Hello there. Welcome to the poetry class section two poem analysis. This is Dr. Sambream and today we'll analyze together sonet 18, a very famous um sonnet by William Shakespeare. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Our analysis will cover a number of points. Um the title and he will talk about the Shakespeareian summit and talk about the poet William Shakespeare the period the Elizabethan age the Renaissance. Okay, we'll talk about then we'll read the poem together. Sorry, we'll read the poem together. Provide a summary, paraphrase, talk about the speakers in the poem, themes, symbolism, literary devices, language and meter. So those are the uh points we'll discuss with reference to sonet 18 by William Shakespeare. So um this uh set okay the Shakespeare was uh more famous as a dramatist writing um plays drama and probably you are familiar with some of his plays you know King Lear Hamlet McBth and other uh historical uh place also he was famous as a poet writing more than 154 sonets. Okay. So um in writing the sonnet he was afficted by the Italian version of the sonnet and uh the Italian version is um named after Petra Petraan um sonnet and the petraanet is bled from Italy. So uh the sonet was first used in Italy by Petra Petra a poet. Okay. And then um Shakespeare imitated you know this um um type of pony the sonet. The petro consists of um two parts. Okay. the octave eight lines and cyst the last six lines. So two parts for the petroan sonet and here okay we have the octave and we have the cysted octave eight lines section eight line stanza and then another stanza which is called cysted um six line stanza and that's the second section of the petra son. So it's two two two two stanzas. Okay. Uh the first part the octave introduces the problem the idea the question and then the assisted offers a term an answer or a resolution for the uh poet's purpose. So that's the trian. Okay. Shakespeare okay did some change. So six piece sets okay consists of three quattrins. Three quattrins okay and each quatrin and the quatrin here is a stanza. Okay. So it's called quatrin which means it's four lines stanza. Quatin is a four lines stanza. Okay. So how many of them? three stanzas or four lines each. Okay, three stanzas or four lines each. So that's um 12 lines. Okay, three stanzas, four lines each. and then ends with a couplet and couplet means okay the last two lines you two lines tense at the bottom at the end of the of the um of the set and that's a total of um 14 14 um lines okay so um that's just you know some idea about the the term set and I think you are familiar with um I think the Renaissance age or the Elizabethan age sometimes you know um um the Renaissance is more open to accept other other periods but here I think we um begin with the Elizabethan age the age of Shakespeare okay and um here we are talking about a period of time from 1500 to 1600 okay that's the Elizabethan age and um or the Shakespeare's age and um in future lectures we'll talk about in the metaphysical poe restoration and um other other periods. All right. So um characteristics of Renaissance poetry. Okay. Here we see um uh humanism. Okay. um poets focus on human experience, emotions and values. Um also another aspect of um this age is you know classical influence. Classical means the past. classical he means the um writers especially Shakespeare I think uh were inspired by Greek and Roman um poets. Okay. Um another feature um using the set in their poetry. Okay. And this is I think I just talked about this. Okay. The set two types of sets here and Shakespearean set. And we talked about the structure of each uh C themes of love and nature. Okay. Um especially in their in their in their poet poetry points allegory and symbolism. Okay. They are similar I think you know u um similar terms in which writers use words. Okay. uh to mean more than their literal meaning. Not literary, literal. Okay. So, we have the literal meaning, but I think writers um look for other meanings, symbolic meanings, allegorical meanings. Um um how the text, how images, how words on the page, that text, that point um um reflect something in the real world or in other worlds. And here we can talk about religion in particular. All right. and okay uh key themes of Renaissance poetry. Okay. Um the uh Elizabeth and age also uh the nature of love. Okay. The passage of time, humanism, beauty and nature. Okay. And here we can add intellectual curiosity, uh, emotions, aesthetic appreciation, you know, as you know, um, the skill of the the the art writing poetry in this case. All right. And here we go. This is our poem for today. I'll begin um by reading the poem for you and hopefully um you will enjoy reading it by yourself loudly and more than one time. Okay. So this is the poem as you see it's 14 lines. Okay. You can see you know um every the first four lines, the next four lines and the last four lines. The three quad trains as we said and um um uh three quad trains. This is I think. All right. Um All right. Okay. Okay. There's um the sonnet. Okay. All right. Okay. Um let's see whether there is a technical problem. Okay. Sorry about this. Okay. All right. So, um now I'll read the um Okay, now I'll read for you the um sonnet sonet 18 by William Shakespeare. Hopefully you will have time to read it for yourself by yourself uh more than one time because I'm I'm sure you will enjoy it. All right. So, um here we have you know the um Okay. This is the first quat train. This is the the second quatrin and this is the third quattrin. And at the bottom as you see okay we have the okay the couplet which means two two lines. Okay. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's leaves have all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines. And often in his gold complexion complexion dimmed and every fear from fear sometime declines by chance or nature's changing cross untrimmed. Sorry. Um okay okay let's um now read the poem um for you and hopefully you will have time to to read it uh by yourself and I'm sure you will enjoy um reading u this poem in particular because this is I think one of the most famous um sonets by William Shakespeare compare thee to a summer's day thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. And summers leaves have all too short a date. Sometime too short the eye of heaven shines and often is his gold complexion dimmed. And every fur from fur sometime declines by chance or nature's changing course untrimmed by thy eternal summer shall not fade nor lose position of that fear thou owest. Nor shall death drag thou wondest in his shade, when in eternal lines to time thou growest. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this and this gives life to thee. Okay. So this is um the uh the the poem uh beautiful. And um now let's go for a line um by line uh summary of the uh of the uh point. Usually we use word summary when we uh mean um I think probes for example. or stories, novels, etc. Here it's better I think to use the word paraphrase. Okay, paraphrase um I think you know um say writing um your own words to um I think to summarize a poem using paraphrase. So the the first line talks about a comparison. Shall I compare thee to our summer's day? And um here uh it begins with a question and this question is called in um you know the uses rhetorical question. It's called rhetoirical question you know uh because the the the poet doesn't expect you to to answer now you know probably expects you to to know the answer. Okay. So it's called rhetorical question. um which aims to um I think you know to grab the reader's attention um to follow. Shall I compare the tor's day? It's a rhetorical question which is a literary device used by by poets in in in their writing of poetry. So this is uh it begins with shell and and this is the okay the question mark at at the end. So this is a rhetorical question. Okay. So uh here he compares his love to a summer. Okay. He compares his love to a summer. So uh she is lovely. She's beautiful like a summer's day. Okay. So um uh but she's different. She is um different because she's more beautiful. She's more beautiful. thou art more lovely and more temperate. Okay. So, she's more beautiful than the summer de she is more beautiful. She's more balanced, you know. And we see the reasons for um why she is more lovely and more temperate than the uh the the summer. Okay. Um um rough winds do shake the darling buds of May in May especially in the English weather I think you know uh it's it's raining most times of the of the year so in May in summer in spring there there's rain there's wind you know storms and other things so rough winds do shake the darling buds of of of Hey. Okay. So, summer is imperfect. Okay. Summer is imperfect and he gives reasons for this. But you are perfect. This is the point that we'll see in the next slides. Okay. So, and summer's leaves have all too short a date. So, summer um ends, you know, it's like a lease for for for for a period of time, you know. uh it comes and goes. All right? So it has a beginning, it has an end. You know, after one month, two months, you know, it's going to to move to another se season move to autumn, move to winter, it will move to other seasons. So and summers leaves have all too short a date. Okay. So um so it's short and it it goes but your beauty as we are going to see is permanent you know it's perfect sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines and that's you know he add this is the sun of summer sometimes it's too hot which affects um negatively the eye okay so it's the eye of heaven okay the sun this is a reference to the Okay. Uh sometime to hop the eye of heaven shines and often in his gold complex complexion dimmed. Okay. So this is a reference to the uh to the u to the summer. Okay. And um the sun's um golden light sometimes um you know it it disappears sometimes during the day as a result of as a result of clouds for example. Okay. So the sun's golden light is often obscured by clouds. You know sometimes okay so it's it's not there all the time. Okay. And often is his gold complexion dimmed. It means it disappears as a result of clouds for example. And every fair from fair sometime declines. Okay. So um every fur every every beauty from fair sometimes declines you know. So uh sometimes uh all beautiful things every fair okay they decline every beauty beauty in this world okay sometimes eventually it loses its beauty okay so and every fair from fear sometime declines you every beautiful thing things sorry every beautiful things okay they decline you know they fade you know they change. Um why do beautiful things change? Sometimes it's a chance time. Time for example it's um um it's time it's aging. Sometimes you know when when you are young then okay then as time moves and you become to uh old age then there's change being a child you know a man or old age they are changes. So uh every fair from fair sometime declines there is change to to the beauty that we are familiar with but later on we'll see that her beauty is different. So this is the point he tries to to to reach or to to get. All right. So um um um so nothing stays perfect due to natural processes and time. So not not nothing stays perfect. Okay. Uh through the course of time it changes. Okay. And then we move to um you know the but thy eternal summer this is this is here I think it's called a term because this is the first two stanzas introduce the uh the poets u the speaker in the poem the I um point you know the question uh the reasons for this and then but there's there's a shift here there's a term Okay. Thy eternal summer shall not fade. Eternal eternity. And thy here means your but your and this is archaic. You know this is archaic means old. Um or thy for example the the use of thy and here we have as seed you know the thou. Okay. And um I think we have more of this use of archaic um language. The okay um um this is called archaic um means old. Okay. Um probably they used it is used in the middle ages before middle English. Okay. And um writers used it just you know to give some focus of their of their of their of their poetry to just to it's it's something significant you know it's old it's history you see what I mean so uh those uh I think words are represent um um archaic uh words old words okay from you know within evil English. Okay. And they are used by William Shakespeare here and in his plays and and other sonets. So, but thy eternal summer um shall not fade. Eternal means um uh immortal. It will continue. You will not you will not your beauty. And here we have a metaphor in which she compares okay her beauty to a summer but she is different because her beauty her summer is eternal it is everlasting okay it will continue okay forever how we'll talk about this in a minute okay so um so your eternal summer shall not fade your beauty will not fade It shall not fade nor lose position of that fair thou art, you know. So um again the same idea is um u repeated here and um nor lose um this negation you know nor lose position of that fair thou always you beauty that that you own okay you will not lose it okay and nor shall death drag thou wrest in this in his shade. So nor death brag thou wondest in his shade you will not be affected by death. Okay your beauty is eternal. All right unlike okay our summer. All right. Um when in eternal lines to time thou growest. So as you grow by time okay you will not um be affected by this change. Change of time affects all affects everything but okay your beauty will not affected by time. Okay as you grow up. Okay. And then we move to the last I think you know the last uh couplet the last two lines um in the uh sonnet and uh here I think we have um so long as men can breathe or eyes can see so long lives this and this gives life to thee. Beautiful, beautiful. You know, see here we have so long as. Okay. And here in the next and last line we have so long as. This is called sometimes repetition. You know this is also it's called parallelism. Use of parallel structure. And the purpose here is to emphasize the idea of okay of of of her beauty you know. So so long as men can breathe or eyes can see. Okay. Um um he emphasized the idea that her beauty is eternal. It will not fade. Okay. It will not um be affected by by chance. Um, so long as men can breathe as far as men can breathe or the eyes can see. Okay. So long lives this. Okay. Here this refers to the poem how she how she's eternal. Okay. How her beauty will continue to be mentioned. Okay. uh to be uh part of this world not forbidden. Okay. So long as sorry so long lives this and this gives life to thee. So as long as this poem, this sonnet okay lives through the ages and as you see we are reading today the the poet wrote this you know Shakespe wrote this probably 530 years ago 500 years ago okay but until today readers students critics talk about uh this beautiful beautiful uh sonnet And um so long lives this and this gives life to the beautiful um set and um um now let's move to uh talk about you know the uh I'm trying to just you know to move forward because you will do some research and and listen to to my lectures and and um um and I think you know Um here we finish with um with um paraphrase and and now let's move to who are the speakers in this poem. The speaker shall I okay shall I compare thee? It's it's the whole thing uh is between the I okay and the um the I think you know it's it's called first person you know it's first person can be the poet can be um a lover it can be anyone probably uh talking for example to his wife for example not necessarily a lover it can be a lover it can be a husband and a wife can be Shakespeare and his wife can be can be you know so I the speaker it's first person point of view it's a personal you know this is poetry it's a personal experience and the is the other party you know it's you okay shall I compare thee shall I compare you to a summer's day so you here represents can be a wife can be a son can be um it can be a lover. All right. So um so we have two speakers here I think and the whole um sonet is about um you know um the the first person the I speaking to to to to thee to you. Okay. In this case it can be as we said uh any of those we just talked about. Okay. And um what is the theme of this? What are the themes of this um poem? I think you know it is easy. The the theme is the message and we talked about this before. The message of the po what does the the poem discuss. We can talk about beauty. We can talk about love. We can talk about immortality of beauty. Beauty is eternal. We continue. Okay. We'll talk about you know we can talk about you know immortality of beauty through poetry through poetry through uh writing poems or other types of literature. Okay. So we can talk about different we can talk about the theme of change you know how how things change how people change how beauty changes. All right. We can talk about you know um the seasons. We can talk about you know the Okay. So I think we can you know the text the sonnet lends itself to more than one theme. Okay. And also we can talk about symbolism in this um in this summit. You know summer is a symbol. It's you know summer is a symbol of of life. It's a symbol of happiness. is a symbol of beauty. Um um it's a symbol of the sea. It's see um while winter for example is a symbol of of of you know it's gloomy. It's it's dead. It's you know winter can is not a happy season for people. See so summer is one of the s symbols you know. Okay. Uh winds, you know, uh can be a symbol. Okay. Uh wind, you know, rough winds can be a symbol. Um uh the eye of heaven, the sun also, the eye of heaven, you know, is is a symbol. We can see um uh the speaker the eye is a symbol of of all uh people in the in his case you know who um I think uh praise beauty and the like. Okay. So we can talk about symbolism uh the flowers and and everything. Okay. And um uh talking about language here um um use of simple diction simple words as you see it's easy to understand in this point simple diction you know shall I compare the to you understand what's going on you it's easy easy words usually as you see you know they are one syllable words okay one syllable use of uh one syllable uh words, you know. Okay. Um one syllable words, you know, uh short words, you know, one syllable words, which makes easy which makes it easy for readers to understand and absorb the the the the the language of the of the poem. Okay. So uh one syllable words also the use of archaic language archaic language is is dominant here. Okay. Um for example as you see here you know the means you thou um okay uh thou means you all right? Art means are, hath, has thou you always wonder, growest, uh grow the you. Okay. So, um uh use of archaic words can be added to to this u to language the language of the um the point. Okay. And um um now let's talk about the meter. The meter or you know what type of meter is used you know and here shall I compare the TA to a summer's day. Okay. So here meter is used to to enhance music in the text. Um the sonnet is aimed to be sung and here you know the four quad trains use the rhyme scheme um of ab. So for example here we have you know shall I compare day at the end of the first line rhymes with the may. So a b may take takes the letter a. So a a temporate date also. Notice the last three lines the last three letters here. Date uh date temperate. Okay. So a b. Okay. Um ab okay. This this line rhymes with this and this line rhymes with this. And the same applies to the to the next uh quattrains shines with declines and this takes C d C DM and trimmed. Okay. C D C D. Okay. The next one fade uh rhymes with shade, you know, always rhymes with growth. Okay. And this is called EF. Okay. E F E F. Okay. You can give it, you know, every new rhyme, you give it a new letter. And then we move to the couplet here, the last two lines. C G. Okay. Takes the letters after um the F. Okay. G C V G the same rhyme. And this helps I think you know the rhyme scheme helps to to create a music you know to achieve rhythm in the in the poem. All right. And uh what type of meter is used? And and we know that meter means repetition of unstressed and stressed syllables. Unstressed. Okay. Unstressed. Sorry, it's similar to this. Okay. Unstressed syllables followed by stressed. Okay. Unstressed followed by stressed. Unstressed followed by stress. And this is called yamic yamic pentimeter. Yamic pentimeteric means okay the unit is unstressed followed by stressed. Okay pentimeter it is repeated five times in the line. So in in this shall I compare the for summer's day unstressed followed by stressed and then okay unstressed followed by stressed and then and so on and so forth. We have five units here. Pentimeter penta means five. So this unit unstressed stressed unstressed stressed is repeated five times in the line. And this continues in the rest of the of the poem and and um that's why this poem is considered as a yamic using uh the the me the the the the meter of yamic pentameter yamic pentimeter. Okay. Um now let's move to the last I think to the last uh um uh element in this um coin. Okay. Uh use of literary devices. Use of literary devices literary elements you know figures of speech stylistic devices. So I'll just you know mention some of them not necessarily to cover every point. Okay, just we'll focus about uh important uh literary devices used in this in this point. Okay, so um first we can talk about the graphology is important. The look of the text. The look of the text is important. You know graphology here we can we can tell from looking okay graphology means the look um the look of the text you know. So is achieved through um for example you know it's a set the first point it is a sonnet okay 14 lines you know three quarters and and a couplet okay this is a Shakespeare's son so we can tell this from the look without reading okay another the use of uh rhetorical questions and see it's a rhetorical question shall I compare the to's day okay so that's the rhetorical question and that's another literary device which is used in this you know uh the use of repetition the use of repetition you know as you see in the last you know uh uh two lines so long as men can breathe or eyes can see okay so long so long repetition see notice here nor lose nor shall this so repetition of nor repetition again and um I think you know uh the word this here and this here repetition we can talk about you know fear every fair and from fair so that's repetition all right so um repetition is another uh important literary device in the in the poem all right um um also we can talk about parallelism parallelism and and here we notice this so long as men can the eyes can so nearly the same structure And then we have you know similar structure here. So long lives this and this gives life to the so repetition of similar structures. Parallelism the use of parallelism the use of um um uh the the use of parallelism the use of repetition. What is the the purpose is to emphasize the idea. Okay. It helps the the reader understand the point to emphasize his point, you know. Okay. Uh on the side of the speaker in the in the poem also we have um another literary device inversion. Inversion. Inversion means to to to shift or to mix the word order. uh you know that in English okay uh the sentence has um a specific order subject verb object but here in poetry sometimes um poets violate um this principle of word order. Okay. So um um um they v this order by doing some change in in in their um in their writing you know. So sometimes they begin instead of beginning with the subject they begin with the object you know they begin with an adverb you know. See so and often is his and often is his goal complexion dim. side. So that's C how he begins with often uh is his um goal. Okay. So um um all right. Um all right. So u inversion is um an aspect of poetry which is used by poets. So um here we have some examples in version and some sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines. Okay. So here we have you know sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines. So that's in the in that you know here if you want proper order the eye of heaven sometime shines too hot. Okay sometimes. So see notes how he begins with some time uh too hot. So there is a mixture of the order of or mixing the order of the um um the you know or or deviation let's call if you use a technical term it's a deviation from the norm. The norm is this. Okay. The norm is this. Okay. And this is deviation how poets sometimes you know do some changes. Okay. And this is I think you know specific for poetry. You can't you can't you can not use this when you write uh paragraphs or you write essays or when you answer questions. So this is specific for poetry only. Another example. Okay. This is um the line in the from the sun and often is his gold complexion dimmed and his good complexion is often dimmed. See so this is a proper order and this is the poem. So this is okay specific for poetry and this is called inversion inversion. Um also we have internal internal uh rhyme and it's every there you know um um here we have internal rhyme uh in the last two lines for example so long as men can breathe or eyes can see all right so there's music there is that so long lives this and this okay gives life to the repetition of this repetition of so long so this helps to create um um music. All right. Um All right. And and we have uh also we have alliteration. You know, alliteration means the repetition of um the first consonant sounds in the line of poetry. Okay, this is a good example. And every fur from fur sometimes declines. So f here the use of alliteration the repetition of the consonant sound or a consonant sound at the beginning of words f the f sound from the f sound um um f here al. So this is called alliteration. Repetition of consonant sound at the beginning of words in a line of uh of poetry. All right. So um we we we we notice the the use of personification. personification you know and personification means the writer I think attaches human qualities to things and objects and like you know so it's like a person rough winds do shake okay do shake rough winds do shake you it's shaking you know like a human being you know it's like it's moving the wind as if it's a person that shakes something um the darling ing buds of May darling uh buds you know like as if it's a person the flowers okay the the flowers buds you know are like uh a person okay and um the eye of heaven personification you know it's like as if it's the sun is like um a person who has an an an eye okay And I think that's enough for for for this short set. Thank you very much and see you inshallah in another uh lecture. Okay. Um the next one probably by Christopher Marlo. Come look live. Come live with me and be my love. Thank you very much.