS where they roll over and they can't get back. I mean, it's just all this craziness around fundraising. It's a real minefield. It's a minefield. And and and you know, you have these scared parents or having a kid for the first time and they open a book and they start reading how to raise children when I would argue that your natural instincts on what to do with your child uh are actually pretty good. It It's funny when uh my wife and I had our first baby. I remember, you know, at the hospital, sorry, the first one was natural birth um at the birthing center. We we went home. I was like, "There you go. That's it." And we're like, what do we do? Where's the instruction manual? You take them home and then you relax and you realize actually instincts are pretty good. You know, if the kid cries, check to see if they clean, feed them, all that. It's like your your basic instincts are actually very very good. And kids instincts are actually very very good. They know what they want and they want things for a reason and they can encourage you to give it to them. Yes. It's usually it children are not deficient adults who can't reason. Uh and to some extent that's true but mostly it's not true. Mostly they have very good reasons for what they want and you as a parent mostly have communication problems with them. They can't yet communicate to you. You can't communicate to them. They can't communicate to you. So early on with my kids, I tried to focus on teaching them, you know, basic explanatory theories as opposed to having them memorize things. That's just the most the most nol solution. I'll give you I'll give you a very simple example, right? Okay. So this is Twitter and this is this is the how to get rich without getting lucky thread. So the first one well a simple one is you know how does knowledge get created? If you follow the critical rationalism David Deutsch philosophy, then it's by guessing and then by testing your guesses. So whenever they ask me something like, well, why do you think that is? Well, how would we figure out if that's true? Right? So that's a basic game you can play involving them. Involving them. But another one is that a lot of the rules that you teach kids have to do with hygiene, right? You must brush your teeth, you know, cover your mouth when you cough. Um, you know, clean up after yourself. Don't touch that. Wash your hands after you do this. um don't eat food off the floor, right? But all of these are subsumed under the germ theory of disease, right? So if you instead go on YouTube and show them videos of germs or if you have them look under a microscope at anything, they're like, "Ah, they can infer what's going Yeah, there's creepy crawies everywhere and I got to watch out for them." Uh and then, you know, you can talk about how if you look at humans, like our real enemy are pathogens. I think a lot of aging and disease are actually downstream of our competition with pathogens over time. uh to a point that people still don't fully appreciate. Um there's a red queen hypothesis which is that we undergo sexual selection to mix up our genes. And so every 20 years, every generation, mix up your genes. But if you look at how bacteria and viruses mutate through just random mutations, their mixup rate on their genes and evolution rate is roughly the same as ours. Even though they go through thousands of generations those 20 years because they're not doing sexual selection, they're doing asexual replication, mutation, their their evolutionary rate is roughly equivalent to ours. So we're in a red queen race where we're both running at roughly the same speed using very different strategies. But a lot of how we're involved is around pathogens. Like our immune system is one of the most expensive things to run in the body is so much as about immune system optimization. That's about pathogens. junk DNA in bacteria and crisper was discovered because in bacteria their DNA is evolved to fight viruses and the way it does that is by taking viral DNA and snipping it up every time there's a viral attack and storing it in their own DNA so they have a copy so they can recognize it next time it attacks and you know and so on. Um a lot of the population structure of species uh determines how long their lifespans are. So very uh so if if in a given species there's a very high rate of infection then you'll have these older members of the population are carrying diseases that will then infect the young. So it's important for that species to get rid of the old faster. So the higher the disease rate in a given population, the less long live the entire population. So the older ones don't infect the younger ones. That's a hypothesis and I think it's true. It's an interesting hypothesis. um uh homeostasis within the human body, how we're always returning to a given level of things like that's a that's a fundamental part of our makeup, our temperature, pH, blood pressure, and so on under homeostasis. But if you if you engage in any kind of signaling like you take a peptide for example, that's a signaling molecule. You take a hormone externally, the body will counteract it. You take testosterone, the body will counteract will downregulate its own production very fast. Uh and the body releases its own hormones in pulses rather than steady state. Why is that? Well, that's because uh bacteria and viruses can infect your body and trick your body. They can take it over. Like toxoplasmosis does this, rabies does this. They take over macroscopic structure, structural bodies. And small bacteria and viruses would hack our bodies and literally take them over if we didn't have defense mechanisms. And one of those defense mechanisms is homeostasis. Anytime you see something getting out of whack, you immediately push back really hard on it because like, did I just get infected? Is something trying to take me over? It's also why hormones get released in pulses at night rather than in steady state low levels because uh enemy bacteria can release toxins or the same signaling molecules in small quantities but they can't pulse. They can't coordinate to pulse. So your body can coordinate to pulse as a macroscopic object but microscopic objects can't coordinate to create the same pulses. Oh that's cool. Yeah. So there's all I mean so you know that it's coming from you. Is that why? Correct. It's endogenous rather than exogenous. So I never knew that. And that's why we resist a lot of exogenous treatments. A lot of our medical treatments don't work. Um anyway, so this these are there's there's a bunch more I could go on, but I think that a lot of uh you know, you see this in cancers where uh a lot of uh bacteria show up like the Epstein bar virus shows up in a lot of cancers and um you know, now it seems like the gut microbiome influences so many things. Basically uh bacteria and viruses are at the top of the food chain compared to us. Like we are top of the well-known food chain, but bacteria and viruses eat us. Fungus eats us. So these microscopic predators are our natural predators. And so a lot of aging, societal structure, hygiene, religious strictctures against pork, you know, circumcision, all of these things. These are all designed to resist bacteria and viruses. So if you can teach children this philosophy at an early age, you shortcut all the debates. How effective have you been at teaching that philosophy to children? That one, I think I've been pretty effective. I've drilled that one at home. The one I haven't quite gotten around to yet is evolution. Like I'm starting to do little bits of that, you know, like we came from monkeys. What does that mean? Um, already got them thinking about some of the deeper questions. I did ask my, you know, young son like uh, you know, can nothing exist? I thought that was a fun question. So, I like to throw a fun question. How old is he now? Like four, three. No, no, he's he's eight. Oh, right. An 8-year-old and a six-year-old. So, I asked them both like, "Can nothing exist?" And they had pretty good answers, right? Um, another one we played with the other day was like, "What is the matrix?" Okay. Uh, you know, what is what is this? What is all this? Um, I just find it and it's entertaining. It's just fun to talk about, right? To talk about these questions with your kids. I'm not saying that one is a good way of child raising. It's not leading to any deeper learning other than maybe just have them start uh or continue to question the basic structure of reality and not move past it so quickly. also to take joy. You know what's the meta lesson that's being taught there? Dad dad spends time asking questions to which there are not necessarily an answer because there is something enjoyable in the process of learning and trying to decipher what's happening possibly. Also, dad tries not too hard to teach people things. I don't want to be I don't want to be didactic. He helps them to arrive at it. Yeah. Correct. Correct. Dad Dad is here to help you solve problems when you have problems and you constantly have problems. So if you come to dad, dad can help explain to you how he would solve the problem. But most of the time they don't want that. Most of the time they just want most of the time they just want me to solve the problem, right? So sometimes they have to play it dumb. It's like why is my Wi-Fi not working on my computer? I'm like I don't know. Did you click on that thing? Look, you've got like a rebellious sovereign child. Sovereign as they may be, but sometimes they still need the dad to step in. So in addition to feeling loved and having high self-esteem, I think the most important trait that would be nice to not rob them of is agency. I want them to preserve their agency. They're born naturally agentic and willful, but a lot of child raising can beat that out of them by essentially domesticating them. That's right. And I would rather have wild animals and wolves than have well-trained dogs because I'm not going to be around to take care of them. Yeah. So, they're going to have to be able to look after themselves. Exactly. Yeah. A friend of mine, uh, Parsa on, uh, on Air Chat, uh, he had a great saying. He said, uh, he wants his, uh, children to be quick to learn and hard to kill. thought that was pretty good. Yeah, that was cool. I remember you saying just thinking about sort of future and culture and stuff like that. I remember you saying that the left had won the culture war and now they're just driving around shooting the survivors, right? After the last 6 months of change that we've seen and sort of where we're at at the moment, what do you think the future of the culture war looks like? It's not over yet. Um, they definitely won earlier rounds. They took over institutions. I think now it's much more of a fair fight. Um where you have people like Elon, you know, kind of supporting uh so so there there's these different forces through history, right? Historians will argue about this. Uh but there's a theory of the great man of history thing where it's like oh you have the Einsteins, you have the Teslas, you have the um the Jangaskhans and the Caesars, right? They determine the flow of history. And then there's the other uh point of view that no there are these massive forces at play you know demographics and geography and so on and then the particular great man doesn't matter they just come and go Napoleon doesn't matter they would have been somebody else uh the specific names are not important and because of kind of the leftist turn that our institutions took in the last few uh decades they now only subscribe to the great forces theory of history not the great man theory of history but I think now we're seeing the two play out where you're seeing you know Trump and Elon and other individuals is rising up and saying no, we resist. Yeah, that's interesting. And um I think that unfortunately and so the battle between kind of these these these collectivists and great forces versus individuals, it's as old as humanity itself. And and it is fundamental to the species. We are not a completely individualistic species. You know, no man is an island. A single person can't do anything by themselves. But we're also not a Borg. We're not a beehive. We're not an ant colony. We're not all just drones marching along. So, which is it? We we're somewhere in the middle. And the human race is always kind of bouncing between the two. We like strong leaders. We like to be led. Um we like to coordinate our forces and and and mass and and do things. Uh but at the same time, we're also all individuals and willing to break away and willing to do our own thing and everyone's always fighting to be a leader and there's always status games going on. So, u we're there's a pendulum that's always swinging back and forth. And in modern economics, the way that manifests is between sort of Marxism and capitalism, right? Marxism is like from each according to his ability to each according to his needs. We're all equal. There's a millennial project. We're all going to be equal in the end. And and you know, don't try and stand out, but do what's good for everybody. Um, and there's a religious aspect to it. And then the the capitalist individualist is like libertarian. Every man for himself. You just each do what you want and it'll work out for the greater good. That's Adam Smith. You know, the invisible hand of the market will feed you. the baker should bake and the butcher should butcher and the candlestick maker should make candlesticks and it'll all work out. Each person does their best and they trade and so which is it which which which theory is correct and I think there's always going to be a battle between the two and I think the interesting thing is what's going on there's a modern flavor to it which changes it. The modern flavor is that the individual is getting more powerful because they're becoming more leverage. So someone like an Elon Musk can have the leverage of tens of thousands of brilliant engineers and producers working for him. He can have factories of robots manufacturing things. He can have hundreds of billions of dollars of capital behind him and he can project himself through media to hundreds of millions of people. That is more power than any individual could have had historically. So the great men of history are becoming greater. That said, that same leverage is increasing the gap between the halves and have nots. So in the wealth game, more people are winning overall and the average is going up. But in the status game, there are essentially more losers. There are more invisible men and women who are getting nothing out of life and have no leverage. Relatively speaking. Objectively speaking, they might be better off. They still have phones and they still have TVs and they're not absolutist creatures though. We're relative creatures. Correct. And so to the extent that we're relatives creatures, there are more losers than winners. And in a democracy, those people will outnumber the winners and they will vote the winners down. Yep. Um, and so that's the battle that kind of goes on and the democracy has gotten very broad. And so one of my other quips is that um it's not the right to vote that gives you power, it's power that gives you the right to vote. So we've confused the two. So what happened was, you know, voting started as a way for people who had power to divide up the power, not fight amongst themselves. The winners of the revolution, the winners of the war, the people in the House of Lords and the House of Commons, they divide up power amongst themselves. to say, "Hey, we have all the money. We have the power. We are the knights. We have the swords. We have the warriors. We could kill everybody, but we don't want to just fight each other all day long. We don't have to be Game of Thrones forever. So, we're going to divide up power by voting among ourselves." But then, as society goes on and becomes more and more peaceful, that franchise for voting gets spread. It gets spread to people who don't have land, who don't have power, who may not be able to inflict physical violence. And then eventually, you get to the point where everybody's voting. Everybody's voting. and everybody was voting for candy and fairies and you know all the free things in life. Uh and then eventually people start voting to oppress each other. The 51% in in any domain vote to oppress the 49s, the tyranny, the majority. But not all of them are willing to back that up with physical power. And so you can end up in a situation where people who don't have physical power are using the institutions of the state to control the people who do have physical power. as a simple example taking the United States the people who don't have guns voting to disarm the people that do have guns right well if the people who do have guns get coordinated and care enough you can't do that right so I think eventually these societal structures are unstable they break down and they break down because eventually the people who have the power and say no wait a minute you don't get to vote you you only got to vote because you had power and now you don't have power and you're somehow trying to vote all of nature all of society all of capitalism all of human endeavors are underpinned by physical violence. And that is very hard truth to swallow and hard to get away from. Nature is read in tooth and claw. If you don't fight, you don't survive. You don't live, you die. And that's true of everything alive today. And humans are no different. So giving up physical power and then thinking you can exercise political power fails. Which is why every communist revolution, which is all about equality and kumbaya and brothers and sisters, end up being run by a bunch of thugs. Because if you don't have a way to divide up the wealth based on merit, then it's always going to be based on power and influence. The thugs with the guns always win in the end. So the question is just can you keep the thugs and the with the guns paid and happy and successful society where you're allocating based on merit because if you can't then you do it based on power. So I do think that this battle is not over but that's because it it never stopped. It's always been there from day one. It will continue. Is it a battle to not care about the news in an age of news saturation? All of this stuff, headlines 24 hours a day, streamed directly into your consciousness through a device in your pocket. You know, a lot of what we've spoken about today is freedom. Freedom from having to think about things or care about things that you do not have control over or that you shouldn't or that you don't want to. And yet people are just like submerged up to the bottom of their nostrils basically drowning in worry. So how Yeah. Is it is it a battle to sort of stay out of the news when you're saturated in it? Yeah. I mean, as you're saying, the human brain has not evolved to handle all the world's emergencies breaking in real time and you can't care about everything and you'll go insane if you try. Um, doesn't mean you shouldn't care at all. There's no should. I mean, if you want to care, go ahead and care. I would just say that you're probably better off only caring about things that are local or things that you can affect. So, if you really care about something that's in the news, then by all means care about it, but make a difference. Go do something about it. uh and make sure that it's your overwhelming desire and you don't have five other desires at the same time. Um also just realize the consequences of it. You're going to be unhappy until that thing gets fixed and that thing will often be out of your control. Desire is a contract to be unhappy until you get what you want. But exactly for the most part that's something that is in your life. It's like till I lose the weight until I get the job. Outside too. Yeah. If it's until the carbon dioxide parts per million are below this particular number. It's like that's a that's a tough one. Or all the people with Trump derangement syndrome, right? He's living rentree in their heads and driving them insane. And I get it. I mean, there are politicians who have definitely driven me insane as well. Um, but it comes at a very high cost and is something that is out of your control that you cannot really influence. Um, so it's probably good to at least be conscious of it. You mentioned uh historians before. One of my friends has a a question, his equivalent of uh Peter Thiel's question of uh what is it that you believe that most people would disagree with? His is what do you think is currently ignored by the media but will be studied by historians? You're asking me that question right now. What do I think is ignored by the media but will be studied by historians? Well, I mean the media is only focused on very timely things, right? So, it depends if you want to talk about timely or timeless, right? But as a as a simple example, if I just look at things that maybe the next five or 10 years that are going to make a massive difference that people are not focused enough on. Um, and I think within two years this will be obvious. So, like they make a prediction and predictions are tough, but and I have to eat it in a few years. Yeah, I'm going have to eat eat this in a few years. So, I'm probably wrong, but uh two things that I pay attention to um that I don't think uh a lot of people do pay attention to. Well, there's a couple. One is I think just how bad modern medicine is. I think people just put a lot more faith in modern medicine than is warranted. Like our best ideas for a lot of things are surgery, just cutting things out, right? Uh treating things that are extraneous like, oh, you don't really need a gallbladder, you don't really need an appendix or you don't really need tonsils. Oh, that's false. every the surplus requirement. Human body is very very efficient. All those things are needed. Um you know so I think I think the state of modern medicine is still pretty bad. We don't have many good explanatory theories in biology. Um we have germ theory disease. We have um evolution, we have uh cell theory, we have DNA genetics, um morphogenesis, embryogenesis and not much else. You know there's not much else. Everything else is rules of thumb memorization. A affects B because affects C affects D but we don't understand the underlying explanation. It's all just words pointing to words pointing to words. So biology is still in a very sorry state and because we are not allowed to take risk that might kill people. Um we just don't experiment enough in biology. So a lot of treatments are just outright banned by large regulatory bodies. So we just don't have the innovation. So I think we're still in the stone age when it comes to biology and we got a long ways to go. Uh, and I think people will look back agast at this. And I think this is Brian Johnson's point. He's like, you know, let's be more more extreme. Let's try to live forever. We must be more experimental. And I'll start as end of one and start experimenting on myself. And um, but even there, I disagree with Brian in many things like, you know, taking huge amounts of supplements. I think we just don't know supplements outside of their natural context like just eat liver, man. Right. Um, but that's fine. And and I wouldn't be vegan either, but you know, it's it's I I really appreciate that he's experimenting. He's good naturatured about he shares everything. So we need more people like that. Um so I think the state of biology people will look back and say wow that was in the dark ages. Um I think uh another uh another thing that we'll look back on is I think we we still continue to underestimate how important drones are going to be in warfare. The future of all warfare is drones. There will be nothing else on the battlefield. Um because I think of the end state of drones as autonomous bullets. Not even guided autonomous like they're self-directed. Uh, and so if that's the future we're headed towards, and that's a it is dist. Why would you have an armed force that's there's going to be no there's there's going to be no aircraft carriers, there's going to be no tanks, there's going to be no infantry men, there's just going to be autonomous bullets. Buy autonomous bullets against your autonomous bullets. Whichever ones win, the other side just surrenders cuz it's over. Um, I think that's the second piece of it. I think a a third piece that is going to be uh kind of unexpected is the GLP1s, which I know you and I have privately discussed before. I think these are the most breakthrough drugs since antibiotics. Um, they're probably more important than statins. They're sort of miracle drugs. They seem to the there there are downsides, but the downsides and side effects are so minor compared to the upsides beyond just weight loss. Um, they also seem to be addiction breakers. They seem to lower many kinds of cancer. They almost metabolically reverse aging up to a certain point. Um, and I think they're going to bend the curve on health care costs. And uh the big question people are going to be asking over the next 5 years is why are Americans paying thousands of dollars a month for this when people overseas are getting them for free or I can order them from China for free or whatever. Um and maybe it like if I were Bernie Sanders the platform I would be running on is I would say okay we're going to pay you know hundreds of billions of dollars to Novo and Eli Liy and we're just going to make these free or there's hundreds of analoges of these things that work. These are not going to be, you know, limited to just the few that are that are being used today. Just take one of them or two of them, make them free, and I think it'll make a big difference. And, uh, as you and I were discussing earlier, uh, this does bend a lot of people out of shape who got there the oldfashioned way, and they want to see obesity as a moral failing on people's parts and it lowers their status if they are suddenly signal is less of a signal. Yeah. Correct. Absolutely. Yeah. So, so they're incented to say, "Oh, well, you don't know the downsides." it's, you know, it's irresponsible to suggest it's going to cause cancer. Have fun losing bone and muscle mass. But none of that stuff is really true. The cancer stuff is actually beneficial on. I know people who are now taking these things for anti-aging reasons. Um, they're already fit, but they just want to age better and have a stronger insulin metabolism. Um, and there's evidence now these things are, you know, they put off dementia, Alzheimer's, colon cancer. It's insane. Cardiovascular disease, like the the list of benefits is insane. There's no free lunch. But this is a class of drugs that prevents you from taking other drugs into your body. It prevents you from taking uh you know too much sugar, too many calories in an era of abundance, prevents you from smoking, prevents you from even uh there's an organization called Casper that is now doing a study on heroin addictions and they're showing that this can lower opioid overdoses and heroin addiction. So there's a lot of overwhelming medical evidence coming out and I think I don't I don't know the exact number but I think something like 10% of the population might not have tried these things. I think that's the number that I' seen as well. It's massive. I think it's about 50% of the population say that they would like to try it. Exactly. So uh I think the body positivity movement is dead and we always kind of knew it was a scam. I mean it's dying very very quickly. Yeah. Equipped like you can never be too rich, too thin or too clean, right? And immediately like a whole bunch of people went nonlinear my mention like what do you mean too thin and what about the hygiene hypothesis and you know obviously there's always exceptions but people want to be thin and fit and people want to be clean back to the pathogen discussion that we had. Um so I think overall that there's going to be huge demand for these things and our modern medical system is not built to supply these. Well, I'm not I'm not I don't hold it against the phases. I think the farmers did their job by creating the thing, but I think next we need to step up and figure out how to make it broadly and cheaply available as opposed to just milk it for only for, you know, people on obesity who can get Medicare to sign off for it or people paying out of pocket at very very high prices. Yeah. Um the the benefits of societal distribution of the safer GLP ones is so large that whichever politicians uh tackles that is going to be richly rewarded. Well, obesity is the number one source of malnutrition worldwide. There's twice as many people that are obese than are starving. So about half a billion people are starving in a billion. So many problems are downstream of that. Like you know, look at how much of the federal budget goes into diialysis because of kidney failure. And why is that? It's because of diabetes, right? So so many of the problems that we have in modern society are downstream of obesity. And you know this like fitness is so important. Uh and yes, there's in some people these things call mus cause muscle and bone loss, but not in the people who are eating high protein and working out hard. So it they can be taken a way that's safer. And some versions of these like literal glutai, the original one, they've been around for decades, and the others have been around for about a decade. So and we already have, as you said, 10% of the population taking them. So they're already quite widely distributed. A good sample size. Yeah, it's a great sample size. What more do you need? Like if if you if you have a bacterial infection that's eating you, I don't say, "Oh, I have this antibiotic, but it's going to raise your blood pressure." It's like, "No, take the antibiotic." If you're going to kill yourself, I say, "Take this antisycchotic and stay alive a little longer and solve it." I don't say, "Oh, it's going to, you know, cause your heart rate to go up by three beats a minute. I don't worry about that." So similarly, if you're poisoning yourself with toxins and overuse of substances that you shouldn't be using, either heroin, alcohol, cigarettes, sugar, or just sheer calories, um, take this GLP1. Uh, they also improve digestion. You just have less cal, just less food matter going through your stomach. They lower cancer risks across the board. There's quite a few cancers that lower. Um, cardiovasc I mean, I don't know what else to tell you. I've been very surprised by the negative reception whenever you have a conversation about GLP1s and I think a lot of it may be people who and and well think about how many sacred cows are being gored right all the people who are basically saying uh you should work harder you should be fit like I did right it's lowering their status think about all the nutritionists and doctors and trainers who are now being you know it's too easy they're being put out of business in a way right uh it's kind of like why does the American military keep buying aircraft carriers, right? In the age of drones, um there's an incentive bias. There's a very strong motivated reasoning. Uh but it doesn't matter. 10% people are on it. Uh everybody wants to be fit. It's going to spread like wildfire. M we I was just thinking as you were talking that you know when we think about health and a lot of people kind of get captured by the way that they were brought up the the the habits that they had from their childhood or what mom and dad did or genetic predisposition and stuff like that. I think um you have as many reasons as as many people to sort of feel hard done by by challenges that you had earlier on in in your life. Is getting past your past a skill? Sort of not being owned today by your history. Sort of not having that victimhood mentality. Yeah, I I did have a uh tough childhood, but I don't think about it. You know, I I think there are a couple of things going on there. One is I did process it quite a bit. I thought about it, but I thought about it to get rid of it. I didn't think about it to dwell on it or to like indulge. Yeah. I wanted to be successful. I wanted more than anything else to rise past that. And so I couldn't have that as a burden on me. So I had to get rid of it. So to the extent that I dealt with it, it was to it was for the express purpose of getting rid of it, not to create an identity or story or to reflect upon it or to say look at me, look at what I've accomplished and look how great I am and what I've done. So I got rid of it and I think at some point you you wrestle with that thing and then you just realize like you're never going to untangle the whole thing. It's a Gordian knot problem. uh like Alexander you know found that tangled knot in India and uh they said oh the famous conqueror will come and will untie this knot nobody else can untie the knot and he took one look at it pulled out a sword and just cut it. So at some point you just have to cut your past if your past is bothering you you will eventually get tired of trying to untangle that knot and you will just drop it because you will realize life is short and the more you have more you want to accomplish in this life actually the less time you have to unravel that thing. So I just wanted to actually get things done. So I had no time to deal with it. So I just cut it. It's like a really bad relationship. But in this case, it's a bad relationship with your own history. So you just drop it. Yeah. I think you know so much of what we've spoken about today is on the shortness of life and uh the fact that every moment is precious. You had to take about um that the most fundamental resource in your life is not time, it's attention. That's right. I used to think, you know, the currency of life, right? People think it's money and yes, money is important and it does let you trade certain things for time, but it doesn't really buy you time. Ask Warren Buffett how much time money can buy you or Michael Bloomberg. They're, you know, rich as Scrooge and and Chris, but they can't buy more time, right? Brian Johnson, notwithstanding. Um, so you can't trade money for time. Money is not the real currency of life. And time itself doesn't even mean that much because as we talked about before, a lot of time can be wasted because you're not really present for it. You're not paying attention. So the real currency of life is attention. It's what you choose to pay attention to and and and what you do about it. And so back to the point about the news media, you can put your attention on the news, but that's how you're spending the real currency of life. So just be aware of that. If you want to, that's fine. There's no there's no right or wrong here. Like maybe it is your destiny to pick something in the news, learn about that problem, adopt that problem, and solve it. But just be careful because your attention is the only thing that you have and that can also be captured by your own past. It Yes. You can fritter it away on anything you like. Is there an advantage to starting out as a loser? Uh absolutely. Yeah. Yeah. cuz if you're because if you're a loser then you'll want to be a winner and then you'll develop all the characteristics that will help you be a you know quote unquote winner in life. That said, I wouldn't sentence my kids to it. Like I don't think you can artificially do that. You know, it's it's sort of like imagine that you were you know 300 years ago you're born a surf and then somehow you managed to escape off the farm and you become a land owner and then eventually you become minor nobility and aristocrat. Are you going to put your kids back on the farm and say you're going to be a surf again? I know they all like those stories. the the kids themselves like those stories because it says I came from the school of hard knocks. My dad made me go shovel hay for a summer. It's not real. I mean, you're not going to trick them. Um I think what you can all you can do is kind of uh cultivate an appreciation and gratitude for what you have. And the only way to do that is just evidence it yourself, right? Just show yourself how you spend money, how you respect it, what you do with it, how you take care of people, who you're responsible for. and and and the more resources you have, the greater the tribe you can take care of. The more of the tribe you can take care of. So when you have no resources, you're struggling to take care of yourself. And at that point, it's good to be selfish cuz you can't save somebody else if you can't even save yourself. Yes. So you take care of yourself and you become the best version of yourself. But there are too many men who are able, fit, and have some money who are doing nothing with their lives. They're just sitting at home doing nothing, just indulging in themselves. Maybe they go on dates and they get Door Dash. Like I have no respect for that. I think there's nothing worse in society than a lazy man because he's sort of he's sort of leaving it all on the table. He's leaving his potential on the table. It's bad for him. So the next thing you do is you go and you have a family and you take care of your family. Take care of that tribe. Then you take care of your extended family. You take care of your cousins, brothers, uncles, grandmothers, aunts, you know, sisters, everybody that you can. And then if you have more resources beyond that, then you go take care of your local tribe. You take care of your people. Um you start trying to do some good for the world. And if you have more resource than that, you go take care of an even bigger tribe. And that's how you earn both respect and self-confidence and you live up to your potential. So the the more you have, the more is rightfully expected of you. And I think it's a good compact with society when highly capable people express and flex that capability by giving more and more and by doing more and more. And society rewards them with the one thing they can't get otherwise which is status. Right? So society should give you status in exchange for it. Um, they should say, "Okay, you did a good job. You took care of more people than than just yourself and just the people immediately around you." Uh, and that's what an alpha male to me is. An alpha male is not the one who gets to eat first. The alpha male eats last. The alpha male feeds everybody else first and then gets to eat last. And they do that out of their own self-respect and pride. And society rewards them by calling them an alpha and giving them status. I wonder whether some of the push back that we've got against uh rich, wealthy, powerful people is disincentivizing. Uh it is like who was it? Zuck who you know donated money at Zuckerberg General's hospital and they wanted to pull his name off of it. I mean that's I didn't see that but that's that kind of stuff backfires right you you should reward people for doing what were you saying before you don't just need to in fact actually actively avoid castigating people if you want their behavior to change when they get something wrong. Look at reinforcing it when they get something right. It's happening at a a societal level as well. Correct. I mean, like the the guys who make a lot of money and go out and buy sports teams, I wouldn't do that, right? But the one who goes out and builds a hospital or builds a rocket to take people to the moon, uh, you know, or rescue some astronauts, you should be rewarding him for that. Mhm. Naval, I really appreciate you. Uh, I hope that this has lived up to whatever weird daydreams you've been having. Um, what have you got coming up? What can people expect from you over the next however long? Expect nothing. That's the most naval way that we could have finished this, dude. It's uh it's been a long time coming and I really do appreciate you for being here today. But I do hope you deliver something. Oh, I think you have. So, thank you. Thanks for having me. Thank you, too. Thanks for getting in my mind. And hopefully now you're out. We'll see. Maybe even worse now you've got the real memories to stick. I don't know. The reason to win the game is to be free of it. The reason The reason to do the podcast is to be is to be done with it. All right. Wow. You made it to the end. Congratulations. Well, if you enjoyed that, you're going to love my fulllength conversation with the one and only Alander Boton from the School of Life right here. Go on.