e e e what's up guys here we are again 5 hours we will be together covering everything you need to know for the AP European History exam hitting you guys tomorrow I'm so excited to be here I am really just looking forward to getting to hang out for the next few hours together um this is just exciting stuff guys I uh man I'm I'm I'm nervous I'm excited um we can already see the people are you guys are coming on in man this is exciting stuff um so here we are uh few things before we get started um first of all uh my name is Stephen if this is your first time joining us here at fiveable um I've been leading the AP European History review sessions um for for this this year um we've been doing crams for the last few few weeks and uh and we've been we've been reviewing all of the stuff up to this point and here we are we are finally here ready to take the exam um now um I may be periodically stopping and responding to messages that is going to happen over the course of the five hours um uh but all right so um before we get started uh we are going to try to get um Pro I guess not um we were going to try to get Amanda in here to talk to you guys for a few minutes to just say hey Amanda is our fearless leader um and uh and she was uh she was going to try to get in here and say hello to you guys but it looks like um it looks like we are uh uh it's some some technical stuff on my end uh she can't join so it's just going to be me but that's super okay maybe if maybe if she if we can figure it out she can jump in here a little bit later I mean we got plenty of time we are going to be here for the next five hours we are the five hour gang um now uh another thing I want to I want to mention uh we are running um a little bit of a promo um a little bit of a uh of a um um I guess promo is the right word it's it's a social media contest um if you post on social media about AP exams about fiveable use the hash yes wecam that's hash yes wecam um and uh and you could potentially win $100 giving away $100 a day to a um to to one lucky person um who to posts using yes we cram so really really cool opportunity for you guys to get a quick hundred bucks um so definitely definitely uh uh check that out and um and oh Amanda just messaged me she said sending my love to Euro thank you Amanda um it's going to be awesome and I mean the the the crown finale is always a great time uh so let's get on into it now um we are if you've noticed if you've joined before and you have um if you've joined before and you've um you might might notice that the chat is disabled um we are doing that just because um just because it's you know right now there's 220 people in here and we're really you know it's it's more of a a sake for me so I'm not constantly monitoring chat for the Tas so they're not constantly monitoring chat um and we can just really we can really keep it nice and streamlined as possible um but let's go ahead and get on into things here I it's going to be exciting I'm very exciting um or I'm very excited I'm very exciting I me I am very exciting but I'm also very very excited all right e e my microphone was cut out all right um well that's fun one of the many technical difficulties that you will almost certainly experience with me um as someone who prides himself on being very technologically sound um I tend to make a lot of technological mistakes it's going to happen um but um but I what I was saying was um we have uh we we don't have chat enabled for for this um for this 5H hour stream because there's a lot of you guys in here and it's just going to get a little bit too overwhelming for me for my Tas um and as fun as it might be to um to uh commiserate about the AP exam for tomorrow and to make jokes and all that stuff I love that stuff but um you know we're trying to keep this as streamlined as possible we're trying to keep it as informative for you guys as possible um and so we do have the Q&A portion of the um of the five website open it's below the video uh one thing I will say say and I want you guys to listen to me here I want you guys to listen to me I'm putting on my teacher voice here listen to me do not ask a question about a topic that I had just introduced until I get done going over it so I'm going to give you guys an example when we inevitably talk about when we talk about the Congress of Vienna don't ask what the Congress of Vienna was right after I get done saying all right let's not talk about the Congress of Vienna because I'm going to answer that question right after I said it okay so if you have more questions about it absolutely ask away but let's make sure that we're not asking questions until I actually go over a topic okay that's kind of the the and that's going to keep that Q&A section open um because if it gets a little bit too overwhelming and a little bit too cluttered we're going to have to shut it down all right okay let's rock and roll here so let me get my um let me get my my myself all situated let me get myself all situated um and yeah like I said guys I am going to be looking at the um I will be looking at the Q&A stuff um from time to time and um and so if you guys have questions absolutely just um you know put them in there and and and we'll answer them um and I will say we are going to be going over everything in this cram finale so if you guys have questions about a particular topic it's probably going to get answered all right now um why are we not going forward there we go um so this is being recorded okay um we are going so for those of you guys that are like not taking the exam tomorrow you're taking it on line at some point this is still going to be super relevant for you obviously um you just have a little bit more time we are going to be running um some watch parties for this exact stream before those exams which is super super cool it's going to be the night before we'll be in there hanging out um and doing so doing a watch party now what that means is that um is that this is being recorded okay and that's another thing too is that if you have to step away um you got to go eat dinner you got to go go work on homework whatever that might be you can go rewatch this at some point okay um okay cool let's rock and I need two monitors I've only got one Monitor and I really really should should have thought of the two monitor thing before this um for those of you that have watched the the CR so far only having an hour I'm usually pretty quick we got 5 hours now I'm going to be a little bit um I'm going to take my time with it a little little bit more which I'm very excited for I am not a rushed person and so having to having to cover a full unit in one hour is always uh it's never that fun for me but um follow fiveable on the social medias why haven't you follow fiveable on the social medias follow them on the social medias follow them on Twitter follow them on Instagram follow them on YouTube okay follow the five five on social medias they're awesome they post great stuff all right I've already mentioned the social media promo they have going on right now check it out # yes wecam okay you could earn a 100 bucks every day check it out okay um also um moving myself there we go now you guys can see the captions boom um so another thing I really want to um mention is is the Discord so this is another thing I'm going to be doing um looking at during the stream is the Discord um the uh the Discord is awesome we have a AP European History Channel on the Discord right now it's going off people are chatting on there it's awesome um if you want to join the Discord you can find the link for it on the fiveable website um and uh and it's a really really good place um there are it's it's an awes I mean it's a really awesome community um and so for for the um not even European history for all the AP subjects they have their own channel they do all sorts of cool stuff on the Discord just hop on the Discord you're you'll you you'll not regret it I promise all right so what are we going to be covering in this stream well first of all I'm going to talk a little bit about how you guys can communicate with me I um I already um I already kind of went over um some of the ways but I want to talk about it again then we're going to cover units one through nine in their entirety um a little bit Speedy we're gonna we're not going to necessarily hang out on all the really minut minute details but I will um I will definitely uh talk um you know talk about the big stuff talk about the highlights right we'll also have a little trivia after each unit little five question trivia to test your knowledge that's going to be through Google form I will um push out those those Google forms to you guys um with a link um and that will be um that will be happening after the end of each unit um and then uh we'll be doing a little bit of multiple choice practice uh and then we'll talk about how to SAQ how to DBQ how to leq all right and then at the end the last I'm I'm kind of thinking the last hour or so of this stream is going to be reserved for any questions that you guys might have okay so that's that's kind of what I'm thinking here um so I'll open up the Q&A section on Vimeo um I will um I'll be checking the questions on the fiveable um on the the fiveable website I'm going to reserve about that last hour or so um but let's Jump On In so what's going to be included in this an intro an overview of every single unit all nine of them right all nine of them um now what I'll say is that you guys are going to your hand going to fall off of your body if you try to take take every single note that you see what I recommend is taking notes on the big are on the big themes do not worry too much about all these little minute details okay um at this point big themes are the most important thing you can be studying I promise you uh how can you interact I'm going to be checking a few things constantly um not constantly but very periodically the Discord channel for sure um if you um if you have a question in there that moves really quick though so I might not catch everything um but then the Q&A portion on the five level website um is is is going to be um staffed at all times by our two wonderful Tas who I will shout out any chance that I get um and uh and then um yeah and then I I'll I'll probably open the Vimeo Q&A at the end or maybe after each unit we'll see okay um so let me actually go ahead and check on back over to the um fiveable questions here yeah yep yep yep okay cool beans cool beans um all right let's rock and roll here so let's go ahead and um start at the very beginning a very good place to start unit one Renaissance and the age of explo of exploration 15 minutes in guys we are moving all right so what I'm going to do at the start of every single unit why are we working here there we go the start of every single unit I will be um I'll be giving kind of this uh unit and in a nutshell um dealio so this is um this is the big ideas from each of the units okay this is the main topics it's the main um it's the main you know what I'm going to do just so that you guys can see this I'll temporarily shut myself off here um don't worry I'll be back um so the uh the main the I've got the main topics here um and then I've kind of got an overview of each of the topics so that you guys can um so that you guys can see exactly what's going to be covered uh what's going to be covered in each of these okay uh so in in the case of unit one we really have three main I mean really it's like two main topics it's the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration but I do like to throw in pre- Renaissance Europe into this um and the big reason is because while you're probably not going to see a multiple choice question or Excuse me while you probably won't see a DBQ on one of these preena Renaissance um Europe like ideas um and the and and topics you will probably see at least one multiple choice question on one of these things whether it's feudalism the Hundred Years War the crisis of the late Middle Ages um so we'll go through all those the Renaissance um which is um uh foundations of Renaissance ideas Italian essance and humanism northern Renaissance and Christian humanism and then the Age of Exploration which is the foundation of European exploration motives for exploration the AFF slave trade and the impacts of exploration okay all right so let's get in we'll talk about the crisis of the late Middle Ages here all right um so we've got several different events that really prompt I'm going to turn myself back on there I am we've got several different events that really prompt the um the we go um that really prompt the movement of I want to say the movement of Europe out of the Middle Ages right really when we think about why does Europe exit the Middle Ages first of all it's not a clean exit right when we think about like the Middle Ages end in 1500 and the modern era begins in 1500 right that shift it's a really really slow shift right like it's not going to be it's not going to be felt over Europe by all people for a very very long time but several events do push Europe into the modern era the black death of 1347 kills a third of Europe's population when that many people die it's going to dramatically change the way um that um that European Society just Baseline operates um so that is um that is something that uh that is going to have really really massive impacts um sorry I'm trying to figure out why this is is again adjusting stuff here folks excuse me oh I bet I know what's going on right that all right that should probably fix it sorry my um the the captions were were not keeping up with me and that was really bothering me so I wanted to adjust that all right that should be that should that should fix it okay so um so the so the black death kills a third of Europe's population that's going to have massive social economic political impacts in a lot of areas it's going to effectively end feudalism um so we're thinking areas of France areas of Britain um feudalism effectively ends areas of Italy um then the Hundred Years War which takes place before and after this massive um this massive pandemic um also is going to end feudalism in a lot of different areas um and then the peasant revolts that are that are further pushing Europe out of the feudal era um and then the Aon papacy and the Aon papacy was this period in which the C Catholic Church moved locations from the Vatican to the city of aanon in southern France um it was effectively southern France I think technically it was still in Italy but it was it was effectively southern France and um and then at one point there's two popes then there's a third Pope that's elected as well and really the Aven on papacy for most of the Middle Ages the Catholic church is the main political social force of Europe right of of everybody's lives and when the aanon papacy happens it's going to push a lot of Europeans away from viewing the Catholic Church as like this very this very like can can do no wrong type institution a lot of people see through the avenon papacy as being a power grab as being a money grab um and uh and we start to kind of move towards this Reformation era because of the avenon papacy all right now now getting into the Renaissance we think about what is the Renaissance so first of all we know that the Renaissance stands for rebirth right and um and really we can use we can look at three main characteristics when we're talking about the Renaissance return to Greek and Roman thinking renewed interest in secular matters and a greater appreciation of the self and the worth of the individual um and the Renaissance is to have really really longlasting impacts but it's not going to have a lot of very super immediate impacts um it's really only going to impact a small group of Europeans it's going to it's going to impact the Learned those that are um those that have received formal education the wealthy the noble class um but it's not really going to impact the vast majority of Europe right I what I always say is that you know your average your average German peasant didn't wake up in the you know in the in the the 1500s and or late 1400s and say oh what a great time to be living during the Renaissance they just weren't aware of it right changes that were happening in art and the changes that were happening in education and they and all these other changes that were happening they just really weren't aware of them um now we're thinking about why Italy okay we can really look at a few different things here um what it really comes down to is the economic superiority of Italy and the um and the proximity to ancient Greece and ancient Rome obviously very close to ancient Greece and ancient Rome right that makes a lot of sense um or the proximity to ancient Rome but the ancient Greece um the Ottoman Empire is going to fall um in 1453 with or not the Ottoman Empire the Byzantine Empire is going to fall in 1453 and when that happens a lot of those old ancient Greek scholar they dip and they bail to Italy uh and so um so the Renaissance is going to the ital or the the the Renaissance is really going to start in the Italian Peninsula because economically it was really set up to provide for these changes and also just kind of um educationally they had access to all of these materials things like ancient Greek and ancient Roman manuscripts now another really important part of the um of the Renaissance is the invention of the printing press the printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 for printed work to spread very quickly and it's going to develop the idea of print culture which we will come back to and talk more about um and um and and this is going to have I mean I I kind of like to equate the printing press to like the computer um the the the printing press is going to have massive educational social impacts on Europe political religious impacts on Europe um we're going to see uh we're going to see um literacy rates increase we're going to see the spread of ideas more easily we're going to see all of this kind of good stuff now kind of two of the big intellectual and social changes that happened during the Renaissance are individual M and secularism and when you see questions on the AP exam about the Renaissance and its social impacts think individualism and think secular secularism um I always struggle with the word secularism um so individualism is exactly what it sounds like it's the focus of the individual it's the focus on um on the the individual's selfworth okay so the example I to use is that during the Middle Ages artists really didn't sign their name to Art the big reason that artists didn't sign their name to Art was because for them they were not creating this piece of art for themselves they were creating this piece of art for God so why assign your name to it um the Renaissance sort of changes that idea and instead what happens is people realize that they can sign they can sign this art they can create this art for God but also for themselves as well right um secularism is non-religious um there is a shift towards appreciating the um appreciating the um the non-religious aspect of life right so the the way that life sort of for most Europeans happened during the Middle Ages was It was kind of this slow monotonous crawl towards heaven um life was a the the Earthly life was a really just brutal journey to eventually get to a higher plane of existence you know they had their horse blinders on all they were doing was looking forward that's how most people live their lives in the Middle Ages trying to get to heaven and during the Renaissance we start to see a shift albe it a very slow shift towards appreciating the world in which you lived in you take those horse blinders off that's kind of how I like to think about it is people saying you know we can still work to get to heaven but also appreciate this world that God has created for us now the main idea of the Renaissance is humanism um and uh our boy on the right there with a crazy hat Mr petrarch is considered to be the father of humanism humanism means a lot of different stuff but really I'd like to sum it up by saying that it was the philosophy that focused on man and his world um an attempt to understand and better to better understand human nature um and this is going to be the idea that most influences Renaissance Art and ideas um and most influences um and most influences uh kind of future social movements right humanism in a lot of ways is going to be a really big precursor to something like um the enlightment right all right our main humanist thinkers we have petrarch and Leonardo bruny both of them really important here um I almost guarantee that you will see um a a a a question on the multiple choice portion about Mr petrarch um he is the father of humanism he wrote a lot of stuff um and he is really um like I said I just really think that I all the multiple choice um all all the practice and Sample multiple choice that I've seen from the AP exam has included an excerpt from petrarch or about petrarch um I would really really I really believe that this is just a this is a guy they like to talk about and for good reason he's the father of humanism okay but he was he's also conf considered to be the first modern writer um he wrote secular stuff he wrote non-religious stuff and he is the first modern guy to really do that to a large degree okay um I'm seeing some questions about the great schism on the Discord I would not cons if you don't know what the great schism is right now and you're taking the test tomorrow do not concern yourself with it okay it's almost certainly not going to be a DBQ it's almost certainly not going to be show up in your short answer questions it might just be a multiple choice question set okay do not concern yourself with the great schism if you don't know what it is and you're taking the exam tomorrow all right don't worry about it um all right one of the guys I definitely do want to talk about um because you will almost again this guy also he he you could see makii on the in the DBQ um this guy um this guy is really really important um makii writes the prince he creates a handbook for rulers and promotes this idea called Power politics um he's the guy that says the ends justify the means um he says it's better to be feared than loved um he his ideas of how to rule and how to rule with with an iron fist is really um is really going to be the blueprint for a lot of rulers um one of the questions I saw this might have been a sample multiple choice question but it was um which of the following rulers would be considered makavelian uh and the answer was um Katherine deichi uh but uh I don't know why I remember that off the top of my head it's been years since I've seen that multiple choice question set but anyway um that's the kind of stuff that they like to do they like to bring in this guy who we only talk about in unit one and they like to ask you which of these n 18th century rulers would be Maki of ellan he's a really important guy to know he's a really important guy to know all right renaissance man um all right I also am drinking coffee it's going to give me life tonight at about probably 7:30 about two hours I'll probably switch over to tea but um I am drinking coffee right now in case you guys were wondering so um the renaissance man is also something that you're going to see Pop Up from time to time um this is the this idea that um this is someone who fully Embraces humanism this is someone who fully Embraces individualism and secular ISM and this is also someone who kind of famously is a a a kind of explores all these different Artistic Styles explores all these different you know these different trades um and our and our guy that's definitely the most important here is Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci is um is famous for the the Mona Lisa painting which is the Mona Lisa painting is horrendously overrated don't get me started on Mona Lisa it's a very overrated piece of artwork it's incredible don't get me wrong but um it's not even close to the best thing that that Leonard D Vinci has done um and I but lard daeni was was a was a really good painter he was a he was an an architect he was an inventor um he was a writer um and he uh he really represents kind of what it means to be a renaissance man and um and coming for the Mona Lisa I am coming for the Mona Lisa right now um I've I've gone to the lou I've seen it and I was horrendously unimpressed maybe if there wasn't like a group of like 200 people crowded around the Mona Lisa all trying to take selfies with it I would be really more impressed with it it also doesn't help that right across from the Mona Lisa is this massive like wall-sized portrait that's just absolutely gorgeous and no one ever looks at it so I think that also kind of rubs me the wrong way but it's it's really I mean it's a it's a great piece of art but there are lots of better stuff that that um Da Vinci has done anyway I also want to talk about Christine De pison Christine De pisan um is is one of our earliest feminist um and I kind of use that word lightly because she would not really be considered a feminist today she just wouldn't her ideas were definitely still medieval in a lot of ways but she did talk a lot about how how women should be considered uh a VI part of of of kind of the life force of the average family and also that women are not inherently evil which is kind of a weird thing to think about um women women being inherently evil but we got to remember that people were most Europeans were devoutly Christian and they were also really hanging on to this idea of original sin and if we know original sin is Adam and Eve getting kicked out of the garden Garden of Eden Eve tempted ad him with the apple and so the medieval idea about women is that they are inherently evil because of that original sin now Christine De pison is going to say that is crazy women women are an insanely important part of society but she also does say that their role should be really supporting their husbands so not very feminist but uh but I think she's important to know because she represents that step towards the modern feminist of like the 18 and 1900s um one thing College Board loves does love to do U by the way I am wearing at all times my Stephen from college board name tag on name tag so I'm going to be talking about the AP exam a lot here um the uh the the one thing that we really need to remember is that college board loves loves to talk about the um to propose a question about the kind of progression of women's rights through history um I don't think they talked about it on the exam last year I would expect to see at least is an answer question on it this year um they've done full dbqs on the progession and leqs on the progession of women's rights through history um so um yeah I do not work for college board I do not work for college board don't get it twisted I'm just saying I am going to talk about the AP exam quite a bit um you know in relation to the content we're learning all right the one thing you guys probably all want to know about what the heck is going on with the art um the art in the Middle Ages what we're going to do is we're not going through a lot of the very specific art um do not expect me to spend an hour talking about Renaissance art it's just not going to happen um because uh we got we we got the time crunch um but what I will do I I will give you guys a nice splattering of um important Renaissance Art and um all that kind of stuff um so first of all what the heck was happening in the Middle Ages when it came to art middleages art sucked there's just I mean it's cool looking and you get some crazy some crazy art that gets produced but generally speaking it's bland it's got no perspective incorrect proportions all of that kind of stuff um but the art that we see in the Renaissance is going to really really focus on a few key ideas perspective is the big one perspective vibrant colors is another one and proper portions okay what I mean by that is if we look this is Tian okay this is this is one of tian's most um kind of one of his most famous works here and we compare in contrast tan leaning into proper proportioning the development of perspective also rich and vibrant colors it's a totally different night and day thing um now one of the other things that is also going to really distinguish Renaissance art is a kind of move away from nonsecular only themes we really only we really only see um we really only see uh excuse me sorry about that we really only see religiously themed artwork in the Middle Ages um and that's not entirely true but for the most part most artwork was religiously themed we start to see a move away from that during the Renaissance and and Bell's Birth of Venus is a really really good example here while it's still proportionally speaking it's it's not perfect right the trees don't exactly line up with the with the people um but this portrays The Birth of Venus which is a Roman goddess and so so this was a focus on secular themes right even though it's still religion it's Roman religion it's not Christian religion um another thing that we see is we start to see um return back to sculpting which hadn't happened since ancient Rome there's about a thousand year long gap between um between you know sculpting uh between sculpting that doesn't make sense uh people aren't sculpting in the Middle Ages that's what I'm trying to say um David is the first freestanding nud nude sculpture since ancient Rome it's made by Donatello we're going to see another David made by Michelangelo um but uh donatell is our first Ninja Turtle our second Ninja Turtle is rapael um School of Athens my absolute favorite um my absolute favorite piece of uh of Renaissance art um absolutely gorgeous it's it's in the um Vatican if you ever get if you're ever in Rome go tour the Vatican you are not going to be disappointed I promise you um just for the art Alone um not to mention the architecture anyway um but the School of Athens is like a crash course it is a perfect example of perspective if we look at the depth of field that rapael is able to achieve on a 2d surface it is just absolutely astounding you really get a full sense of perspective with this piece of art okay also secular themes you see um both Plato and Aristotle in front and center of this piece of art now Michelangelo I mean this guy's just the boss right he is there you can make an argument that he's the the greatest one of the I mean he's definitely one of the greatest artist that has ever lived um and certainly probably the greatest artist of the Renaissance you can make that um argument for sure he's going to do a whole bunch of stuff the pi um his uh his his statue of David but most importantly probably um is his cine Chapel the ceing ceiling of theine chapel and the ceiling of the cine Chapel which is this like um does this which is like this basket basketball court size ceiling where we see all these insane scenes from the Old and New Testament um famously this is where we see the fingertip scene right the the David and God where where where God's leaning down and David's like lazy fingertip right um that's front and center of this uh of this uh um of the of the cine Chapel then the pi the um his sculpting work is just Next Level it's insane but um but generally speaking these are these are like the new themes of Renaissance art that we start to see start to see take take hold and this art this artistic style it's not going to stay it's not going to stay Renaissance style for very long what happens is what we see is that Renaissance artists and then post Renaissance artists take these AR Artistic Styles and they change them whether that's like the Baroque style of art or um kind of going later on the Romantic style of art but really this is the or the realism impressionism posst impressionism all these like Artistic Styles that that develop over the next few hundred years their base is is the Renaissance which is why Renaissance art tends to get all this all this you know focus is because this is really where we see the basis of Modern Art is the Renaissance um yeah cool all right um let's shift ears a little bit and talk about the northern Renaissance so the northern Renaissance um is going to be in a lot of ways similar but also different from the entire Renaissance art or the Italian Renaissance excuse me the northern Renaissance the F first and foremost there's two things you need to know about the northern Renaissance you need to know about the art and you need to know about the northern Christian humanists the northern Christian humanists were humanists that also focused on changing and modernizing the Catholic church but we think about it the Italian the Italian humanists really didn't want to talk anything bad about the Catholic church because they were based in Italy and the the Catholic church had a lot of sway over what happened in Italy the Catholic Church is based based in Italy you don't want to go talking bad about the Catholic church in their home territory but in Germany France Britain these Northern Christian humanists felt a lot more comfortable talking about the about Christianity and talking about how to update and modernize Christianity without having to worry too much about kind of the Wrath of the Catholic church so our two most important Christian humanists are zarus arasmus and Thomas Moore we'll talk about desiderius arasmus um when we talk about uh the Reformation now northern Renaissance art is um really kind of one of the big differences is it's all it's it's way more almost realistic it's it's not quite as like we can kind of think of Italian Renaissance art as being the ideal form of humanity right Humanity in its ideal State Northern Renaissance art is humanity in its actual State um and so it tends to be more subdued it tends to be darker colors a bigger focus on real realism and capturing the world that people actually lived in Jean vanite is um is probably the um the most the mo the most famous Renaissance artist um he's an insane master of perspective um if you've ever seen the painting of the um that couple uh and it's the this portrait of this couple and you there's the mirror in the background and you can actually see him in the mirror of the background um I've actually got it right here my uh it's it's this painting right here this is John vanike um and you can see him in this mirror in the background which is super super cool John vanik is insane he's a master of the art um of his of his art and um and really kind of one of the most I think long-term the most famous Renaissance artist however um Albert dur is at during his lifetime the most famous Northern Ren artist during his life his um people seek him out all over the place for his portraits um and he was he was also a master wood cutter and wood engraver um and uh and definitely the most famous during his lifetime but we can see much more subdued colors um also really pretty dark um but um but but yeah Albert there uh John and I two of the guys that you should definitely know Peter bugal is another one that you can know as well Peter bugal um did all of uh all of these scenes right the scenes of like the city Folk it's Peter burgle all right um let's finish up by talking about the last kind of uh the last big topic of um the unit one but first before we do that we're going to talk about the new monarchies really quick um the new monarchies describes the changing attitudes and styles of the monarchs in the 15th and 16th century um and it resulted in Growing Power of the Monarch um centralization of the government establishing of the domestic order and building of standing militaries and we're going to look at a few new monarchs in particular um but realistically these are the big themes that you need to know now there was a oh gosh it was a short answer question on the new monarchs I think it was like two or three years ago um which means that you might not see a written question on the new monarchs but you'll probably recognize at least this guy on the right here Charles I who is probably the archetype new monarch um but in France we see this happening um with the um with Francis I first uh the the French monarchs are going to grow the power of the state they're going to centralize the government they're going to create standing militaries um and uh in general they're just going to modernize the state um similarly in England with the War of the Roses uh this creates the tutor Dynasty Henry iith massively grows the power of the monarchy massively subdues the power of the nobility and then in Spain we see Castile and Aragon Jo joining forces um creating a solely Catholic State uh this is where we see the establishment of like the Spanish Inquisition um but for Anan and Isabella they get married uh their grandson is going to be the first the first um Spanish King Charles I is their grandson all right let's talk about the Age of Exploration so prior to the um to the modern era during much of the Middle Ages Europe is kind of on the like on the outskirts of the trade major trade routes they are a Last Stop Trade is mostly happening in the Middle East in Africa and in Asia and Europe is really kind of at the whims of these trade routes coming from the Ottoman Empire so going into the modern era the motivations for exploration are to really get on the map but really it's about discovering new lands potentially making a lot of money trade is an insanely um an insanely valuable and profitable business and then the religious seal and we can sum up the main ideas the main motivations for exploration with God glory in Gold God glory and gold okay so the prospect of new lands that's the glory part the econom economic motivation that's the gold part and the god part which is uh religious Zeal now what is the most important what is the or what is the the most heavily focused on part of this definitely the economic motivations right people cared most about gold um technologically speaking um new advancements in technology may may travel a navigation easier things like the Latin rig the compass the astral Gunpowder the technological in um technological um uh implementations a lot of these technological imple implementations and advancements had been around for a while but Europe kind of tinkered with them they adapted them um but they were they allowed for for more expansive sea travel something like the astrolab which is the astrolab is effectively a computer like a manual computer um and uh and it allowed to show you your position longitude and latitude wise your location or I guess that's your location the time of day the time of night um it was um it was it was this insanely useful piece of technology that allowed for a a captain to figure out pretty accurately where they were in the world now who are leaders in Exploration the Portuguese for sure the Portuguese poor Portugal this is really the only time we're ever going to talk about them um but they were the first to explore and then Spain quickly follows suit um they are going to sail across the new world right we don't need to get into the details of Columbus but they're going to sail up across the New World um they are going to um you know forcefully conquer the um the Aztec empire the Incan Empire um and established the encomenda system which was their system of horse labor for Native American peoples um France and England get get get into the game a little bit late but they're going to predominantly explore North America okay now talking a little bit about this here um in terms of what you're more most likely to see on the exam multiple choice questions it could be kind of anything in terms of written questions typically College Board likes you to think about um motivations for exploration and then also Al interactions with native peoples how did Europeans interact with Native people um yes Portugal does become pretty irrelevant I the Discord comment does sum that up pretty well it's poor Portugal we'll talk about him again with Napolean but that's that's pretty much it but I mean Portugal's just kind of vibing they're just kind of doing their own thing you know um so I saw a question about the encomenda system the encomenda system was the system of forced labor that the Spanish used and Central and South America uh it was this idea that you um you worked for a certain part of the year um and it was it was on on paper it was supposed to be Equitable and it ended up just being pretty much force labor um so before we get into the African slave trade I do want to talk about the commercial revolution um the Commercial Revolution was the um was this revolution that sort of happened happened in response to exploration uh we see a massive um in about 100 years a massive population increase uh between 1500 and 1600 about 20 million um people new people exist in Europe in that time which is just a huge population increase and with this we start to see some development of capitalist ideas uh we start to see um new new Industries become more prevalent things like textiles mining printing Book trade Etc um and a more General desire for consumer goods we can kind of think about this as like the precursor to the Agricultural and Industrial revolutions but we also see the development of mercantilism and we'll talk about mercantilism in detail when we talk about absolutism in unit three mercantilism is a country's power is measured in their um is the idea that a country's power is measured in their um their amount of their gold and their silver um it became the basic economic system that dominated Europe for the 16 and 1700s it's going to be the economic system of absolutism yeah and then I do want to talk about the African slave trade of course the African slave trade um which massively disrupted um an entire group of um an entire race of people um it massively disrupted an an entire continent um and it was the uh was the the the true you know one of one of the kind of I mean you know it was horrific right um and the African slave trade is going to um out to the SL stream G blurry good again nice um so the the African slave trade really was um one it was in response to the encom Anda system failing uh the reality was was that most Native American peoples had had succumbed to European disease right 90 roughly 90% of all Native American peoples um died just uh just to European disease um and um and in response Europe looks at at the African um continent as a source of forced labor um a slave trade already existed in Africa there was already um kind of relations with African um with African um Empires and tribes and uh and so the African slave trade was in in response to that now a few things I want to mention about the African slave trade um first most African slaves went to South America um they predominantly went to Brazil uh Brazil had Brazil and the mines and sugar plantations were some of the most horrific working conditions ever seen um and it was generally speaking cheaper to um work a enslaved person to death than to make conditions better for them and so what ended up happening was um African was um was they would work African African enslaved peoples to death and then buy more enslaved peoples uh roughly I believe it's like five% of African African slave peoples actually go to North America um and um and that was predominantly because the mindset in North America and the colonies was that you treat African enslaved peoples just enough so that they um that they have kids and then that's more enslaved peoples for you still very horrific right just a kind of a different type of horror um but this is going to massively not only disrupt obviously the life of African peoples but also it's going to kind of lay the groundwork for what will eventually be new imperialism which we'll talk about in unit 7 all right then of course um we have the um Colombian Exchange um and triangle trade where we see the movement of goods people ideas across the Atlantic Ocean um we'll talk kind of more about this as we go through the rest of this um the rest of tonight all right so we have five main effects of exploration um five main effects of exploration and then we're done with unit one um crazy so um one is the increased power and wealth of European nations we see European nations going from being kind of behind the rest of the world to all of a sudden being really economically powerful war between not only EUR European nations and native peoples but between European nations and other European nations the spread of Christianity and European culture the general mistreatment of native peoples resulting resulting from ethnocentrism and then the transatlantic slave trade which brought millions of Africans to the Americas against their will okay that's unit one we did it we did it what I'm going to do now is I'm going to give you guys a um let me pull up my I'm going to share with you guys the link to the trivia for unit one unit one trivia so five questions multiple choice um this is really just like some really it's just kind of stuff that I feel like we can always talk about more I wonder if I can t yeah we'll do this tiny URL Euro one all right guys so the you know what I'll do here yeah unit one trivia link yep all right so the link to the link to the trivia is tinyurl.com eur1 tiny url.com url1 Euro cram one all right let me yo we've already got responses nice all right um while you guys are doing this I'm going to take two minutes to grab some more coffee and to uh get some water on all right what we got for responses here 52 responses you guys are crazy all right back in Action back in Action let me check up on the Q&A on the fiveable website here take me there okay all right we're going to go ahead and go over this now we'll go ahead and go over this now um these are going to be up for forever so if you miss taking it you can always take it you can always take it again that is super fine all right let me do let me pop over here all right so let's go over these really quickly um and then I'll kind of explain why the answers are the correct answers so the first which of the following is the reason why the Renaissance began in Italy um we should know that this is because uh the GE geographic location of Italy in Europe made them actually we can just uh go to responses here no it's not easier to look at we'll just go here um the geographic location of Italy um in Europe made it a uh a central point of trade which brought money and um and stability right um in what ways I feel like this one's pretty straightforward right this one this one should be pretty straightforward I believe um what ways did human humanism impact women during the Renaissance um so wealthy women could potentially receive a humanist education um that could lead to um that could lead to uh patronage and possibly authoring books um generally speaking not all women even women of noble and higher class were offered uh were offered this level of education but it could happen all right similarity between the northern and Italian Renaissance um both developed around centers of Commerce I saw a question that said why is um uh both emphasized an art that focus on the lives of every Europeans why is it not that um the big the big reason why it's not that is because while Italian art May some art may have may have portrayed that most Italian Renaissance art did not most Italian Renaissance art was either religiously themed or had um remember wanted to view man in its ideal State whereas the northern Renaissance art viewed man in a more realistic everyday State okay so it's not wrong because it's not entirely true or it's wrong because it's not entirely true what effect did exploration have in Europe the population of some areas grew because of the introduction new of new foods right so things like the potato become really important the Tomato um I mean the potato is going to massively CH massively change the European landscape okay for places especially like Ireland and Russia It is believed that upwards of 90% of all Native American people's perish because of European exploration what was the primary cause of this it was n European disease it was European disease specifically things like small pox which Native Americans had never experienced before okay cool all right so that is unit one trivia that is unit one trivia short sweet and to the point short sweeten to the point all right shall we move on to the DBQ the DBQ um and yeah guys the reality is is that I would love I'm seeing people that are asking you know more to for me to slow down and give more detail about stuff and unfortunately just with time constraints I I I can't do that right um this is all about bigger themes and really honestly I think it's better to take less notes here right I think just listen interact get on the Discord um absorb the information that way instead of just writing it down I don't really think that that's 100% effective at this point note taking is of course a really really crucial skill in history but this is really the time where we hang out and we talk about the content the night before okay and I'll answer specific questions that you guys have and stuff like that of course but um but yeah this this is this is us just like getting to um getting to you know go quickly through all the stuff okay all right let's rock and roll into this here so um so unit two so unit two what is it two big things reformation and the wars of religion okay with the Reformation Our Big Ideas are Luther's re Reformation Calvin's Reformation the Anglican reformation and the reforms of Elizabeth the and then the counter and the Catholic Reformation um the counter in the Catholic Reformation you can usually say either or and it means both things however they are slightly different um but generally speaking counter and Catholic Reformation are the exact same thing um you're not going to get deductive points if you say Catholic Reformation and you're talking about you know the Counter Reformation uh but then also the French Wars of Wars of religion French Wars of religion Dutch independence movement and the 30 Years War and the Peace of West filia let's jump in all right so here's our boy ml Martin Luther 1483 to 1546 often the guy that's credited was starting the the the Protestant Reformation right and um and yeah in a lot of ways he's did he did he for sure did he's kind of the Catalyst that starts the whole thing off however Martin Luther really just becomes the most famous Reformation guy um you know the quickest there are other people who are talking and kind of giving sort of sort of suggesting Reformation ideas um people like um er zwingley who are operating right at the same time as Martin Luther but Martin Luther is definitely the guy that starts the Reformation um he is a trained professor of theology he teaches at the University of vitberg um and this is as a priest as a as a um as a professor where he really starts to understand and think about his new understanding of Christianity and what is his new understanding of Christianity well it's salvation by faith alone of course salvation by faith alone is this idea that salvation is a gift from God and it's not something that needs to be earned the church canot ever lead you to Salvation you get it you get it there yourself you're given salvation by God um and so um so this is this is really the core Foundation of Luther's ideas now what really encourages Luther to act here what really encourages Luther to um to to start publishing this stuff is to is the selling of indulgences this is we know what an Indulgence is Right a waiver by the church That Forgives yourself or a loved one of their sins the church is selling these Luther is like this is Bad News Bears they shouldn't be selling tickets to heaven and um and this is going to encourage him to write his 95 thesis which focuses predominantly on the sale of indulgences and more generally the S sale of indulgences highlighted the general problems from within this within the church now eventually Luther is going to break from the church um this is this is something that takes like a really long time um Luther originally is not breaking from the Catholic church he really has the desire and the goal to reform the church he wants to reform the Catholic Church however between 1517 when the when the 95 thesis are posted and 1521 when he's excommunicated he really starts to believe that reform is not possible there needs to be um there needs to be a full split from the church right this is where we see like the de of vers now Calvin on the other hand Calvin was way more focused on um Calvin was way more focused on on um on reform as well uh he is a French Protestant born in 1533 he eventually escapes to Geneva where he is going to come up with his new ideas about protestantism typically when we think about John Calvin we think about um predestination we think about um the idea that God has already determined who's going to heaven and who's going to hell and there's nothing you can do on this Earthly World to Change that That's the basis of Calvin's ideas predestination um now Calvin's protestantism is often called the Reformed Church um it's going to really be based around living a good moral life Thrift obedience all that kind of stuff and really this highlights a lot of these very early differences that we see between different types of reformation belief or or different types of Protestant beliefs all right while Luther and Calvin both believed that the church itself was acting as more of was acting as more of a home for believers right Luther Luther famously believed that the church was a um that the church was made up of a body of all believers Luther and Calvin fundamentally disagreed on the idea of predestination right that's going to be the big the big sort of differentiating factor and generally speaking protest protestantism does have a very wide appeal um it appeals to wealthy educated Scholars who like that they could read and interpret the Bible for themselves it appeal appealed to city Folk and local priests who like the freedom that protestantism allowed them and it appealed to nationalists like Germans who like the idea that they got to take charge of their church one of the things that was happening in in the German states was that um the Catholic church was coming in and telling and and assigning Italian priests to local areas and Germans didn't like that they had to listen to an Italian priest they wanted to listen to Germans and that was something that the Protestant religions allowed for them to do then the nobility like the fact that it gave him power over the clergy which the nobility are always going to like that and so by the time we get to this to the late 1600s protestantism has spread throughout Europe we're going to see protestantism predominantly in Northern Germany predominantly in the British and and England and Scotland and we're going to see protestantism in the Scandinavian countries of Norway and Sweden now kind of the third the third part of the of um the Reformation is the Anglican Reformation right I put it in quotes because this Reformation was not really religiously motivated right the the English Reformation was really all about increasing the power and The Prestige of the English Monarchy and it's started by this guy right here Henry VII Henry VII is the is the um Henry VII is the uh tutor King of England um he really really wants to increase his power and Prestige right he's one of these guys that really represents like the new monarchies and he is going because he wants to divorce his wife because he his wife's not giving him a male Heir he wants he um through parliamentary acts breaks with the church and with the act of Supremacy he declares that the king is going to be the head of this brand new church um and he establishes the Anglican Church it's in a lot of ways just the Catholic church but he crosses out the pope and puts his name in on the hierarchy um and uh really this is again an Avenue for him to increase his own power and increase his own Prestige so the Anglican Church is still very very Catholic it keeps traditional catholic practices but it does um have in have government control over the church right this is not an independent thing from the government that the Anglican government controlled the Anglican church and it's going to be really under Elizabeth the first that we see the Anglican Church solidified in any way okay she's going to focus on religious stability um she's going to focus on um on making sure that the vast majority of her citizens are happy and um she issues the Elizabethan compromise and the Elizabethan compromise was this idea or was this compromise as it said that um the Anglican Church would keep traditional catholic practices but everybody had to attend an Anglican church on Sunday or they had to pay a fine and so with this it really it was it unified most English people around the engli church but it also was a compromise by keeping these traditional catholic practices so most moderate Catholics and most moderate Protestants were pretty happy with this compromise okay which we just talked about here um now Philip II this is kind of I'm kind of just throwing this in there you might see a question about Philip II and the short answer questions um Philip II is the king of Spain uh son of Charles I he has kind of this goal of saving Catholicism in Europe and um he funds a plot to overthrow Elizabeth and put Mary um her cousin on the throne this doesn't work out Mary's executed um this is where we see the the Spanish Armada uh where Philip tries to invade England it fails and this is really where we see kind of the last big big gasp of the Spanish following the defeat of the Spanish Armada um the Spanish are going to be economically devastated um they are not going to really able to be able to recover from this and we're not really going to mention Spain too much after this they pop up a little bit um again with Napoleon with the um the rise of of Franco during the the inter War years but really this is the last time we talk about the Spanish now responding to Reformation um after the Reformation happens we see um we see the Catholic church and the Catholic monarchies kind of have to formulate a a plan of like what the heck do we do now that we have this brand new religion effectively right even though it was still Christianity it was a different type of Christianity altogether Charles I for example he is the Austrian Emperor he is the Holy Roman Empire Emperor he is the king of Spain he's the king of the Netherlands Charles ith rules like a third of all of Europe he's also a very devout Catholic um he Prides over the de of vers which is Luther's trial in Germany and Charles I he kind of takes the I mean he takes the throne I think it's two years before or two years after um yeah years after Luther publishes his 95 thesis and he's got the Reformation to worry about but he's also got the the all these other things that he has to worry about as well and he kind of he kind of abandons dealing with the reformation and what he eventually establishes is the pece of Augsburg Charles I realizes that it's really kind of foolish to think that he can tell um that he can tell every single person in his domain what religion to or to be Catholic so he establishes the pece of Augsburg the Peace of Augsburg this is Charles the fth is fifth Great Compromise it says his rule his religion so whoever the ruling Prince of Germany of these German states are they get to choose the religion for their state right so if I'm the Prince of we'll say the prince of bohemia right I'm ruling Bohemia it's a German State and I'm Protestant then my people people are also going to be Protestant the pece of Augsburg kept things peaceful for a while but it's not going to take but 60 70 years until the 30 Years War breaks out in large part because of the piece of Augsburg um the piece of Augsburg I like to think of it was like duct tape like the piece of Augsburg was pretty much Charles I duct taping up you know rolling this duct tape over the Holy Roman Empire eventually it's going to fall apart this brings us into the Counter Reformation and the Catholic Reformation um The Counter Reformation was a series of tactics and changes um that the um that the Catholic Church used to try to get people back to being Catholic um there was uh there was a kind of a few different things that they did with the Counter Reformation The Counter Reformation specifically refers to um the Roman Inquisition and the repression of protestantism within Catholic States while the while the Catholic refer refers to specifically the Council of Trent you absolutely need to know the Council of Trent the Council of Trent did two very important things the first thing that it did was it reaffirmed Catholic Doctrine this was like the stuff that that Martin Luther was saying um you know was wrong with the church right so like salvation but by faith alone he also said that um you know only two of the seven sacraments were actually valid stuff like that the Catholic Church says no it is not salvation by faith alone good works are still really important the council Trent also reformed corrupt Church practices so they stopped selling indulgences right here we can actually go right here they stopped selling indulgences they said clergy can't hold multiple offices they said clergy must be educated all right so the Council of Trent did two things reaffirmed Catholic Doctrine but reformed corrupt Church practices all right um real quick I'll talk about Ignatius of lyola um one of the popular things that or one of the things that happens that becomes popular during The Counter Reformation is the establishment of religious orders um these are like Catholic religious groups that are focused on like um kind of focused on more specific things specifically with the Jesuits um they're focus on education and spreading Christianity um they Jesuits become a really important Force for the Catholic Church um they establishes establish schools all over not only Europe but also all over the world um there's still universities today that are Jesuit universities um things like Boston College Boston College is a Jesuit university um but we're not going to get too far into this just for lack of time all right the wars of religion this was a series of religiously motivated Wars that helped shape and Define modern Europe um the wars of religion we typically look at two or three depending on who you talk to um Wars of religion the first being the French Wars of religion um this is this is a series of wars that take place in the latter half of the 1500s um it's predominantly focused on the conflicts between hugenots and the Catholic church or the or Catholics hugenots which were just French Protestants make up about 70% of the population but upwards of 40% of the nobility so they are very very prevalent they are very strong and ingrained minority religious minority group within Europe um and also it's a focus between confli or it's a it's a um focus of conflict between royal or between noble families and Noble houses um so people like the geese and the Bourbons um now a lot of the French Wars of religion are focused around this woman here Katherine deichi uh she rules as queen regent from 1559 to 158 89 um her son is King of France but he is incredibly young so she kind of rules in his stead um and a lot of this chaos that happens during the French Wars of religion happens in large part because of um of the fact that she sort of jumps back and forth between Catholics and Protestants between the sides of Catholic and Protestants um but following um following her uh cor or her son's coronation and her making her a queen regent um fighting breaks out in France it's going to last for about 30 years um and it's focused on not only the religious struggle between hugenots and Protestants but also between the political struggle between um these different royal families specifically the bourbon family and the geese family the ghee family um the Val which are the ruling family of France try to take the somewhat Middle Ground between the two sides but they tend to flip back and forth um in terms of stuff to know for the French Wars of religion you definitely need to know the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre stol's Day St baral's Day Massacre is the worst single act of violence that happened during the wars um Charles the 9th uh is convinced that hugenots are staging a a coup so he orders um all hugenots leaders to be killed what it results is um over the course of 5 days roughly um 30,000 hugenots being killed in France um most violent single act of um of the the French Wars of religion now what this is all going to result in is Henry IV eventually taking the throne here Henry IV rules from 1589 to 1610 he is the first of the bourbon Kings and he is going to he's a Protestant that eventually converts to Catholicism in order to not only end the wars of religion but also to bring some level of religious stability to France uh he publishes the Edict of non in 1598 which not only ends the wars of religion but also allowed for moderate religious toleration in France the Edict of nons is going to be revoked by Louis the 16 or Louis the 14th just a few decades later now the Dutch Independence Movement I like to include but it is definitely um it is definitely something that you don't necessarily I think need to know that much about um the Dutch Independence Movement was this itical movement but it was also really largely religious um Philip II attempt to kind of like force his will the Spanish rule over the Netherlands which were Spanish territory um the Spanish Revolt in response um a lot of the Revolution that happens was in Protestant territory which is why it's considered part of the religious the religious wars of this time um and what's what it's going to result in is um the Netherlands creating kind of initially this very unstable or this kind of really really shaky unstable peace with Spain eventually their their their full um their full full uh uh kind of split with Spain will be solidified in the Peace of West faia speaking of the Peace of West faia the 30 years war is the most important of these wars of religion um it's going to last for 30 years as the name suggest and it's going to entirely redraw the the map of Europe it's also going to eventually end all future conflicts originally started because of local um religious conflict in Bohemia and eventually it's going to spread across the Roman Empire um we have more four main phases here Bohemian phase the um the the um the Danish phase the Swedish phase and the French phase and um we're not going to get into the nitty-gritty of the war itself the result of the war is that um is that in 164 the war ends the war was brutal it was Bloody it killed thousands upon thousands of people and um and it's going to end in the Peace of West failure the Peace of West failure did a few different things the first that it was that it officially um reestablished or officially um uh reestablished the pece of Augsburg with Calvinism being officially recognized um almost total religious freedom is granted in the Holy Roman Empire um two Christians right not to non-christians um it established some protections for Jewish people uh it almost totally dissolved the Holy Roman Empire the Holy Roman Empire is going to be effectively just a a a name nothing more it's going to give most control to German princes and it established the idea of balance of power and then also urg countries to not get involved in other people's conflicts um and there's going to be some um some some changes to political boundaries um the Netherlands and Switzerland are officially officially gain their independence brandenberg Prussia is going to be given a substantial amount of territory um Prussia is going to because of the 30 Years War will really rise to power um and in general the pest failure is going to be this big turning point right there's a reason why period one of AP European History ends with the pest failure okay pest filia you'll for sure see on the AP exam I can guarantee you um and so this is our map of Europe following the um vilia in 1648 um like I said Brandenburg Prussia gains a sizable amount of territory Austria gains a sizable amount of ter territory it kind of sets us up for the 1700s now kind of wrapping up right these are the main topics that we talked about in unit two um Luther's Reformation the Reformation in Switzerland the Anglican Reformation the counter and Catholic Reformation and then of course the wars of religion okay all right that was unit two super super quick right we are rocking and rolling um I am going to post the trivia for unit 2 right meow right now um let me pull up my unit 2 trivia here where we at tiny URL come I not cool all right so our second unit 2 trivia link tinyurl.com eurr 2 Euro 2 nice just got to make sure it works Cherry you are crushing it posting the link there thank you and I will say guys some of these questions have stuff that we just didn't talk about with the with the review right that's going to happen Euro cram 2 all right while we're finishing this up I'm going to grab some I'm going to get some almonds some almonds all right let's go over this real quick so question R who is the Christian humanist who spoke out against the problems with with medieval Society in the Catholic church that was Desert Aras arasmus the most important Christian humanist really the only one you really need to know Thomas More probably should know too but desid Darius harassment is number one which is the following oh God excuse me which of the following would best match Luther's new ideas about salvation salvation by faith alone salvation by faith alone what meeting did the Catholic Church call after the Protestant Reformation to address it's oh my God I like choked on an almond sorry guys what meeting did the Catholic Church call after the Protestant Reformation to address its issues that the Reformation brought to light that would be the Council of Trent what was the most violent Act of the French Wars of religion it is not D-Day it is the St barthol Day Massacre and then the Peace of West fail reestablished which prior Act that would be the piece of Augsburg piece of Augsburg cool all right let's keep rocking and rolling folks we are well on our way all right this is the unit that was most requested on that Google form that I put out last week this is really what you guys wanted to focus on a lot so we will talk about it here now unit three what is in it unit three is all focus on absolutism and constitutionalism absolutism in France and absolutism in Russia um it is also focused on constitutionalism the Magna Carta and the foundations of cap constitutionalism James I first and the Stewarts Charles I first in the English Civil War and then the Glorious Revolution so before I get into that I do want to say life in the 17th century generally speaking was pretty gosh darn brutal most people their lives looked very similar than uh very similar to their great great great great grandparents who lived in the Middle Ages they were farmers they were poor they relied on the food that they grew the first half of the 17th century we see the little Ice Age which was this um you know this as the name suggests a a minor Ice Age that happened um and it's going to lead to crop shortages the 30 Years War kills a third of the Holy Roman Empire um and by the time we get to the second half of the century we do start to see the population sort of Bounce start the bounce back up um just kind to give you guys a snapshot what life is like let's keep moving um so absolutism what is it right absolute rule by a single ruler which differed from the medieval Monarch who ruled alongside and shared power with the nobility and the church absolutism shared no power okay they shared no power and we're thinking about why did absolutism happen when he did when it did we have six main reasons for the rise of absolutism all right the black death which weakened the power of the church the American colonies financially strengthening and um and stabilizing the monarchies the Reformation which also further weakened the power of the church nationalism which started to grow and strengthen and further bolstered nationalist monarchs and nationalist leaders religious wars ended and religious Strife encouraged the rise of a strong absolutist leader who could restore and maintain order when we're thinking about how is absolutism Justified we tend to focus on Divine right this idea that um that God put the monarchy on the throne and the monarchy exists um only at the behest of God and that the monarchy only owes only owes God anything the monarchy know owes nobody anything on this Earth that the monarchy is God's Heir effectively um when we're looking at how absolutism is solidified in France we're going to start with French absolutism first this is probably the most well-known absolutism we got to start with Cardinal rishu and Louis the 13th Cardinal rishu um rules effectively as behind the scenes as king of France um when Louis the 13th takes the throne he's 9 years old and Cardinal risho is going to rule effectively for him for his whole life um he centralizes the the um the the power of the government he curb the power of Po iCal groups um he disbanded private Noble armies his goal was to raise the power of the monarchy and while Cardinal rishu was not an absolute ruler by any stretch of the imagination imagination Cardinal risho was definitely someone who laid that groundwork for the some someone like Louis the 14th right and when he dies the power and The Prestige of the monarchy is massive it's exponential now Louis the 16th is going to take the throne also at a very very young age um Cardinal mazarine the Protege of cardinal rishu is going to rule as as king Regent until 1661 and as a young boy Louis the 16th goes through the frond which was this Noble Revolution um and he sees the brutality of not only the Nobles but in general the people that he rules and this is going to really really influence him when he becomes king So when he secures power at the age of 23 he pretty much says that look the best way for me to rule is absolute as an absolute monarch as someone who can really secure power for my country right someone who can rule with sort of like an iron fist is a good way to think about it um he's going to work to establish the stability in establish stability in France he's going to increase Continental power heighten French Prestige um and he's going to make sure that he is squarely in the middle of everything Louis the 16th or Louis the 14th excuse me he famously said like look I realize I'm not the smartest per person in the room Louis the 14 said he said he was never going to be the smartest person in the room but Louis the 14th was the hardest worker in the room by far Louis the 14th put in the work he put in the hours that was necessary and he surrounded himself with really smart people okay um and he's going to he's going to use three strategies to establish himself as an absolute King the first is absolutist propaganda okay Lou the six the 14th and his and his team were masters of propaganda okay they were able to really cultivate this idea of who Louis the 14th was not who he actually was but who they wanted the people to believe that he was he's also going to work his second thing that he's going to do he's going to keep the nobility in check and he does this pretty much by keeping them fat and happy all right he also is going to move the seat of power from Paris to Versailles and it's in this massive Palace that he builds himself that he cultivates this idea that he is something really Beyond human that he is Godlike almost um and he wanted the Monarch to be the center of all French government and we know you know we've probably all seen images from the um from the Palace of versailes right absolutely gorgeous it's massive and it really embodies everything that an absolute King is Louis the 14th is also going to revoke the edict anons this is his third way way that he secures absolute power for himself um he revokes the edict denan in 1685 um believing that religious Conformity was uh impossible to um to achieve a stable a a stable or that religious Conformity was important to achieve a stable country that that having multiple religions was only going to destabilize the country further um he famously sums up kind of all this in his in the idea of one King one law and one Faith that's how you achieve um that that is how you achieve religious or that's how you achieve stability that was his belief in response to this a lot of hugenots are going to flee to America they're going to flee to Britain they're going to flee to um the Netherlands now why does everything in Europe have religion listen the first six units all have religion tied in all have religion tied in yeah and guys I will say this this is something I haven't mentioned yet all of these slides are posted in the fiveable website you can go check it out right now they're there okay um and um and they're going to be there right and that's why I posted so much stuff right that my slideshow is 347 slides long am I going to talk about everything heck no we're on Slide 92 right now all right we're not going to talk about everything but it is here if you want to reference it okay it is here if you want to reference it um all right mercantilism let me talk about mercantilism real quick um this is the economic theory that a country's power is determined by their wealth in gold and silver weal we talked about um imperialism or imperialism mercantilism um a few minutes ago but Sean coar is going to be Louis the 14th's chief Finance Minister and boy oh boy is this guy in economic genius um he is able to establish um and and protect French Industries regulate trade um the slides are also linked under under the video as well the slides are also linked under the video as well so if you guys want to check it out um he places High tariff on Imports he finances the Arts and the Sciences he is the guy that turns France into the economic and artistic Center of Europe this guy right here Jean Baptist coar he is the guy that does it okay now Louis the 14th definitely takes the credit for it but jean Baptist coar is the guy that does it you will see Jean Baptist coar on your AP exam I can almost guarantee it okay important guy to know now what makes Louis the 14th a really divisive um Monarch is that an absolute monarch is that he really does fail when it comes to the war to to his Wars he is not successful outside or or with his um with his uh military escapades we'll say um the wars of Louis the 14th were designed for him to gain Continental power and prosperity on the continent they ended up resulting in massive massive casualties and massive economic downturn um really and this was aimed at curbing the hapsburg power so when Louis the Louis the 16 dies in 1715 outliving his son his grandson and so his great grandson takes the throne after him he outlives his son and his grandson he dies in 1715 he really has this kind of like mixed bag of a rule his domestic policies were insanely effective France was the model of absolutism the most prestigious country in Europe a center of learning but it also had massive soaring debt High casualties because of the war and they lost territory right so Louis the 14th model absolute ruler but also kind of showcased that absolutism was by no means a perfect system in Russia on the flip side of this we see our boy Peter the Great okay at the same time absolutism in Russia is also solidified Russia before Peter the Great was pretty gosh darn medieval okay it was it was really controlled by this group of nobles called The Boars this was the Russian nobility um and the boars did not want the Russians are to have a lot of power right classic Nobles classic Nobles not wanting the monarchy to have power however they did not expect Peter the Great and Peter the Great certainly was interesting um as a child he was so interested in mil the military and the military and Military exercises that instead of having Toy Soldiers he had real soldiers that he played with he actually orchestrated these sort of like war games between these two small groups of soldiers using live ammunition Peter the Great literally made his groups of soldiers fire at each other with live ammunition um Peter the Great was just kind of like Louis the 14 he was all in this guy wanted to rule and he wanted to for Russia to be the greatest country in the world um and he becomes really focused on these four main goals one is to tame the power of the nobility two is to gain secular control of the Russian Orthodox Church three is to reorganize the internal structure of the government and four is to develop the Russian economy okay and this is going to happen this is going to happen um sorry let me go back this is going to happen um in a few different ways okay um first is he is he does look to westernize physically westernize Russia all right this is done by the Shaving of the Beards of the boyards right famously Peter the Great went around and cut off the Beards of the nobility um he makes them dress in modern European Garb Western European Garb and clothing um he does kind of create this secular control over the Russian Orthodox Church um he establishes um the table of ranks which was effectively this new way that the monar that um Nobles had to uh obtain power um or an attain positions of um within the French or within the Russian government and the Russian monarchy and then kind of most famously is that Peter the Great does establish Russia's first Warm Water port in St Petersburg which allows them to Import and Export year round all right um so Peter the Great is going to to Really Work to push Russia into the modern era but they are still going to be very very slow generally speaking to adapt and to modernize all right on the flip side of unit three is constitutionalism and constitutionalism is the major competing ideology of the 17th and 18th century um it's going to be kind of like the foil to absolutism constit constitutionalism unlike absolutism says that government is limited by a body of law a constitution and we really see constitutionalism have its start in England now the reason why constitutionalism starts in England is because of the Magna Carta this medieval document published um ratified in 12:15 limit the power of King John by establishing what would eventually be the parliament pretty much they said that look the king wants to everever raise raise taxes you got to consult us first and this is going to Forever limit the power of the monarchy so much stuff there we go now when Elizabeth dies in 1603 Elizabeth the first famously referred to as the Virgin Queen she never has any legitimate children there are some kind of rumors that she had illegitimate IL illegitimate children um but no proof that I've seen of that um but she dies without without an air so Parliament looks at the stewards who are um related to the tutors um James the James the the 6 of Scotland who had been ruling Scotland for like 40 years is next in line to the throne Parliament goes to James the six theyy say they say hey bud how would you like to come rule England he says yeah that sounds great so James I 6 of Scotland becomes James the of England and um James the 6 of James the first of England um had been ruling Scotland for as an absolute monarch for for for 30 years and so when he gets down to England and they're like oh yeah you're not allowed to rule as an absolute monarch you've actually got to consult us the parliament before you raise taxes James the first is like what the heck I've been ruling as an absolute monarch I still want to rule as an absolute monarch so his Reign is really characterized by these clashes with Parliament but generally speaking no major major conflict emerges however his son oh Charles I here he is going to start the English Civil War Charles I is going to disband Parliament several times eventually he tries to have them all arrested and this results in the English Civil War this war between Parliament and the monarchy we're not going to get into the nitty-gritty of the English Civil War but what you guys do need to know is that the result of this is the um is that Charles I first he gets the chop he gets his head chopped off and um this is really really pretty important for a few reasons um first and foremost this is important because this is really the first time that we've seen a government execute their King right a a a country has decided that their King broke the law and they need to die because of it they need to be put to death because of it it's a really really big deal okay so when we're thinking about I'm G to I want to move because I do think that this this idea is important I'll move myself right here for right now how can we talk about the English Civil War in the context of we'll say like a short answer question or a DBQ or an leq the English Civil War was absolutely this turning point in English History when Parliament asserted that the king could not do whatever they wanted to do Charles I first in a lot of ways was testing the power of parliament Charles I was kind of saying I don't think that you guys actually need to exist and I'm just going to rule without you guys and what they proved was that Parliament not only needed to to exist but was going to exist and wasn't going anywhere and this is going to really solidify constitutionalism in England now it is going to be I'm going to move myself back here it is going to be further established and further solidified with the Glorious Revolution okay so following the English Civil War we see the restoration of the English Monarchy with um with Charles II eventually James the first takes the throne um the son of Charles I first and James II has a is Catholic has a Catholic son Parliament is like we need to get rid of this Catholic guy we're Protestant thus we bring into the Glorious Revolution now I'll talk a little bit about the Glorious Revolution because College Board really likes the Glorious Revolution there was a DBQ on the Glorious Revolution back from 2017 2017 or is it 2018 was 2017 it was 2017 um there was a DBQ on the Glorious Revolution and um it proposed this question of was the Glorious Revolution religious or was it political um or I think the question is was it was it an extension or was it could could it be considered part of the Enlightenment was what the question was but effectively it was asking was it religious or was it political and and um the reality is is the Glorious Revolution was kind of framed as we need to remove the tyrannical James II but the tyranny of James II was that he was Catholic and Parliament was was Protestant they did not want to go through the trouble of having a divided government and divided country again right remember we are we are moving past religion as a conflict and so the Glorious Revolution was about getting rid of this Catholic King but when they when Parliament went and asked the um William and Mary of um Will William of the of the Netherlands and um his wife Mary um to uh daughter of um daughter of James II to take the throne they also asked said that they needed to sign the Bill of Rights in order to do so the English Bill of Rights is really going to firmly firmly establish a is really going to affirm and fully establish constitutionalism in England right the English Bill of Rights outlines all basic rights that English citizens have and it gave all lawmaking power to the parliament right this is the full transition to a constitutional monarchy and last thing I'll say about unit three is you typically see Hobs and I'll move all um I'll just do this you typically see um Hobbs versus lock be brought up a lot um in regards to um in regards to uh unit 3 and the English Civil War um or the Glorious Revolution excuse me um and Hobs versus L this is this kind of becomes the foundations for um for limited monarchy versus cons or versus absolute monarchy Hobbs much more in favor of a sort of like strong man approach that a strong Le leader is important because it keeps people on line it keeps people in check whereas Hobs believed and you know he he's the guy that comes up with determinology natural rights right that everybody is guaranteed um natural rights and of life liberty and property and that it is up to um it is up to the government to protect those rights okay so you TP typically see Hobbs versus Lo be brought up a lot um when it comes to to absolutism versus constitutionalism all right so that is unit three absolutism versus constitutionalism um we will go ahead I'll go ahead and post the trivia for unit three for unit 3 um I'm also going to take a look at some questions as well but let me post this triv where am I post the triv here unit 3 trivia link tinyurl.com eurr 3 there it is all right so that's the trivia that's the trivia right there you guys can go visit that while that's happening I'm going to look at some questions here I'm going to head to the this is a really good question would lock be considered a liberal John Lock um so Sophie asked this question on the on the fiveable website and I I really really like this question John log is often credited with the creation of Classical liberalism um John lck's idea of of limited government and government's job protecting the rights of citizens um is going to be the foundations of liberalism of the 18 late 17 early or late 17 and 1800s yeah absolutely John Lock could absolutely be considered a liberal while while Hobs is way more considered a more classical conservative um all right Lizzie asks would you say we need to know all the names of these specific monarchs or there only a few we should be thoroughly familiar with if so who are they yeah I mean this is like such the big question and it's it's such a tough question um to answer because um I I I mean I would say for England um in terms of unit three you should know James the first and Charles the first and you should probably know James II and then William and Mary you really don't need to know Charles II um but but yeah with with England it's kind of there's just so much stuff that revolves around the the English Monarchy that you kind of do need to know who they are with France definitely Louis the 14th right Cardinal rishloo Louis the 16th Lou the 15th you don't really need to know yeah do I have any predictions about what to expect to see more than usual um yeah I'll do my predictions at the end of what I think that the uh the DBQ leq is going to be well I guess the DBQ I I usually I usually try to guess the DBQ um leq is going to be a choice of three for those that are have an leq and the short answer question is like uh you know it could be anything all right let me um let me take a look at how we did on the trivia 300 responses exactly all right and I'm going to take a second to eat some more almonds as well I feel like we're on a good Pace we have are two hours in folks we are two hours in two hours in and two cups of coffee in all right so let's review uh let's review let me let me do this let's review a little bit the uh the trivia here so Cardinal R sided with the Protestant forces 30-year war in order to we can reach which royal family that is the hapsburgs that is the hapsburgs the theory of Divine Right says that the king is given power to rule by God Divine Right theory is what um is what Justified absolutism who would be what would be an example of markel's policy um that would be um only getting raw materials produced by your own by your colonies and not buying from other countries the English Civil War was a conflict between what two groups that would be um Parliament and the monarchy and then lastly the English the English Parliament orchestrated the Glorious Revolution in in which they invited William and Mary to take the English Throne if they signed which document that was the English Bill of Rights establishes um officially establishes constitutionalism and is going to set England down this path of um of like slow methodical um adoption of liberal ideas all right cool beans folks cool beans all right shall we move on to unit four unit four is going to be really quick quick and easy Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment okay um it's has a lot of foundations for unit five and unit six but generally speaking we can move really quick through unit four um wait why why are we paused there we go okay cool um all right now I'm just lost in it there we go all right so unit four is scientific revolution and Enlightenment right development of scientific re reasoning popularization of Sciences development of Enlighten ideas and thinking um we'll talk about some key Enlightenment thinkers to now um and then we'll talk a little bit about enlightened despotism so Scientific Revolution we've probably um heard heard about a lot of these guys before um this is like one of the only times when AP European History crosses over into a science class right A lot of these guys you might have learned about in science at some point um but scientific revolution is an explosion of scientific ideas and theories that eventually is going to lead to the emergence of modern science this slow moving process it doesn't happen overnight um and it's also interestingly enough really still a very deeply religious movement a lot of the people who are studying science are still very religious same thing with the enlightenment too A lot of those guys are still very religious now why did it happen typically we can look at Renaissance exploration and the Reformation as being reasons why the Scientific Revolution happened um generally speaking it just got people to question the old way of thinking right the Reformation exploration Renaissance it one of the big social changes especially that the Reformation did the reformation said that you should and can question traditional Authority and question traditionally what you think you know question those long-standing beliefs exploration says we don't actually know a lot about the world that we think we know so it really really upset things the most now another thing that's going to allow for the Scientific Revolution to happen when it does is the um one of the things that directly understand or um that directly allows for the Scientific Revolution to happen when it does is the printing press and the establishment of print culture um this is a fundamental idea or this is fundamental in allowing these scientific ideas to spread um ideas that were popular ideas that were unpopular a lot of these early scientific ideas are very unpopular because they go against traditional ways of thinking um and this is going to be again this establishment of print culture that more people are reading more people are consuming stuff literacy rates are slowly increasing okay now probably the guy that we we we think about the most or one of the guys we think about the most when we think about early scientist is Nicholas kernus he he's credited with the heliocentric theory this is going to Cha challenge the old a Aristotle and toic way of thinking of the sun being the center of the solar system and all that good stuff um kernus is going to publish this on his deathbed mostly because he's scared of the he he's uh he's he's scared of the Catholic Church coming after him and as soon as this is published it's ridiculed it's it's it's seen as crazy um it's widely unaccepted Johan Kepler is probably the second second guy that is or the second most important guy that's going to make a lot of these big changes to the way that we view ourselves in the world and the solar system um Kepler is going to come up with the um with the uh the elliptical um orbit Theory um in which He suggests that planets and and heavenly bodies move in an elliptical orbit around the sun which is why are which is why our our our our days and months and years why why they happen like they happen right why is our some days shorter than other days why do our days get shorter in the winter and longer in the summer eliptical orbits right but the thing is is that Kepler can't ever explain why we have elliptical orbits right he doesn't know about gravity yet he does not know about gravity yet um now one of the things that this guy that that that Kepler and other scientists um even though they're not called scientists at this point the the word scientist is not going to be referred to until like the 1800s is when it's um when it's finally um when it's finally uh um sort of established the idea of of a scientist um one of the things these scientists were doing was that they believe that the Earth in all of its ways operated according to very basic mathematical principes um this is um this is seen in like Kepler's Three Laws um these three things that he knows is knows are true that the planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun um that planets velocity vary depending on their distance from the Sun and then the physical relationship from the moving planets could be expressed mathematically Galileo Galilee who we'll talk about here in just a second also believed in the elliptical or in the mathematical Harmony of the Universe um moving away he he wanted to move away from the medieval way of viewing um Vie viewing the world um but speaking of Galileo uh Galileo is the first to make new discoveries about the um about the world um he he uses his newly invented telescope uh to study the um to to to study the night sky he sees craters on the moon he sees um he sees moons around Jupiter he sees all of this stuff and he's going to eventually suggest that a lot of the way that we view the solar system is flawed right we have all this information we know a lot of the things that especially the church is saying just aren't true this is going to of course get him into some hot water with the church um he is eventually put on house arrest for the um for the last few years of his life and then we got our boy Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton is going to make some of the most important discoveries of the Scientific Revolution um he he makes the he ad Mets calculus um he makes way way big advancements in the laws of composition of light um the laws of gravity this idea that a force of attraction exists between two bodies and increases as the bodies get closer together um he sums all this up in the mathematical principles of natural knowledge cap or Newton is going to be really the first popular um scientist he's going to be the he's going to be pretty much a rock star when he's alive um and he's going to be one of these guys that really really starts to popularize science now the enlightenment is going to be I think you know if you want to say which one's more important to study I think the enlightenment is more important to study um it's more relevant for things like the French Revolution and the 1800s um but there are a few major reasons why the enlightenment happens in the 1700s and while the Scientific Revolution is one of these things that takes place over the course of hundreds of years the enlightenment really takes place over the course of a hundred years it takes place over the course of the 1700s now there are really four major reasons why the enlightenment happens the first is the popularization of science second is the growing skepticism to traditional Authority the third is the expansion of culture and the fourth is the rise of globalization and the access to new cultures so with popularization of science guys like Newton and Galileo popularized um popularized scientific study Newton's law of of gravity Galileo popularizes the idea of the heliocentric theory and generally speaking both stress the importance of using empirical evidence um going off of that guys like Francis Bacon and Renee dayart also emphasize the use of empirical evidence evidence that you can actually physically see that you can test evidence that you can you know you can come up with a hypothesis and prove that hypothesis through evidence another kind of advancement that we see take place in the Years leading up to um the enlightenment is General skepticism to traditional Authority specifically religious traditional Authority um people like Pierre Bale David whom um who both say both kind of are Skeptics of not only just like religious Authority but religion altogether um this is where I see the rise of deism deism is the idea that God created the world but is not interfered with its sense um theism is a really popular is pretty much the popular religion of a lot of enlightened thinkers we've talked about print culture a lot but um print culture is going to be a big reason why the enlightment happens um especially in major cities you see the way increased levels of literacy rates um Paris is a really good example of this because Paris is the center of the Enlightenment um Paris in the end of the 1600s over half of all printed works are religious by the time we get to the 1780s only 10% of all printed works are actually religious um but in increased um increased literacy rates typically only happen in major cities although we do see them elsewhere in Europe as well but just not to the that that same level and degree um so with print culture came access to new new and different cultures uh so we see European philosophers began to read about the customs of China and the Middle East um they start to heavily criticize the customs of Europe um and um and they also start to criticize General governmental systems which we'll talk about here we'll look at here in just a second um so this is I think I think this is what is it six the the six enlightened thinkers that you need to know um IMO voler big religious toleration guy he talks a lot about civil liberties he criticizes um the absolute government the absolute monarchy of France um and he kind of idealized idealizes the Constitutional um the constitutional monarchy of England um rouso who is widely unpopular during his life um he has some of the kind of most radical ideas about Society saying that Society corrupts the individual that Society is um in it of in it of itself a um is corrupts the um corrupts people into turning them into selfish evil beings um Dennis didot publishes the encyclopedia okay the encyclopedia is the perfect example of access to knowledge which was one of the big themes of the Enlightenment okay themes of the Enlightenment are religious toleration civil liberties access to knowledge um and then also people getting involved politically with their government okay um access to knowledge is an insanely good or or the encyclopedia is an insanely good example of access to knowledge soorry B caria talks a lot about criminal justice um and and ethical punishments he decrees the death penalty or he he um he says that the death penalty is um is is is wrong and it creates more problems than it than it does than it solves um that there should be no torture there should be no um there should be no um cruel and unusual punishment monu um talks about separation of powers pretty much he outlines um you know a legislative body a Judicial body and an executive body our founding fathers or or if you're if you're in the United States I should say the United States founding fathers pretty much sto mon use ideas and said this sounds really good let's try this out and then Mary wolston craft is another one of our um of our early of our early um early feminist she writes a lot about equality for women all right let's talk about enlightened despotism here so enlightened despotism um is the idea that enl that um European rulers uh can um can adopt ideas of the Enlightenment and kind of put them into their own uh put them into their own the way that they rule uh we see this um we see this happen particularly in the 1700s during this time period known as the old regime uh the first the first person we'll talk about here is Katherine the Great uh kathen the great rules Russia and uh following the the the overthrow of her husband Peter III uh she is going to attempt to rule as an enlightened desate she does a lot of things to try to achieve this education re reforms um opening up schools not only for Russian men but also Russian women um she attempts legal code reform um she she just generally attempts to to instill these enlightened principles now generally speaking she's not widely successful here and her foreign policy really is pretty questionable and dicey okay um she she really we can look at here she really represents more of an absolute monarch than she does of an enlightened desperate um the partitioning of Poland is a really good example over the course of the 1700s Russia Prussia and Austria divide up Poland three separate times what this results in is that Poland is totally wiped off the face of the face of the Earth by the 1700s okay this is not in any way enlightened right this is not an an act of an enlightened ruler this is absolutely the act of an absolutist ruler that's the thing about these enlightened despots is that the enlightened despots are not really going to act on full enlightened principles they just aren't Frederick the great is probably the most notorious enlightened desperate um he is incredibly he receives a really kind of enlightened education um reading reading enlightened Enlighten thinkers he's very close friends with voler he's collects a large amount of books he's speaks like a lots of different languages um he moves away from the idea of divine right um and he does attempt a lot of enlightened reforms here he does attempt a lot of enlightened reforms here however like Katherine the Great he is not very inlined in some of the policies that he does okay so things like he heavily heavily taxes Jewish people he considered them useless to the state he spent a very little money on education and he made no real attempts to free or reform surf so there is this question of was were these were wasn't Fredick the great in cathic actually enlightened now the guy that really tried to rule as a full enlightened thinker was Joseph II he's arguably the most enlightened of these enlightened despots um he really really leaned into it pretty hard um but generally speaking his reforms such as giving full legal privileges to Surf and fully embracing religious toleration did not pan out um all of his reforms are overturned when he dies and his great gravestone I believe his gravestone says something to the effect of uh here lies Joseph II he accomplished nothing in his life it's pretty sad um but Joseph II really out of all the enlightened despat actually was an enlightened desperate and his reforms did not work all right so that's unit four quick and easy just like that we are about halfway done here folks going through our units we have five more units left we are we are almost at the halfway point here um which is great because we're also at the halfway point of this stream can we believe we've only already been together for two and a half hours it's wild um obviously we're going to we're we're going to you know be able to to wrap up um I know there is some talk of like how the heck am I going to get through nine units in five hours we'll move there we we'll move quick don't you guys worry about that um but let me go ahead and share the trivia with you guys for unit five or unit four excuse me all right so we should already know what it is at this point tinyurl.com you're a cramp for go check it out go check it out Cherry again thank you for posting the trivia that's all right I'm just taking a second to not talk guys I can already feel my voice going all right let's go over these 319 responses you guys are insane all right um so capern cernus published this theory on his deathbed this was the heliocentric theory Sir Isaac Newton was responsible for several important scientific discoveries including gravity right this is his definitely his big one Renee dayart and Francis Bacon both encouraged this idea which helped Define modern science this is the use of empirical evidence monu is most widely known for which of these ideas that is separation of powers by government and then what would be an example of the encouragement of the spread of information that became popular during the Enlightenment that would be the encyclopedia that is the best example of the encouragement of spread of information all right let's move into unit five here unit five we are rocking and rolling these last these last units these last uh last half of the class we should be able to move through relatively quickly a lot this stuff is more modern you I I I you know I assume that a lot of you guys have just recently talked about this so we'll move through it a little bit quicker but as always slides are posted under the video on fiveable check them out all this information is here it's why I've got so much information on them oh yeah it's French Revolution time folks unit five you know it I love the French Revolution I'll tell you what let me re-energize here real quick with some almonds what is the Third Estate the Third Estate is everything the Third Estate is France all right that's enough about that so unit five what's in it turn my video off so you can see um unit five kind of three separate things I talk about the emergence of modern Britain the French Revolution and then of course Napoleon um we're going to move quick to the French Revolution sorry to my French revolutioners I love the French Revolution too but the reality is is there's a lot of stuff to talk about and we really only need to know a handful of things um realistically so let's rock and roll all right so the emergence of modern Britain um I like to talk about this um just because I think it helps us understand a little bit of why Britain becomes um this this more we'll say become becomes one of the like pretty much the OG um one of the OG democracies in Europe okay Parliament after the Glorious Revolution and um and really after the steart line of monarchs dies out um we see the establishment of the cabinet system which is the cabinet system is this idea that the parliament sends this group of of parliament members to work with the king in close relation effectively acting as middlemen between the king and the Parliament and a prime minister would serve as the head of this cabinet group um we also see during the 1700s the the wigs and tories these two competing political parties develop in Britain um the wigs are kind of for an extended period of time become the dominant political party in England and this new changing political system is actually going to prove to be to be really really effective um and is going to allow Britain to dominate really a LGE sizable chunk of the world um you know the Britain the British territories at its height they control effectively a third of the world um but economically speaking they are going to really really solidify themselves as the economic Powerhouse of the world all right let's talk about it the big the bad the fr the French Revolution Let's Get it so French Revolution what was it we all know it's a complete overthrow of the government by the French people why is it important why isn't the French Revolution important that's the question you should be asking it's the first real mod first real revolution in modern history it influences all other major revolutions after it and it's the climax of all all these big social movements up to this point the Renaissance humanism the Reformation Scientific Revolution the enlightenment all that stuff comes together and brings us the French Revolution I don't know if you guys can tell I like the French Revolution now causes of the French Revolution we can divide them up into long-term causes and short-term causes what were the long term causes you guys could probably tell me right now absolutism enlightened ideas the rigid social structure of France right that Infamous estate system whose idea was that right three Estates First Estate is the clergy second estate's the nobility third state is everybody else by modern estimates by the time we get to 1789 roughly 95% of the French Revolution or or 95% of the French population makes up the Third Estate so yeah it's kind of wonky the reality is is that the estate system was kind of this hangover of the Middle Ages it worked well in the Middle Ages when there really were three groups of people doesn't work so much now these are our long-term causes right our short-term causes are the economic issues brought about by Louis the 16th and Louis the or Louis the 15 or Louis the 14th and Louis the 15th and the unpopularity of the Monarch Louis the 16th he just like wasn't the guy to be ruling France during the crises that they're going to go through in the late 1700s he was pretty undecisive he just didn't really care all that much and on top of that his wife Mar antoanet was not popular okay first of all she was Austrian she really didn't speak that much French or on and she was seen as this elaborate spender this La this lavish spender who just spent French money now I'm not here to defend Maran tette okay she did spend a lot of French money however she does kind of become the scapegoat for a lot of the bigger problems that the that that were ingrained within the French absolute monarch um all right so why here why now are short-term and long-term problems but also the class conflict one thing we need to understand about the French Revolution is that the French Revolution was not the Bourgeois or the wealthy middle class versus the nobility it was the bourj Wazi and the nobility versus the monarchy they were teaming up against the monarchy here they didn't like the monarchy okay and so when we're thinking about why does this happen here why does this happen now it's because the monarchy as an institution is being targeted by the Bourgeois and the nobility now there is some attempted economic reform that Louis the 16th and his Finance ministers attempt it doesn't really work the the the b or the b or the nobility excuse me don't want it they don't want to be taxed um this fin this Finance Financial reform it fails um and what this eventually leads to is the Estates General being called in 1789 um the 1789 Estates General is this meeting of all the different Estates right so it's all of the representations of all the first or the first second and third state when it's called they don't really realize this is going to be the start of the real French Revolution right here so delegates they meet together in Versailles May 5th 1789 their plan is that they are going to solve this economic crisis really really quickly this is really like the the the the hubris of all of these Representatives they're like oh the economic crisis we got that in the back that's going to be easy we're going to get together it'll be great it'll be fine and then we're going to talk about all the other problems we have we have with each with each other this is I like to so anytime I think about this this is going to be my little side thing here whenever I think about like they want to they want to just argue about all the problems that they have I think of the Festivus episode of Seinfeld which I hope you guys have seen you haven't seen the FES Festivus episode of Seinfeld you have to but George castan castan's dad stands up at dinner and he says I've got a lot of problems with you people and I'm gonna tell you about them and that's what I imagine all these members of the Estates General wanted to do was just stand up and say I got a lot of problems with you people but they never get to that point because they end up spending like three weeks arguing about how to actually vote eventually the Third Estate is just like no we're done with this we are going to declare ourselves the National Assembly and we're going to go do our own thing first and second to State you guys are welcome to join the the National Assembly but we're Alis this is going to eventually get us to the tenants Court Oath right where the National Assembly says that they will not disband until they have a constitution okay okay and this kind of coincides with the storming of the Bas steel which the storming of the Bas steel happens July 14 1789 largely considered the start of the French Revolution it's France's independence day and this is when people of Paris storm this old this old prison this old medieval prison in the center of Paris and tear it down Brick by Brick um it's done mostly because they are they they think that the king is coming to um Siege the city pretty much um there's there's rumors floating around um they think that they either going to S shut down the the the National Assembly and um and so the bastile is stormed it's torn down Brick by Brick and really it's very symbolic right because the tearing down of the Estates General is very comparable to the tearing down to the Berlin Wall it was the people physically removing a representation of what had been repressing them for the last x amount of years right it was the physically removing the the the the thing that was repressing them now shortly after we see the Declaration the rights of man and citizen this is kind of like outlining the lofty big goals for the National Assembly and the um and the the revolution as a whole um it relied heavily on Enlightenment ideas and outlined the basic rights that all men men in France have all that good stuff um I like to also mention olymp at this point because olymp uh another one of our early feminists she writes the Declaration of the rights of women which the Declaration of the rights of women is um is is awesome it's pretty much she just says Declaration of the rights of man but I'm going to cross out the word man and write in women um and it it's pretty good um but olympu also a fervent supporter of the Revolution though all right um I'm going to grab some water we'll I'll be right back and we'll talk about the end of the old regime all right back in Action here folks oh yeah olymp did get the chop for sure yeah um one of the things that's that's um you can do um is you can look at the dates that people like French people who were PR relevant During the Revolution if they died in like 1792 1793 94 they probably got Guillotine probably got the chop and yeah limp um did uh did did get executed her she had fallen out of favor with with the um with the revolution okay so um the end of the old regime um kind of ends when um with the the the famous March on Versailles by the uh by the um Parisian doc women uh who who march on Versailles and they forcefully remove the monarchy from Versailles back to Paris um and this is really signifies the end of the old regime right at this point the monarchy is now firmly in control or is firmly being controlled by the National Assembly so we do see the establishment of a constitutional monarchy we also see lots of changes with the um Catholic church and um specifically with the Catholic church we see the Civil constitution of the French monarchy or the French clergy excuse me I'm I'm not 100% sure if you're going to see this on the AP exam I would be really surprised if you saw civil Constitution the French clergy but they do pretty much force the clergy to swear an oath of allegiance to the French Revolution a lot of clergy are going to bail from France at this point um the end of the 1791 or end of the 1 1791 the National Assembly becomes the Legislative Assembly um making it a more official representative body and generally up to this point the Revolution was successful in achieving the goals that it wanted to achieve however one thing we got to remember here is that this early Revolution really only benefited the Bourgeois some of the members of the nobility and the peasantry who the peasantry were totally freed from surf them and the people who did not really benefit from this were the French parisians the ones who were really the Workhorse in Paris and the Royal Family High aristocracy so this is why when we're looking at why does the French Revolution become radicalized in a lot of ways it's because it's not benefiting everybody it it's only benefiting a select group of people and these parisians these Sans Kula push for radical revolution um and we see this kind of materialize in a few different ways the first is the jacoban club the Jaan club which becomes kind of like the iconic radical political group of the political Club of the Revolution and then also Revol or radical revolution is pushed because of the wars of the French Revolution all right Austria and Prussia really really are freaked out by the French Revolution um and they're like we do not want that happening to us we probably got to go to war France is like France kind of reads the writing on the wall and they're like oh yeah we're going to go to war at you first and France declares war on Austria and Prussia um and war is going to last for um really the next 23 years with some minor breaks war is going to last from 1792 to 1814 um and and it's going to entirely physically socially mentally change the entire landscape of Europe but in terms of the revolution war always radicalizes people and that's not going to be any different here the the the the radicalization of the French Revolution happens in large part because of the um the the uh F Wars of the French Revolution yeah so I see the question in the Discord about the Sans kulot the Sans kulot were the effectively these were like our our parisians our our poorer parisians poor city Folk um these are people like like um you know we could we say maybe poor shopkeepers the unemployed people who were who were really radicalized by um by a lot of the Enlightenment ideas and they leaned way way more into kind of the kind of the radicalization of the Revolution um so important figures of the Revolution jacqu vanan and Jean Paul Mora um are are definitely kind of our our two early on are really two big important guys here um sh Danton is a um is a leader within the jackan party he's incredibly popular John Paul Morra spreads radical journalism helps spread rumors throughout Paris he writes his famous newspaper the friend of the people um and eventually 1792 um Louis the 16th is officially removed from his duties a republic is declared and um after he's removed as king he's found and um he's found triy or he's tried and found guilty of treason he was long believed to have been in communication with Austria who France was at war with and uh yeah probably was um and so uh the Nationalist National Convention votes very very narrowly um to execute Louis the 16th January of 1793 Lou the 16th gets the chop he's executed and with this the guillotine becomes the symbol of Revolution right and um and this was this was a momentous day for a lot of different reasons um but again people of France electing to execute their King it was massive now not everybody was on board with the French Revolution okay a lot of French people outside of Paris were we we like no we actually do not want this we really we really want the the we really want the um the monarchy back in charge and so we see the rebellion in the vend the rebellion in the vend was anti-revolutionary anti-f French Revolutionary pretty much um Napoleon actually really gets a start and and becomes popular and becomes a household name in a large part because of um of him putting down the rebellions in the vend now of course we got to talk about the cops the Committee of Public Safety um June 1793 the Constitution is is suspended and the Committee of Public Safety is established so this is a 12-man council that effectively rules France um they see this as the only way that they can get the revolution back on track uh there are two main goals here this is to secure the Republic against its enemies to carry out a radical republican program um and of course Inc comes the most infamous person of the Revolution robes Pierre robes Pierre is going to ra come to prominence and power because of the Committee of Public Safety um and he he really fully believed that the the reign of terror was all about striking fear into the hearts of the enemy and hope into the allies of the Revolution which brings us into the reign of terror which they actually called it the reign of terror um where they targeted anybody who was deemed an enemy of the revolution had them executed um and roughly 200,000 and 400 between 20 200,000 and 400,000 people were imprisoned another 25,000 to 50,000 were killed 177,000 people alone executed in Paris crazy stuff now the result of um all of this was the um or or kind of the end point of all this was the thermidorian reaction in which um ropes Pierre and his allies are rounded up um the the re the terror had fallen out of favor um the France France was winning the war and they are like we do not need more violence here we need less violence so thermidorian reaction they round up uh RS Pierre round up all the all of his allies he gets the chop um and with that we move in to the last phase of Revolution which is the directory phase the directory is largely ineffective it's pretty corrupt it's pretty inefficient it really doesn't know how to rule France um people are largely still unhappy they really don't feel like anything got accomplished and really France is in turmoil and in comes the savior of France the guy who is going to save them from this absolutely terrible Revolution up to this point all all the all this terribleness that has happened nothing has been accomplished in comes Napoleon Napoleon comes to power because the revolution had not really succeeded to the full extent that people wanted it to succeed and France was still in crisis now Napoleon he is born on the island of Corsica which is a small island territory of France and and um and he is going to rise to power within the French military he's a master of artillery he becomes prominent and well known um by putting down the um the rebellion of the the vend rebellion and he's also going to become incredibly popular because of his Italian campaign and Egyptian campaign his Italian campaign he's able to effectively conquer Italy for France he establishes all the sister Republic in France or in Italy um his Egyptian campaign is is he goes to Egypt he um makes all these discoveries right this is where he find the Rosetta Stone uncover the Sphinx like all all of this stuff um and uh by the time he gets back from Italy and Egypt he's a household name and this allows him to be the main figure person here with the cah his cah which is is I'm having trouble hearing you Siri is yelling at me for some reason um his cud which is um which is really not orchestrated by him puts him at the center of power and after he takes power drafts a new constitution the people of France overwhelming overwhelmingly support it and he is put into a position of power and he's going to Institute a lot of very early reforms okay the concordat the Legion of Honor the Napoleonic Code he creates the bank of France he reforms education and all in all he does a lot of the stuff that the Revolution was like yeah we're going to do this this is stuff we're going to do and they never actually did Napoleon comes in and he does it people love this guy people absolutely love this guy and he is he is really really popular but his big his big downfall is that he views himself as being he needs to he needs to conquer he needs to go a conquering okay um in 1804 he crowns himself Emperor and he really felt like he had to Conquest Europe he rose to power he rose to power because of the military and he did not want to lose that power right and so he used nationalism as a as a tool to drive his army that just seemed absolutely Unstoppable on land um he commanded the Loyalty of his troops um his troops loved him right he would often times eat dinner with his like with his with his soldiers with his troops he was one of these guys that wanted to be actively seen being involved in these military campaigns now one of his big failures was the Continental System um he pretty much knew that with that he would never be able to invade England he tries to block a England using the Continental System It ultimately fails I love this picture of Napoleon crowning himself Emperor I think it's hilarious um now across Europe people are not too happy about Napoleon right um a lot of a lot of countries are actually going to adapt and change in response to to Napoleon's reign of terror uh Prussia is going to modernize Austria gets in on the action again and declares war um Holland's completely annexed by um by by Napoleon the Iberian Peninsula continues to resist Napoleon's rule um and this was a major major drain on French resources right kind of like Louis the 14th here while he's very successful in his military campaigns and and and and his military um endeavors this is going to lead to really his big downfall right but of course the big thing that does it for him is his invasion of Europe or invasion of Russia um Napoleon falls into that old the old honey pot right which is O Russia is right for the taken Russia you cannot invade they are too big and it's too cold and he's going to also realize that the Russians are totally okay with burning their own land if it meant that you can couldn't have it um so Napoleon does um Napoleon does invade Russia in 1812 with an army of around 600,000 to 700,000 men um it's going to be a massive failure uh Alexander the refuses to actually engage in open combat and just burns the land as he Retreats and eventually what's going to happen is Napoleon goes in and has to turn right back around and leave he loses about 90% of his army roughly 500,000 men die in just about a year um which is which is at the time is a massive I mean still is a massive number but I mean this is unheard of numbers and I mean they're still finding like Mass Graves of French soldiers in Russia it's crazy and this is going to be his big downfall right poor sad and Napoleon um Napoleon returns to France and tries to raise a new Army and people are like uh we're good we don't want to go die for you and some some other country um and Russia also counterattacks here other nations join in eventually he's defeated in 1813 at the Battle of leig and and Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba but of course we know that in 1815 Napoleon sails back from the island of of Elba lands in southern France and says what's up guys I'm back and the people of France are like yeah Napoleon's back totally forgetting why they got rid of him in the first place Napoleon's able to march from Southern France to Paris pretty much get handed the keys to the kingdom and takes power again and the other countries are like dude you can't do that right we just exiled you and he's like but I'll I promise I won't invade anymore I won't go to war anymore and they're just like we just don't believe you the Battle of waterl Napoleon is defeated and this time he's kicked out to the island of St Helena in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean Napoleon campaign only lasted for 100 days and it's why we call it Napoleon's 100 days and that is unit five holy cow there it is guys we are cruising this is we are cruising all right let me get the trivia up for unit five cring cram five dude Euro got it all right guys this one's going to be a little bit different someone took my uh someone took my URL unit five trivia link is not that tiny url.com European cram five European cram five oh man and the Sun and is a setting all right guys let's go ahead and go over this so we can keep rocking and rolling um so we're looking at who who would not have been part of the Third Estate in France okay a Shoemaker a merchant a Catholic priest or a peasant it would have been a Catholic priest remember the Third Estate was everybody that was not part of the clergy or the nobility what did the National Assembly Proclaim with a Tennis Court Oath right they would not disband until they had a constitution what political Club became the most radical during the revolution in aled political Rivals that was the Jacobin the thermidorian reaction refers to the Ting of Rose Pierre and his allies and which of the following was not a reform made by made by Napoleon he did not disband the Catholic Church did not disband the Catholic Church all right let's keep on rocking industrialization and its effects let's go let's go all right so unit six and a nutshell um Congress of Vienna and competing ideologies then the Agricultural and Industrial Revolution all right so we'll talk about the impacts of the Congress of Vienna we'll talk about liberal liberalism versus conservatism and emergence of nationalism then we'll talk about Agricultural Revolution and industrialization all right so starting first with the coov the Congress of V Vienna um in 1815 the Congress of Vienna is convened to pretty much answer the question how do we make sure that Napoleon never happens again that was the big goal of the Congress of Vienna how do we make sure that that Napoleon never happens again they wanted long lasting peace they redrew the map of Europe and they wanted to put conservatives in power they also established the quadruple Alliance or the concert of Europe as you'll sometimes see it called on this is an alliance between Russia Austria Prussia and Great Britain um they met together periodically to discuss problems eventually they're going to let France join in 1818 now we see at this time in in the 1800s right by this point we're in 18 we're in 1815 three competing ideologies emerge these are the main ideologies of the time period right conservatives conservatism liberalism and nationalism and these are not new ideas these are ideas that had been around for quite some time okay conservatism when we're talking about conservatism we're talking about wealthy land owners and nobility who wanted to keep the monarchy in power these guys hold the most power during the old regime right this is like they wanted to return to a time period before the French Revolution and bring back Europe to that time period but we also had liberalism and National ISM liberalism is going to be most mostly made up of the Bourgeois the middle class Merchants they wanted to give more power to elective parliaments and elected officials and challenge conservative establishment and gain or they challenge the conservative establishment and they gain influence all right these are guys like these are guys like sorry for the loud cars outside my window um these are guys like um like um you know we would say like John Lock Classical liberalism um we would say people like monu voler um all all represent classical liberal ideas but the French Revolution bourgeas would would represent liberals right these are liberals um and I will say this is not liberalism was not especially or necessarily popular with you know like the poor working class right they they were not it was liberalism was not inherently um popular with them and then nationalism nationalism is the most important IDE ology of the 1800s and really the 1900s um it is kind of separate from liberalism and conservatism um and it really focused on um the idea that countries should be made up of a of of a nationality in a group of people that are defined by their history by their culture by their language by their religion and it disagreed like with the existence of countries like Austria that were multinational right so nationalism is the belief that one is part of a Nation a community of me defined by its members politics history and social Customs over time the ideas of nationalism and a nation grow and grow and grow this mostly happened in schools where cultural history and national languages were taught um local dialects began to be replaced by national languages um you know we think about like the the wars of of Napoleon really prompt the growth the growth of nationalism right because Napoleon's coming in and he's pretty much you know saying that you have to that I am in charge um you have to be ruled by by by the French and a lot of these nationalistic groups who might have been remained separate are now working actively working together in order to Buck off Napoleon's rule this especially happens in the German states where the German states while they were very separated previously to previous to these um to Napoleon's once Napoleon comes in and takes over the German states start working together actively working together to Buck off Napoleon and um and the the they kind of realize hey we actually have a lot in common here right so this is a really this is a really really good example of just how multinational um the the E like like the the Bulan states were um this is a map predominantly of um of the Bulan states which are South Southeast Eastern Europe um and it was incredibly multinational multiethnic group or multiethnic group in area um we seen nationalism nationalist unrest unrest in some specific areas within Europe during the 18 1800s um the Irish are seeking home rule from the British the Germans sought unification Italians sought unification um the uh polish peoples sought uh un sought restoration um hapsburgs tried to maintain their territorial integrity and the Balan States um sought independence from Austria and the Ottoman Empire now we can't really say that nationalism and liberals actively wanted to work together in a lot of ways Nationals and liberals didn't agree with each other but it was kind of like the enemy of the enemy is my friend conservatives absolutely detested nationalism um they did not agree with it and they also detested liberals and so liberals and nationalists um both worked together in order to Buck off conservatives speaking of conservatism um the guy that most that most represents conservatism in Europe during this time is Prince Clemens Von metnick it's this guy right here um he embraced conservatism more than any other leader um and he is going to attempt to combat nationalism using repressive methods okay um one of the ways that they were PR I'll jump forward a little bit here one of the ways that that liberalism is repressed within Europe during the 1800s is by outlawing Avenues in which liberals could meet so the Carl's pad decree decree which is issued in 1819 in Austria and Germany Outlaws student clubs students were some of the most radical members of the of the Liberals and um these student clubs were places where they could meet and talk about these radical liberal ideas and so by outlawing these student clubs they attempt to attempted to repress liberalism within Europe now liberals um they really focused on creating a a society that promoted freedoms and Liberties right so people like John luck monu the French and American Revolution right equality before the law all that good stuff they fully supported Adam Smith's La Fair economics and capitalism which they saw as um as as you know being being the economy of liberalism of freedom in nationalism um France became an early source of nationalism mostly because of the French Revolution um you know the that that was really how the French Revol the French revolutionaries were able to win win their the the war against Austria and Prussia as you know turn the war around and and win the war against Austria and Prussia was because they were leaning into the ideas of nationalism and nationalistic ideas um we also see a slow a slew of nationalistic Revolutions in Spain Greece Serbia and Belgium I'm not going to get into them here um today um but you can take a look at those but the Revolutions of 1848 I do want to mention the Revolutions of 1848 um are pretty important this was a series of more than 50 revolutions that broke out over the course of 184 8 that were mostly inspired by nationalistic and liberal ideas um but they were also caused by bad Harvest unemployment really just like poor a very poor economy in 1847 and 1848 and the results of these kind of 50 different revolutions that broke out throughout Europe is that one conservatism remains remains in charge none of the conservative monarchies are toppled but two what it showed was that um what it showed was that there had to be that the conservatives had to embrace some aspects of nationalism or liberalism or they would eventually become get overthrown so the Revolutions of 1848 while generally speaking are unsuccessful they did have some lasting impacts for how conservatives viewed themselves and viewed nationalism and liberalism um there's definitely you know a before the Revolutions of 1848 and after the Revolutions of 1848 when it came to conservatism all right let's talk about the Agricultural Revolution here so the Agricultural Revolution um is pretty much the these new agricultural techniques new farming techniques that are going to massively increase food production when food food production goes up so does population right um and it happened because traditional farming methods just could not keep up with growing populations uh and we see we see a few different things happen this this is kind of a more slow moving thing that happens throughout the 16 and 1700s um we see the introduction of new crops okay um yes the potato with the uh with the uh triangle trade right the Colombian Exchange but also British and Dutch Farmers they experiment with things like Clover turnup legumes um things that replenish the soil allow um you know put nutrients back in the soil we also see new technology develop um Jeth tol invents the seed drill um charl towns in experiments with crop rotation we see the enclosure movement which gobbles up all this land um and creates these massive kind of like capitalist style Farms that are corporat corporate Farms that are able to produce a lot more food way more efficiently and then this brings us one of the key parts of the Agricultural Revolution is the establishment of the cottage industry um the enclosure movement forces people off of their land and the cottage industry um kind of puts these people to work and this is like a precursor to the Industrial Revolution and the um I guess we could say like factory system right where people would work within their homes to produce some finished product um usually it was you it was a um textile product uh but this would with the industry people were able business owners were able to produce a lot of goods very quickly for very little cost um now the goods were not usually very very nice U it was a quality over or quantity over quality thing um but this is going to really really bring us nicely into the Industrial Revolution and the Industrial Revolution is going to be maybe the single most important thing that that's ever happened in history um I mean the Industrial Revolution changed things the most um it it had immediate and lasting impacts that are we're still felt today the reason why we have a computer in our hand is because of the Industrial Revolution the reason why we're doing all this right here is because of the Industrial Revolution now the British arey the first to truly industrialize and the big reason for that is is because of uh their Geographic advantages political advantages their economic advantages and the possession of a worldwide Empire right um politically stable avoided Wars on British soil they had a strong banking system and more opportunities for economic Mobility um and throughout the 1700s they produced new Machinery that allows for a new and advanced textile industry um the factory system allows for these for textiles to be produced very quickly very effectively and at numbers and levels that we hadn't ever seen before now this first Industrial Revolution or this British Industrial Revolution as it's sometimes called is exactly that it takes place pretty much only in Britain however the Second Industrial Revolution which will slowly spread throughout Europe also called the steel Revolution is really where we're going to see countries like France Germany Austria parts of Italy start to truly fully industrialize now the steel Revolution was focused on the advancements in electricity and oil and this is really really where we're going to see these massive big changes now steel became the backbone of Industry it was more reliable and stronger than iron it's the reason why we were able to build sky scrapers it was the reason why we were able to build Bridges it was the reason why we were able to do all of these things um Germany becomes the production leader of um of of Steel same thing with chemicals um chemicals which are able to do things like preserve food which are able to make stronger stronger longer lasting materials all this kind of stuff Germany is also going to be a leader in in chemicals chemical production um and then with the Advent of electricity and petroleum we see more practical reliable energy source one of the key components of um of the uh Industrial Revolution the Second Industrial Revolution is a new Transportation um railroads and sea travel allowed for way faster modes of transportation the sus Canal opens in 1869 the Panama Canal opens up in 1914 we also see the introduction of the internal combustion engine um which brought about the birth of the automobile the Telegraph and the telephone also connect people further as well right and then lastly the spread of wealth and the introduction of New Wealth allowed for the creation of this larger more diverse middle class but this was not necessarily even there is still absolutely a very very large and a very large and prevalent lower poor working class but generally speaking life didn't improve because of the Industrial Revolution food prices dropped material goods were more more affordable wages increase um luxury goods like meat tea coffee sugar tobacco all became way more affordable and and generally speaking life life got better like I said we see the growth of the middle class we see we see a middle class that grows in in in power and grows in prosperity and grows in diversity but poverty still absolutely existed and most Europeans were still very poor but that wraps up unit six rocking and rolling folks all right I am going to um share with you guys the trivia for unit six here unit six trivia here we go only three more to get through here folks sh all right so the code for unit six trivia is cram Euro six cram Euro 6 cram Euro 6 all right we can go ahead and go over this so who became the dominating conservative figure in Europe following the Congress of Vienna that would be Prince Clemens Von metnick conservatives would support which of the following ideals they would con they would support the establishment and existence of hereditary monarchs which the following is an example of how conservatives attempt to repress liberal ideas Carl's Bad decrees what agricultural development pushed European peasants out of the countryside and into the city the enclosure movement which of the following was a reason why the Industrial Revolution starting in Britain and not elsewhere that would be all of the above above all of those reasons are why Britain had advantages going into the industrial revolution and then what class was most susceptible to developing this developing socialist ideas that is the working class that is the working class all right let's rock and roll here folks let's rock and roll into unit 7 all right so unit 7 is close that up unit 7 is looking at the a bunch of different stuff honestly um but it's mostly looking at the unification movements it's looking at socialism and it's looking at imperialism all right we'll talk about each of these briefly here now I'm going to talk about the the unification movements really really quickly um I'll kind of talk about what I think you might want to know about them going into it um so the Italian unification Italian unification is largely a conservative unification led by this guy here count Camilo cavor um it was conservative in nature but there was definitely a desire for me some Republican style of government um you know led by led by um jepi mazini and jepi garabaldi both supported this were both Republican leaders liberal leaders in Italy um but cillo cavor is going to orchestrate unification by rallying um the Italian city states around the pedmont um this is done with a war with Austria um and eventually he pretty much just is able to convince these Italian city states to join up with the pedmont and establish the Italian State garabaldi um relents that a conservative a conservative Italy is still better than um than is still better than um no unified Italy and so using the um so so so under cavor under the pedmont Italy is Unified the Italian state is officially declared in 1861 under Victor Emanuel II the big thing to know about the unifications of Italy and and Germany is that they are both conservative movements in nature right so speaking about German unification here German unification is also a very conservative movement it was in incredibly anti-liberal and in a lot of ways our boy ovb ovon bismar wanted to unify Germany to avoid void a liberal Revolution okay now Germany was probably the most susceptible state to um to a liberal Revolution and a more liberal conservative or a more liberal unification movement because they were so United in their language and their culture and their history and so on and so on now bismar is going to come to power as the um as the prime minister of the Prussian Empire and he is going to work to not only conservatively UniFi Germany but on top of that he is going to invent a brand new type of conservative conservatism his new brand of conservatism Embraces nationalism Embraces the working class the lower class and really is all about not trying to go back to a type of government that existed in the 1700s but in instead to try to establish a new type of conservative government so Bismark is going to use a series of strategic Wars and alliances to Ally these German states around Prussia to kind of OU Austria and eventually Germany will be unified in 1871 the German Empire is proclaimed in the in this is I mean this is the craziest power move in the Palace of Versa in 1871 the German the German Empire is created and um with that we have the most powerful country on Continental Europe that just comes into existence all right let's talk about socialism and communism here so what is socialism socialism is a direct reaction to industrialization and it's a direct reaction to capitalism okay socialists question the existence the existing systems that fa and favor the growing working class CL socialism often argued that there needed to be larger supports and larger profit sharings for industrial workers um and socialists are going to be kind of separate from liberals and conservatives they do not gain support from either groups now some of our um utopian socialists who we should know here Robert Owen is I think the one utopian socialist you should absolutely know um he creates a socialist um a socialist uh Factory in um in England new lanarch that was um that was largely pretty successful Flora tristain is another one of our um of our feminists here um f fighting for women's rights through socialism um AR that the the creation of labor unions and equality of sexes would further benefit the working class here's a new lanarch it's a historical monument today but probably the the the guy that we all think about when we think about socialism is KL Marx and he along with his co-writer Frederick angles WR The Communist Manifesto and outline at the time what was a bunch of different brands of communis or a bunch of different brands of socialism but markx argued that um that really he outlines this this history of of of mankind that had been all about class struggle and that eventually what would happen is that the the working class or the proletariat as he called it would overthrow the tyrannical Bourgeois and they would establish a society where nobody owned property property was shared and people worked together for a common good which was the good of mankind um and Marx really he had no plan for how this government would actually look a lot of what he suggested was very very theoretical but is going to slowly gain popularity especially among Eastern Europeans especially in Russia yeah um and lennin Vladimir lennin who becomes the leader of the bolik party is one of hundreds and hundreds of marxists within Russia right and a lot of what what Marx kind of rallies against is the create or is capitalism and the problems that he says capitalism causes um now socialism is going to spread into labor unions social socialism is going to is going to spread um into um into different um into political parties the creation of labor unions the creation of work the the um uh the kind of more socialist oriented working parties in Britain and Germany especially um Germany or Germany is actually going to experience a hugely popular um wave of socialism um and the Socialist Democratic party or the SPD becomes the first major Socialist Party in Europe all right let's go ahead and talk about new imperialism here so new imperialism what is it imperialism at its core is exp is extending a country's influence or control through diplomatic or military means new imperialism is um imperialism as an idea you know generally this is not new in Europe right the Age of Exploration was all about new imperialism the Age of Exploration was all about or was all about imperialis ISM the Age of Exploration was expanding European control into other countries that they that was weren't European so new imperialism is this time period of the late 1800s where Europeans aggressively expand and Conquer African and Asian spec specifically African and Asian Nations motivation for new imperialism was largely economic but it was also cultural um they saw the um they saw a Africa and Asia as economic resources that they could take advantage of but it was also nationalistic as well they wanted to gain more territory for their countries right and so you know we look at these two maps here Europe really divides up Africa among it among its own it's its its countries here right European countries just chop up Africa with very little regard to any sort of cultural or ethnic boundaries typically they use social Darwinism to justify this um social Darwinism the idea that um that imperialism was unavoidable that that um that that they used the idea of Darwin's Darwin's ideas of evolution and applied it to ethnicity and race um and that's how they um Justified imperialism tools of Conquest for imperialism increase Transportation increase Weaponry um and um and uh also the use of modern medicine Africa is what we tend to most closely associate with new imperialism um during the Berlin Conference of 1885 they formalized the scramble of Africa they set ground rules for territorial Acquisitions um and they they deemed that Africans were to be treated according to Humane standards but this was largely unored um also no African leaders were were consulted in during this time they they cared very little for their um their their ethnic boundaries and and and and religious and racial boundaries they they didn't care um now really the only the only country that fully is able to resist um African imperialism is Ethiopia under Emperor menique II um he sort of modernizes Ethiopia's Ethiopia's military and is able to um to stop the Italians from from conquering uh usually European countries rule directly um uh and in some instances set up proxy governments but um but but typically they would rule pretty directly now another place we see um we see imperialism is in India um Indian imperialism is is really has its foundations 200 years prior in the 1600s um but with the SEO Rebellion the British are going to take way more direct control over India uh and after the SE Rebellion this is where we see Britain taking really really Direct Control now in China we see um we see something very similar with um Chinese imperialism um the Opium Wars where Britain forces China through the use of funneling illegal drugs into China um to get the Chinese uh uh to open up their doors to them um the opian wars are one of the most despicable things that's that's happened in history I mean that's just it's just absolutely wild to me every time I think about it it's just absolutely crazy anyway moving on um the following the um the the Opium Opium Wars and um The increased European presence we see the typing rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion which are also really really destructive for um for Chinese society and Chinese government um and what this really establishes is that China is incredibly weakened and it's pretty much controlled by several different European nations um and so kind of looking back on imperialism here um Europe spread its influence across the entirety of the world both Africa and Asia have been forced to embrace Western ideas and cultures while also being controlled directly or indirectly by European countries you know generally there were some positives to imperialism and I say this with like a massive asterisk you know infrastructure improved in some areas slavery was in some areas um ideas of like democracy and capitalism are introduced but I mean the the the negatives massively outweigh any positives that could exist um westerners largely treated colonized people like second class citizens or enslaved peoples forced unification forced change um and exploited people on their natural resources right um so even though you might see you know people talk about the positives of imperialism it's it's Lely largely negative all right two more to go folks I'm going to post the um I'm going to post the uh the link here for the for the trivia for all right Euro or Euro Tri or the trivia for unit 7 is tinyy old.com Euro 7 cram Euro 7 cram and I promise guys we are going to do we'll spend the we're going to spend the whole last hour doing um doing actual test review stuff I promise got to close up the blinds folks man I cannot believe we are already at the 8:30 Mark time certainly does fly time certainly does fly super food almonds coming in clutch once again all right let's go I these all right so in a bismar practice of real politique what were his political decisions influenced by they were influenced by the need of the state the need of the state which of the following countries did not experience revolution in 1848 that would be Britain which of these is not an art movement from the period that would be pop art pop art Romanticism real realism and impressionism we're all were all art movements of the 1800s which of these events was not a response to European imperialism um that would be the October re Revolution and this meeting saw European rulers divide up African land amongst themselves with no regard to cultural or ethnic boundaries that is the Berlin Conference the Berlin Conference all right we are almost there folks all right on to Unit 8 the world wars unit right Unit 8 is all about World War I the in War years and World War II so what you need to know for it you need to know the causes of World War I the technology used in the war and the Treaty of Versailles in War years you need to know the Russian Revolution the Great Depression and the rise of totalitarianism World War II you need to know appeasement I think it's good to know dday and the Holocaust of course now one thing I'll say about World War II before we get started you're not going to see a lot of World War II on the exam they don't tend to include a a lot of World War II the reason why is because World War II is covered heavily in other classes right they tend to include in War years quite a bit they tend to include a little bit of World War I generally speaking if you're going to see Unit 8 on the exam it's going to be about the inner Warriors that is usually my advice you might see a question about World War II but it might it'll probably just be a multiple choice question maybe a short answer question but I doubt it all right let's talk about World War I causes of World War one right we know Maine right or you can call Mania Maine which is alliances nationalism militarism and imperialism okay the assassination of arch duuk France Ferdinand is going to be what what what kicks this whole thing off and um the assassination of arch duuk France ferand which was this nationalistic um this nation nationalistic inspired assassination by a Serbian nationalist killing the heir to the Austrian Throne this is what's going to kick us off into World War I now World War I is going to last from 1914 to 1918 it's going to be largely sort of largely um um largely going to be I'm I'm blanking on the word it's it's it's man it's starting to hit me folks um largely kind of like distinguished by um its very very bog down Warfare its trench warfare but when World War breaks out in 1914 people are generally exciting excited for um for what the war is for for War I mean people are excited to try out new technology they're excited to you know to go on this great adventure um the allies and the central powers are the two competing sides here the right the Allies are France Britain Russia and Italy later the United States we also have a whole heck of a lot of other nations too New Zealand Australia Canada India China a bunch of African nations um the Central Powers Germany Austria Hungary Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and yeah generally speaking World War I is absolutely brutal right I mean World War I is devastating on a scale that we've never actually seen since or I mean I mean or or we haven't not not since that we haven't seen we hadn't seen before okay um one thing that also really distinguishes World War I from previous conflicts was the idea of Total War countries had to completely change their economies to turn out ammunition and supplies for the war effort um they suppressed free markets the government took aggressive control over the economy and men were drafted into the military while women worked in factories now the United States will eventually intervene in the war this is what's going to pull this is what really is going to end the war is the Advent of the you know million or so French or fresh troops that show up in Europe at the end of the war the central powers are just can't compete with that and with the end of the war we see the Treaty of Versailles now the Treaty of Versailles is going to do a lot of different stuff but mainly it's going to massively just stomp down Germany it's going to issue the war war guilt clause it's going to um it's going to uh force them to pay 100% of War reparations it's going to almost totally demilitarize them um is just going to absolutely beat them and stomp them down um and then in Eastern Europe we see Austria Hungary divided up um Czechs and slovaks joined together into Czech Czechoslovakia the new state of Yugoslavia was created and populated by a bunch of different ethnic groups um and we also see the creation of of Finland Estonia laia and Lithuania and Poland's back Poland's recreated after World War I now the Russian Revolution is going to be um really comparable to the um to the French Revolution in a lot of ways um it it's very similar it's a country it's a group of people totally overthrowing the um the their their government uh the Russian Revolution was kind of a long time coming it had its it had its foundations all the way back into the 1800s but in 1917 we're going to see the March Revolution where be mostly because of World War I but also because of the refusal of the monarchy to change right the Russian Revolution was really based around this idea that the the monarchy was refusing is refusing to change and um because of that the March Revolution happens because of World War I the March Revolution happens and um the Zar Nicholas II forced to abdicate the throne this provisional government is established then Lenin is able to get enough support um to um to eventually overthrow the provisional government and establish this way more radical communist government okay and um with the establishment of the communist government and then there's a subsequent Civil War that follows once that's all completed we have the establishment of the Soviet Union okay let's talk about the inner Warriors so between World War I and World War II we call this time the interwar year as it kind of makes sense and this is going to be really characterized by economic depression and the rise of totalitarian leaders okay the great Great Depression which was caused by stock the stock American stock market crash um then just a general decline in global trade is going to have really really massive economic impacts on Europe large scale unemployment um it had people being very very frustrated with their um with their their poor economic situation and it allowed for totalitarian leaders like musolini like Hitler to come to power um we have two main forms of totalitarianism fascism and communism uh in not in Germany the viar Republic which was this temp kind of this it ended up being a temporary government between the um the German Empire government and Nazi Germany um but the viar Republic largely failed um it it really did nothing to um to kind of quell the unhappiness of um of Germans and it also caused runaway massive inflation by just printing printing out um by just printing out money and causing runaway inflation and with this we see um the birth of the Nazi party and the Nazi party was um was not started by Hitler but Hitler was an early member he's going to rise to power and rise to prominence um they are going to become very very quickly a militaristic style political group they're employing a lot of these Germans that are unhappy with the the outcome of World War I who are out of work because of the poor economic crisis um and is really going to ride on a lot of these nationalistic ideologies um that a lot of Germans had and through the beer hall poo and the um the publishing of mine Hitler becomes way more popular um in January of 1933 h president Hindenberg Hindenberg makes him Chancellor um once Hindenberg dies Hitler is able to consolidate power um he Outlaws political parties he uses the his his secret police the to um or not secret police's personal bodyguards the SS to blood Purge his own political party the Knight of the Long Knives sees Hitler arrest and execute any of those that seemed like to be a threat of the Nazi party and of course he practiced rampant anti-Semitism early early on um starting kind of slowly at first um you know by by publishing very anti-semitic um language and then eventually establishing the nurur laws um and then this kind of comes to ahead with the establishment of Crystal KN and Crystal or with the the with Crystal KN Crystal Crystal KN or the night of broken glass first first real widescale violence targeting Jewish communities by the Nazi party um it resulted in the destruction of of synagogues of homes of businesses um and would eventually start this Forest movement of of um Jewish peoples to work camps and eventually concentration camps right and scenes like this were not common of synag totally burned out and smashed out um of of everything now um we see something similar happen with with when Joseph Stalin seceded Lenin in 1924 um he launches The Five-Year Plan which was designed to transform soviet's uh economy and social structure and although this was brutal it was largely Successful by 1940 Russia has an industrial P power he also goes through um uh collectiv uh collectivization and um of Agriculture which was incredibly brutal um millions of of Russians and non-russians um died and um and um collectivization just generally speaking is largely ineffective but it was the rounding up of um of private owned Farms to large government controlled Farms all right let's quickly quickly talk about World War II here um really you need to know causes and effects and the cause of World War II is German German aggression right Germany is going to slowly start um slowly start building up their military um is going to slowly start absorbing um neighboring countries like the Rin land Austria the senton land um but the invasion of Poland is really what's going to start off the war so World War One officially starts September 1st 1939 with the um invasion of Poland um very quickly um Hitler is going to invade Poland then turn around and conquer the vast vast majority of France a few months later Germany will invade the Soviet Union um again tempted by that sweet sweet Soviet Union sweet sweet Russia but it's a Honeypot you can't invade Russia it's not going to work Hitler does come very close though um but the um but Stalin is able to um is able to um to really really kind of just like give an insane Last Stand um in Stalingrad the Battle of Stalingrad is wild if you ever get a chance to kind of just like look at the Wikipedia gra Wikipedia page for the Battle of Stalingrad longest Battle of the war Russians are some able to some some somehow able to hold the ground against the Germans it's a massive massive loss of life all around um in 1941 because of Pearl Harbor the United States enters into the war um with the big three the United States um represented by Roosevelt Britain represented by Winston chel and USSR represented by Stalin eventually we're going to see Operation Overlord which is D-Day right General Dwight the Eisenhower leading forces across the English Channel to retake France and establish a new front France massive Mass massive casualties for the Allies but it generally is successful and of course we have to talk about the Holocaust here as well um this is also something I think with World War II if you're going to see World War II um on um on the um exam it's probably going to be in the form of the Holocaust um it could be I I I I would think really the Holocaust could be anything from a short answer question to a DBQ um but uh but but the Holocaust was um you know something that we probably have have spent a lot of time learning about um for good reason this was the systematic killing of not only Jewish peoples but anybody that the Nazis saw is undesirable see roughly 12 million people killed because of the Holocaust um and um you know they targeted Romani they T targeted poles those that were um that were gay lesbian mentally physically disabled um anybody that was that they they saw as as undesirable um this happened predominantly in concentration camps throughout Poland um also some in Germany but most concentration camps were located in Poland um and um and uh it it is going to eventually result in the nurburg trials which we'll talk about here in a second um but one of the big impacts of the Holocaust that I do want to mention is the Zionist movement of the creation of Israel uh following the um following the um the end of World War II uh and the the creation of Israel which we're not going to get too much into because it's it's it's not it's not something that's largely in the in the European history standards but um creation of Israel is another impact of another another effect of the Holocaust right okay um so um eventually the war is going to end um in 1945 with the Battle of Berlin um and it will endend in the Pacific just a few months later and the general effects of the war there's a few things that we can talk about here we can talk about the emergence of the USSR in the United States as um as main um the main powers um Germany's divided up the Soviet Union gains a significant amount of territory but we do see this divide that starts to be starts to establish between democracy and communism the establishment of the United Nations is also incredibly important here the in 1945 these 51 Nations um you know pretty much get together to promote world peace and cooperation and lastly the thing we'll talk about with un8 is the nurburg trials um these intern International trials that were all focused on the prosecution of the Nazi party um for the war crimes uh that they committed during the war but also during the Holocaust um several high ranking Nazi Party members committed committed suicide um in while um while in jail um but uh but this was this was really one of the first big acts by the United Nations as a global Community putting these people on trial all right we got one more folks one more unit to get through one more and this is the one we're definitely going to spend we're gonna we're going to move through quick because it's you know it's the most recent unit all right let me send out the um the the UN a trivia here folks all right so the unit 8 trivia is tinyurl.com 8o cram 8 Euro there it is there it is e how we doing folks we still hanging in there we hanging in all right I just want to Quick give a shout out to emry Charlie Alexis I see you too all doing an insane job of of just answering questions moderating chat you guys are insane you guys are insane thank you guys so much you guys are awesome all right let's go over these so which of the following was not a CA of World War I it was not um British aggression in the Balkan State States the treaty resided all the following except um it did not divide up Germany into two separate territories the Soviet Union government was established by what radical Marxist party that's the Bolsheviks Adolf Hitler used this event to further first further spur fears about Communists in Germany that was the Rog fire and then this was the set of Trials conducted uh conducted after World War II um to address the war crimes committed by Nazi party specifically related to the Holocaust that is the nurburg trials nurburg trials all right let's let's finish up content shall we should we just get it done should we just do the thing let's just let's just finish up contact having a CP coffee at 9:00 at night it's not good all right let's go all right unit 9 in a nutshell what do you need to know for it um you need to know well first of all the two big ideas are the rebuilding of Europe and the Cold War in Soviet Union what I think we need to know out of all of this is that one we need to know about the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan we need to know about the division of Germany and we need to know about the ecsc and the development of the EU the Cold War war is we need to know the Soviet Union after Stalin proxying culture wars and the fall of the Soviet Union okay um now one thing I'll say is the unit nine is generally speaking you I I would be shocked if you saw the DBQ on unit 9 I just don't see that happening however I would I I I would hedge my bets that one of your leq options will be Unit 8 or unit 9 um one of your short answer questions will probably be Unit 8 or unit 9 as well okay but hey let's crush it guys last hour holy cow you guys are insane five hours Let's push through let's do it all right so the Cold War why does it start conflicting ideologies between US democracy capitalism and USSR communism um now the USSR is going to create this massive wall of Communist States by by dominating Eastern European countries okay um bellarus Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Estonia laia Lithuania so on and so on now um the United States specifically really wanted to really wanted to um to stop the spread of Communism because they believed in this thing called the domino effect the domino effect was the idea that when one country Falls to Communism they all fall to Communism this is going to lead to proxy wars um in Vietnam and Korea now the trim and Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are kind of the United States answer for how to rebuild Europe so after World War II the goal of European countries was to rebuild do not stop do not do not beat into submission the losing countries but instead rebuild the continent all together so that they can be more economically prosperous and the Truman Doctrine or the Marshall Plan specifically looked to address this the Marshall Plan was all about providing economic aid to any country that wanted it the Truman Doctrine said that the US would help any country trying to resist communism in Germany Germany is divided up into um Eastern Germany and Western Germany Eastern Germany is us is is controlled by the Soviet Union Western Germany um was u a democratic and capitalist um and one really really crazy things that that happens is after World War II in just a few decades really like 15 years Europe is able to completely and totally rebuild itself it's called the economic miracle and we see this happening mostly because of the sense of cooperation the economic coal and Steel Community or the ecsc is created following World War II to create a tariff free zone in which coal and steel could be traded without tariffs eventually this is going to be um this is going to be refer or it's going to develop into the economic or european economic community um this was event or initially six Six Nations more were added on um that worked together to break down trade barriers and by 1963 Europe was producing more than two and a half times more Goods than it did before World War II it's crazy West Germany dominated Europe electronically it's automobile chemical and steel industry and still today Germany is an economic Powerhouse after world two we also see widespread decolonization this is three factors that lead to decolonization the first is that these imperialist Powers just cannot hold on to these territories anymore also after the Holocaust the moral justifications for for for keeping these imperialist territories was really disappearing countries were like no this is a really bad idea it's it's pretty problematic then Al also nationalism and self-determination had really really became very popular in and and really taking hold of a lot of African and Asian Nations now Solin dies in 1953 and after 1953 under kusf we do see this systematic desalinization which kusf attempts to move away from decolonization or decolonization move away from Stalin's policies of intense dictor di di like dictator Style communism and more towards openness um now desalinization was kind of adopting some level of capitalist ideas um granting more freedom some some intellectual um or or freedom to writers and intellectuals curbing the power of secret police um we do also see the Cuban Missile Crisis happened during this time this is probably the closest we've ever come to nuclear war uh but after after after um after Kev we see brv take power and breznev really goes in an opposite direction to kushev um breznev really wants to roniz um Europe or Russia he believes that D stalinization was hurting the Communist party and so we see um dayon under bream this was trying to ease tensions between them um this is we do see that the Soviet Union and the unit States attempt to move away towards from nuclear conflict um the Helsinki Accords recognize the Soviet sphere of influence Soviet rights and protecting human rights we also see the breznev Doctrine established during this time the breznev doctrine said that um that they could intervene in any communist nation in 1985 Mel gorbachov takes power um realizes that changes really needed to be made this is when we see glass knot and Parisa glass not his Pol gbf's policy of openness um Soviets were allowed to discuss ways to improve Society allowed for more unbiased education perista economic restructuring introducing some levels of capitalism into the Soviet Society um and in 1989 gor GBF calls for a new representative assembly um and again moving away from this more capitalist style or more or more intense communist style of government now a few years later Gorbachev kind of concludes that there needs to be political competition for power for the USSR to survive um but what this eventually is going to lead to is the total and complete collapse of the Soviet Union which happens in um 1991 well starts in 1991 and sort of spreads out throughout the following few months um conservatives um tried to Pro perform an unsuccessful C against gorbachov eventually this guy Boris yelson takes power becomes the dominant figure in Russian politics and in December of 1991 the Soviet Union collapses into 15 separate republics and slowly but surely after that this whole entire communist wall is also going to collapse now yet yelton is going to rule from 1991 to 1999 um this is going to lead to um really really poor econ a really really really economic crisis um in Russia it's um we also see the C chch and Russian conflict um uh at this time um the kind of the end results of all this is we see y or we see um Putin take power in 1999 and Putin is still in power today okay um now one of the things that we also see happen at this time is the tearing down of the Berlin Wall I I told I said that this is very similar to like the tearing down of the best steel right this was a really really this is those are two great connections that you can make um if we're lucky enough to have either of those as our DBQ or leq okay now the European Union the last thing that we're going to talk about it's crazy the European Union is established in 1991 um they adapted this this openness of this economic o openness but also um a universal economic currency currency a common EU citizenship ship all of that kind of stuff and um today this is what um this is what uh the European Union looks like um we have it's it's Inc compassing all almost the entirety of Western Europe of course one of the big things that happened in 2014 was that Britain opted to leave the European Union or the 2016 2014 2016 2016 European Britain opted to leave the European Union which they actually just recently did a few months ago and that's it we are done with content holy cow I am I cannot believe it we made it through nine units four hours let's do a quick unit N9 trivia shall we for oh come on Euro n Cran wait what copy all right the link to the trivia Euro n CR shout out to the insane Tas seriously you guys are insane shout out to the Tas yeah the the the I'm going to sleep very hard after this I appreciate it though it's been awesome guys we're almost done sh for all right let's take a look here all right all right unit n trivia folks oh nice all right um all right so going over this quickly the plan to economically rebuild Europe using United States funds was called the Marshall Plan the Marshall Plan named for the uh I think it was the trade uh the trade minister no who's it named after I can't remember anyway moving on uh this was the name of the alliance between several European nations and the United States in response to Growing concerns of the Soviet Union that was NATO NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact is made in response following World War II the consensus among non-communist European nations was that uh European or that the cooperation and unity would lead to more economic growth and prosperity we see that with the ecsc the um uh and then eventually the EU right when crua their power and the ussar be the process of uh backing off of stalinist policies remember KF backed off of stalinist stalinist policies breznev reinforced stalinist Pro uh policies and then um gorbachov attempt to um attempt to sort of revitalize and um and change the Soviet Union by adop by uh parist and um gln which of the following would be an example of the United States acting on the Domino Theory so this one's a little bit tough this is the Vietnam War the Vietnam War happened to stop the spread of Communism the Cuban Missile Crisis was in a lot of ways I mean Cuba had was already communist this wasn't acting on the domino effect Theory this was more of acting on the direct threat of nuclear weapons being on an island very close to or on a country very close to the United States okay so a little tricky but college board will try to trick you I promise that will happen all right so um where we at here we've got 45 minutes left we have 45 minutes left what I want to do is I did and you guys are welcome to do this on your own um the multiple choice questions um we're not going to do this now just because of lack of time but please what I want to do is um give you guys some um give you guys some some pointers for the multiple choice questions uh so one of the things to remember um and and I need to I need to get my brain into talking about the exam here one of the things to remember with the AP exam um is that this is a time test and I think nowhere is that time really felt more than on the multiple choice choice section where you have 55 minutes to answer 55 questions now I'm I was never a math person but that's pretty easy math right you have a minute to answer each multiple choice question and so do not spend too long on a single question you really have to keep track of time if you're taking it in person you will have a um have a a clock somewhere in the room you will have some way to keep keep track of time if you're taking it online you should have a timer um don't leave any question blank you do not get points off for wrong answers right you can only gain points you can only you can only collect points you only you only collect points for right answers you don't lose any of those collected points for wrong answers Okay so answer each question even if it's just a guess do not leave questions blank ever um if you're spending too long on a question move on and return back to it at the end just do a little Mark go back at the end and look at it with some fresh eyes um read each answer and question before you read the stimulus material this is kind of like a nice little life hack sometimes the multiple choice questions won't actually reference the stimulus material material directly instead they're going to be about they're going to be a topic from the stimulus material so for example you might have a stimulus material of Martin Luther's 95 thesis might be the stimulus material but the question might ask you about you know John Calvin and predestination answer the multiple choice questions first that don't require you to read the stimulus material and then go back and read the stimulus material and lastly I'll say it again manage your time manage your time do not get caught up in and doing all these multiple choice questions and taking five minutes per question and before you know you're you're out of time okay um just be very very conscientious and careful that all right what I want to do is I do want to talk about short answer questions here so the short answer questions which I think is the most relevant to all of us because for those that are taking everybody's going to be doing short answer questions and some of us if you're taking the online version we'll be doing a lot of short answer questions so with short answer questions this is a great way to get points because there is no rubric to follow each short answer question is going to contain three parts and you need to answer all three parts to get three points short answer questions are graded zero out of three which means that you can either get a zero a one a two or a three and each short answer question is going to have all three of those parts now most short answer questions that college board is doing now is set up like this where you can see all three parts clearly but in the past they've had it set up where it's like a part A and A Part B and Part B contains two sections so just think about that um I did want to throw in uh some very commonly used terms that you're going to see on not only the short answer questions but also the DBQ and the leq compare describe evaluate explain identify and support an argument these are all things that you're going to see Pop Up from time to time um before we actually get into doing one together here are some tips to make sure that you get Max points the first get straight to the point you usually can answer the question in three to six sentences you usually do not need to write a whole page per short answer question make sure you actually answer the question and you answer it clearly you need to be direct and you need to be specific do not dance around the answer okay um e answer each question even if you're unsure you got to guess guess just don't leave it blank you're you're missing out on potential points if you leave it blank like you are for sure getting it wrong if you leave it blank you're at least attempting if you put something down and then lastly don't get fancy with it don't don't you you don't don't you know turn on your fancy English writing voice just be very direct into the point okay all right let's practice so here is a link to I'm gonna move hold on let me do this here is a link to what am I doing I don't even know here we go uh a link to to a sample question that I want us to do together and a link to an accompanying Google form okay I am going to give you guys 10 minutes 10 minutes to do this question if someone wants to um if someone wants to you can you can scan this with your um you can scan this with your um with your phone and go to the link if you need actual links give me a second I will post them for all reposting those wins nice h for so guys what I'm seeing is that um some if you're if you're trying to access with your school account some school accounts will not let you access the file some school accounts will not let you access the file so you might have to go to a person if you go to a personal Gmail account you should be able to access it for all right guys while this is going on I'm going to throw up a timer on the screen for us all right I be right back I'm going to wait why are we I'll be right back folks e e e timer's kind of finicky we might just uh guys I've given up eating healthy food and I'm now I've now resorted to Ruffles all right let's uh take a look here you're not going to do SAQ round two so let's take a look at the SAQ here so I purposely let me do this I purposefully did give you guys a little bit of the tougher one I wanted to get my drive I really wanted to kind of showcase what you're going to see as like one of your first saqs I want to just open this in a new window here we go okay all right so we should all be able to see that oh I'm going to zoom it in for sure there we go um where we moving where we moving all stepen here right here right all right um so this is a SAQ from 2016 okay so few years ago um your first two saqs are going to be they're going to have stimulus materials um I believe the the the the the way they're doing it now is stimulus material or question one will be a primary source stimulus material question two will be some sort of secondary source stimulus material and then your choice of three and four are going to be um no stimulus materials so this question here is having us compare and compare and look at two different pieces or primary sources okay the first you know the first thing that we should do when we look at the short answer question is we 100% one we need to read the questions okay so before I even if I was to answer this question if I just saw this question the first thing that I would do is I would read each three parts of the question I wouldn't even read the stimulus materials yet I would say okay I need to describe one important difference between the the views of Commerce and prosperity expressed in the two passages and for each passage I need to identify and explain one factor such as a historical development an intellectual philosophical Trend or a religious belief that likely informed the view of Commerce and prosperity so I have to do one piece of comparison or or one one piece of one difference right one piece of comparison one difference between the two sources and then I need to for each Source talk about something that probably influence the reason why the source the source is is um uh why the source has the view that it has so then after I read the questions and I know what I'm actually doing then I would go in and read the stimulus materials and before I read the stimulus materials I need to see who wrote it when it was written and what the title is that's sourcing right we got to Source the materials so I would take a look I would say Okay Source stimulus material one um this guy is a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church Dutch Reformed Church Reformation um okay yeah that should that should be triggering something in my brain four books on God's judgment 1655 okay so the Dutch Reformed Church probably calvinist is what I'm thinking right now then simus material 2 this guy is a Dutch historian description of the widely renowned Merchant city of Amsterdam written in 1662 okay so I got my two I've sourced my two materials then I would go through and actually read them and as I'm reading I need to think what is the difference between the two of them how are they viewing Commerce and prosperity differently and then how why would they be influenced to think the way that they are thinking so kind of some traps that you can run into is first of all you can for for part A you can talk about a difference between the two but you don't talk about a difference between the two in regards to Commerce and prosperity another problem you could run into is that you you compare the two and you talk about similarities and that's not what it's asking you to do okay um for Part B you could talk about um you could run into some some problems where you don't actually explain how their views or how their their um how one factor a historical development in intellectual philosophical Trend or religious belief would inform the um the viewpoints that they have if you dance around that you're not going to get the point okay so let's look at part a if you look at the dis the differences between the two the first one is criticizing the focused on the um is criticizing the focus on economic gains as opposed to um the focus on um as opposed to a focus on you know religious studies right so he says when the Dutch when the Dutch burger goes home from church does he take God's holy book with him to ponder the sermon no instead he picks up the day's Buist Gazette and busies himself with calculations of Interest okay um and then and two is's talking the the Dutch historian is talking about so Amsterdam has risen through the hand through the hand of God to the peak of prosperity and greatness the whole world stands amazed at its riches from east and west north and south they come to behold it the great moral Lord has raised the city above all others yeah ye he had taken taken them from the Commerce of the East and the west and Spilled the treasure into our own bosom so one very clear difference is that document one has a very positive Viewpoint of the economic prosperity of the Netherlands or document one has a very negative Viewpoint of the economic prosperity of the Netherlands and document two has a very positive Viewpoint of the E of the economic prosperity of the Netherlands another difference would be that um would be that uh document B tends to believe or looks to believe that religion um or that the prosperity that the Amsterdam is experiencing is a direct result of the love of God and of of God's work while as document a believes that religion and commerce are not something that are mixing together okay so that's a that's those are two differences right there in Part B well let's think about differences in document a this guy appears to be a minister for a calvinist church a church we we know that Calvinism is historic or is usually pretty conservative they do not like or um they do not like or or have a desire for physical and worldly worldly possessions so they of course would not be fond of someone spending all of their time kind of like focusing over worldly possessions when instead they should be be reading reading the Bible and focusing on the word of God whereas document B this Dutch historian is probably going to take a more non-religious Viewpoint of the um of of the prosperity of the um of the of Amsterdam and as a instead because he's a historian and not a religious figure he may have a more positive Viewpoint of the development of um the development of the or the economic development of the Netherlands I don't know what I'm saying so the biggest thing that I I I the biggest thing that I have to I want to hit on here is that the biggest thing I want to hit on here is that you a lot of you guys I'm sure were read this and we're just like oh my God or not I'm not going to say a lot of you guys and some of you guys probably read this and were're like oh my God I I have no idea what this means right I mean and and we're on hour We're on Hour 4 point you know 4.75 of a 5 hour stream and yeah I mean we're we're like we're we're brain dead right now and it's easy to look at this and just be like oh my God I don't know what any of this is slow down take a breath take a step back right and remember read your questions First Source the documents second then read the documents and look for those little things okay if you try to consume everything all at once without breaking it up for yourself you're going to be run into trouble okay all right let's move on on to let's move on to the DBQ so the DBQ the document based question right we have seven documents we have to answer a question using them this is timed writing um we have to apply historical thinking skills and content knowledge okay um now I highly recommend men learning loving getting to know the rubric all right seven points are totally up are total up for grabs it's a numbers game you want to try to get as many points as possible that is your job you canite an incredible essay but still get a low score a low score I have read loads of them I've read great essays but they didn't do what they were supposed to do within the confines of the rubric okay um if you don't play for points if you don't think about the points in the rubric you might not do well all right but let's let's um read through the linked DBQ here let's take a few minutes to think about how we would compose a thesis okay how how we would compose a thesis all right um we are you know limited on time so I just want us to I want to leave a few minutes at the end to look at any last minute questions um but think about how would we compose a thesis based on the questions and the documents okay let's take a few minutes and do that for for for I saw someone on the Discord say they love this this topic this is one of my favorite dbqs for sure this is such a good topic a lot of you guys probably have if you if you've you've you've probably done this in class I always use this DBQ in class because it's such a good DBQ it's like the perfect example of of a DBQ e for all right guys let's talk about this real quick um we are we are limited on time I'm going to kind of also talk about the leq with this too because I think one of the biggest things that we we we struggle with um is the creation of thesi the multiple thesis with the creation of a good thesis um and the reality is the creation of a good thesis when it comes to the DBQ or the leq is going to be really similar right you're looking to actually answer the question not dance around it all right so for this for example here this is our this is our DBQ topic evaluate whether the 30 Years War was fought primarily for religious or for primarily political reasons it's a really pretty straightforward forward question right which is why I really like it um if you say the 30 Years War was fought primarily or was fought for for both religious and political reasons you've got a chance of not getting the the the thesis point if you say that the for 30 years war is fought primarily for religious reasons you got a chance of not getting the thesis point you really want to be as specific as possible you want to say the religious war was fought primarily for or the 30 years war is fought primarily for religious reasons as seen in X and Y right you want to try to actually physically answer your qu answer the question I should be able to take your thesis and know exactly what the answer to the question is right and you're and and all your DBQ is doing is providing more information and backing up your actual thesis with evidence okay um so that's the thing that we need to remember when we do this DBQ now another thing I want to say with the dbqs is that one they actually give you a rubric right here of everything that you should be doing right in your response you should do the following respond to the prompt with a historical defensible thesis of claim describe a broader historical context support an argument in response to or for support an argument and response to the prompt using at least six sources right this is two points use at least one additional piece of historical evidence for at least three documents hip analyze explain how the document's point of view perp purp historical situation or evidence is relevant to the argument and then use evidence to cooperate qualify or modify an argument that addresses the prompt right that's the the the subjective um deeper understanding Point okay they give you the thesis or the the rubric right here they give you the rubric right here all right um so I did also see a question that was um how long should you spend on reading the documents you should spend um you should spend 15 15 minutes 15 minutes on the document that is that is the kind of suggested time um that's going to give you 45 minutes to write okay when you read the documents you should be doing two things one you should be or or two besides reading you should be two do be doing two other things the first is sourcing all the documents think about who's writing it when was it written what is it right so for example document r one before I even read document one I'm going to say all right um this is a open letter to the Protestant subjects from the Holy Roman Empire matthus written in 1618 okay then after I read I should be thinking does this support the point of view that this was fought for religious purposes or does this support the point of view that it was fought for political purposes Okay then if it's religious put it in the religious pile if it's political put it in the political pile and do that for each of your documents then when you're done you're going to have a nice list of documents that that are already grouped for you okay grouping the documents putting the documents into two or three groups is very very crucial for writing and organizing your essay before you get started you do not want to be wondering what documents you're going to use to support what claim halfway through the allotted time right that's going to be that's that's poor organization outline your DBQ figure out what documents you're using where okay um when it comes to hip analyzing right when it comes to hip analyzing the historical context intended audience point of view of purpose you do not need to do all of those for each document um however what you should be doing is I would recommend hip analyzing at least five sources all right you want to hip analyze definitely more than three because while you're only you only have to do three if you hip analyze five of them and two of them are not acceptable hip analyzations then you're still going to get that hip analyzation Point okay um and then lastly I always always say do not worry about the um the complex understanding Point complex understanding point is an extra point if you get it awesome if you don't get it that's super fine too a six out of a seven on a DBQ is still an a effectively you're still in really really good shape okay all right really quick I want to talk about the leqs because I do think it's really important um now I know that all of us are taking leqs this year all right please there we go n um with the long essay question I want to talk a little bit about um kind of what this is and and how to do it right your long essay question you're going to get a choice of one of three um questions you pick one that you answer um that focuses on a larger historical topic each of the three questions is going to be from a different historical time period the rubric is very similar to the um to the DBQ rubric just there is no evidence in there or there is no um there's no included evidence you have to provide your own um thesis and point and contextualization point are the same for the leq and the DBQ it asks you to use evidence but is not provided you need to have that mental Bank of evidence okay um so while we don't really have time to do this unfortunately this is an example of an leq um this is an example of an leq uh um question uh evaluate the extent to which the political consequences of Britain's Glorious Revolution differed from the political con consequences of the French Revolution all right this is a really big topic it provides you a lot of opportunity to um to to bring in a lot of different evidence right this is not really like putting you in a box where you can only bring in a specific P piece of evidence or two this is really giving you a wide range of different evidence you can bring in right you can bring in um you can bring in uh uh John Lock you can bring in um you know ribes Pierre Napoleon right any re French Revolutionary um you can bring in you can bring in you know a whole bunch of different stuff okay the English Bill of Rights whatever all right um there's a lot of different evidence you can get it you can bring in and that's kind of the thing with the leq is the lq is a little bit broader because they they know that you're going to have to be pulling from your bank of evidence um I always recommend um I always recommend that um one you got to play for points just like the DBQ know the rubric know it well pick a question and stick with it pick a question and stick with it all right you have a total of 1 hour and 40 minutes to complete both the DBQ and the lq make sure you manage your time all right it might be smart to do the leq first if you feel really good about the leq top IC you can totally do the leq first and then go back and do the um and then go back and do the uh the the DBQ that's super fine um and make sure you answer the question by providing claims and then backing up those claims with evidence do not just provide evidence and not have claims they want to see a line of reasoning they want to see you arguing something and providing that argument with and providing evidence to support that argument okay all right we are in The Final Countdown and I was going to listen to the whole song but we have six minutes left so you can enjoy The Final Countdown by the iconic ban Europe which is just hilariously perfect for for what we're doing at a later date now I want to know from you guys questions comments what do you got I want to know okay I'm GNA pop on over to the uh go check out what's going on on the fiveable nope oh I see a qu I saw um a question about how long should the leq be the leq should not be super super long I like to say that like two pages for the leq is in pretty good shape a page and a half um I've seen some lqs that have been able to do it in um in a uh in one page I've seen some three-page leqs that were really good the thing you just really want to be careful of is that like the leq is is kind of all these things you don't want to write too much and consume up so much of your time just like just like you know like you don't want to consume so much of your time just you know just like by adding filler that at at a certain point you run out of time right so you want to be really conscious of that also this is going to sound wild but like you've got actual real people that are grading these things and like they've got to grade a bunch of these and so if yours is 4 hour or four hours if you're if you're lq is four pages long it it's it's just way more advantageous to make it really short to the point that's all I'm going to say short into the point is the best thing to do oh my Lord um oh okay yeah we'll do this so last four minutes last four minutes let me talk a little bit about what I think the topic is going to be for the exam now this could be this could be a this could be a tricky one okay because I think they're going because of the nature of the exam this year they're going to use a lot of different topics for the DBQ um and we're doing DBQ predictions here they're going to use a lot of different topics for the DBQ here's my guess one of the topics will for sure be about the Renaissance I have a feeling it's going to be about differences between northern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance it's just a thought I don't know if it's true but it's just a thought um I I would I would really really think that the Renaissance though there hasn't been a really good Renaissance DBQ in a while um but I I I really think there would be I also think that there's going to be I I could also see a DBQ on um I could also see a DBQ on 1800s um specifically I could see DBQ being like about nationalism in the 1800s um they did a French Revolution DBQ live last year they did a bunch of dbqs last year um they did a Reformation DBQ last year as well I think um I could totally also see a DVQ on um on the Cold War as well honestly I mean I think it's it's hard to make predictions here because um and one these predictions are in no way accurate these are literally just what I think okay what I think could be on there um you you should not take this as like 100% this is what it's going to be um just please don't okay um but the reality is I think they're going to have a lot of options because they're offering two online versions and a paper version the paper version is going to have less is going to have less variations probably but the online version is going to have a lot last year last year's test had a bunch of different topics okay they had a bunch of different topics um but I do think that um we haven't seen a Renaissance DVQ in a while and we hav't hav seen a um we haven't seen a cold war DBQ in a while I don't think there was a cold war DBQ last year but um but like I said you guys should be prepared for absolutely anything they could have a French Revolution DBQ they could I mean they could have another Glorious Revolution DBQ we just don't know okay so we are approaching the fifth hour five hour gang 5 Hour gang that is where we're at you guys are insane all of you that tuned in whether it's for full five hours or whether it's just for an hour you are awesome you are putting yourself in a position to crush this thing tomorrow the last thing I want to say in the words of the Sans kolot let's get this bread let's do it let's get this done let's knock it out of the park we're going to crush it we're going to crush it okay it's 10 o'clock guys we did the darn thing we're done you guys are awesome you're you're insane thank you so much for tuning in um we're going to crush it all right I'm here rooting for you I'm sending all of the positive vibes your way let us get it thank you guys so much for all the kind comments guys shout out to all of the T Charlie my apota you're insane thank you so much for everything you've done this cram session Emory thank you so much for helping moderate Discord and all the questions thank you guys all of the other Tas who I've seen in here are insane thank you guys for the kind words as well honestly these comments of what kept me going for this five hours you guys are rock stars every single one of you keep crushing keep doing your thing and remember positive vibes deep breaths you guys are going to do great tomorrow all right you guys are going to do awesome it's been five hours I'm signing out of this thing you guys are awesome you guys are awesome I will see you guys later um remember we do have the um the watch party for this um before the the online versions of the exams check those out if you want to join as well for those um I'm going to go um stop talking I think is what I'm really going to do you guys are awesome though I appreciate you guys tuning in I'll catch you guys next time you guys are awesome good luck tomorrow sending all the positive vibes