OK, dear brothers and sisters, good evening. Peace be upon you, and Allah's mercy and blessings. OK, on ​​today's material we meet at the fifth meeting tonight. OK, today's topic is about models, methods, techniques, approaches, learning theories and also strategies, especially on teaching and learning English. OK, now we will continue to the first one that is about models. OK, learning model or learning model in Indonesian, it is a learning model is a form of learning that is described from the beginning to the end of the lesson which is prepared by the educational facilitator or a teacher or a lecturer. Okay, so the learning model is a form of learning, which has been prepared from the start, right? So, like a lesson plan, well, like when you first collected it to enter RPL, there was a lesson plan. Well, there must be something called a learning model. Well, does that exist? Isn't that right ? OK, and then the function of the learning model. What is the function? The function is as a guide for the teachers, lecturers or educators in carrying out the learning. And this shows that the each model that will be used in a learning determines the device used in that learning. So in learning, the function of the learning model is as a guide, as a guide, as a reference for teachers or lecturers, or instructors in learning. So, in every lesson, the instructor needs preparation. So, that's the preparation before teaching, right? So, if the person teaching has preparation or without preparation, the teaching method will definitely be different . The way of teaching and the way of learning are definitely different. Oh, I see . If we talk about the function of this learning model, if the teacher prepares well about the learning model, it means that he has prepared beforehand, so the details of the learning process in class will definitely be different from those without preparation. Okay. And then, what should be in a model? Of course, there are things that must be included in the learning model, regarding learning tools and devices, right? Use in the learning, which is used during the learning process. Okay, that's what a model is. Well, there are 10 models, right? There are 10 models of learning or the learning models are familiar in the teaching and learning. So, in learning, there are still around 10 things that are still familiar, right? There is something called the flip classroom model. There is something called a discovery learning model. There is a debate model. Role play or play role, yes. Role play model or e-learning model. And then, problem based learning. Well, now many of the projects are in problem-based learning. There is number eight, which is the most common thing happening now, namely project-based learning. Number seven is inquiry learning. There is action learning. And the last one is BYOD, BYOD is bring your own devices, maybe dear brothers and sisters here, maybe there are some who have practiced BYOD, which is bring your own devices, maybe they have but don't know the name, maybe it's like that, okay, there are 10 models that I deliver here and then we are to take a leap about the methods now, okay, first, we have talked about learning models, now we are talking about learning methods, methods and models are different, yes, if we talk about learning methods, it is a method or a process of delivering material and knowledge that is arranged systematically and measurably to the student in teaching and learning activity in order to achieve a certain predetermined goals, so if it is for learning methods, it is different, if the model is eh, what is the learning model, it is the term that will be applied, how, using what model, right, but if the method is the process, the method is the step by step that will be used to deliver material systematically and can be measured, so the steps can be measured, okay, that is called the method of learning or learning method, then when we enter the learning method, there are four kinds of learning methods Yes, in teaching, such as the teacher-centered method, that is a method, so it is centered on the teacher, for example, like that. The teacher who lectures, the teacher who shares knowledge is called a teacher center. How about the second one, there is a method, namely the student-centered method, which is centered on students. Students who are always active, students convey what it is, eh, sharing ideas, then there is questioning, then discussion, well, that is more of a student-centered method. Then the third is the method of using low tech, which is using technology in moderation, so eh, not using complicated technology, not using high technology but using ordinary technology like LCD , using a laptop, using YouTube, and so on. So it doesn't use complicated technology. So showing the video, showing visually, right? Then the fourth is using high technology, which means using increasingly sophisticated technology, by using a smart TV. The smart TV must be equipped with, for example, Zoom, something that can be hybrid, like Webex, or something else. It already uses high technology, right? Use application, what kind of application do you use? That's the more sophisticated method. So there are four methods of learning, okay. And then talking about strategy now. Okay, now let's get into learning strategy. What is a learning strategy? What is a learning strategy? A learning strategy is a systematic planning and implementation to improve the quality and quality of learning. So, it is a plan that has been done, what is systematic planning, which is systematic, which has been designed in stages, right? And the implementation is to improve the quality of learning. That is a strategy of learning. What are they? Well, we can see this. There are so many strategies, there are seven strategies of learning or learning strategies in teaching. For example like expository learning strategies. So, what are expository learning strategies? What kind of strategy? In this case, teachers play a very important role because they are a source of knowledge and skills. Lecture and tutorial methods can be used in expository strategies. So, it's more up to the lecturers, who are the ones who impart more knowledge, impart their skills, more up to the lecturers. So, it's like a college lecture or a tutorial method, right? Then what is in the inquiry learning strategy is that the inquiry learning strategy is a series of learning activities that emphasize the thinking process. Through inquiry learning strategies, students' orientation will be better. So, here, inquiry emphasizes more on the thinking process. Oh, I see . So, children tend to find out the answers themselves and use their critical thinking to find the answers or to resolve the problem. Like that. So, the criteria here for inquiry is to find the answer themselves when they have to carry out learning activities with their own thinking process, right? Then if it's the problem base, now we go into the problem base. Problem base is an ee learning strategy that contains a series of learning activities that emphasize the process of solving problems that have been faced scientifically. Okay, what does it mean? So, if this problem base is usually a problem provided, yes. Then the students' activity is to find solutions to the problems, yes, scientifically. Scientific means he needs to dig into theories, needs to dig into what, ee, the term is, discoveries from existing research, that have already been done, well, like that. That is about problem base learning. To find out what the solution is, yes, this is okay. Okay, we are going to listen for the first call to prayer, okay, but actually we are going to continue, so okay. Yes, so this type of learning for the fourth strategy, okay, the fourth strategy is an ee strategy for increasing thinking abilities, right, ham. The point is the same as critical thinking, yes. So, increasing thinking abilities. Well, where is increasing thinking abilities? This type of learning strategy is carried out by emphasizing the thinking abilities of each student. The material provided is not simply presented, but students will be guided to achieve the process so that they can discover from themselves the concept that should be mastered through a continuous style of process and using the experiences that the students have. This means that here they share with each other. The students can be formed into groups. Then they share concepts, share ideas, share experiences regarding things related to learning. Well, they are here to discuss using their thinking abilities to present something to other people. That's how it is . So what is he? Convey something, dare to convey his ideas to his friends in one group. Okay, this is a strategy for increasing thinking abilities. Then the fifth strategy, this is cooperative learning strategy. What is the cooperative learning strategy? Cooperative learning was developed by Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. In this theory, Vygotsky believed that children are active in constructing the knowledge. Teachers can use the cooperative learning model to carry out this strategy. What does it mean? Actually, this is almost similar to number four, but here the students need to collaborate. Need to collaborate with someone else, with their friends. That his cognitive will develop. Yes, will develop after they know the knowledge from eh the other students or from other students, yes. The other student will add will add some knowledge, will add some experiences, yes, to construct the other students, the other student knowledge. Well, that's it. So, helping others to construct their ideas. That's how it is , so that they cooperate with each other , that is, work together. OK, next strategy for number six is this contextual learning strategy. The contextual learning strategies here, this is about the learning concept that can help teachers connect students in real world situations with the learning material that will be delivered. And then, indirect, contextual learning strategies can encourage students to apply the relationship between life and knowledge well. OK, we are going to use our critical thinking now about the contextual learning strategy. What is it like, huh? What does it work? What is this for? And what are contextual learning strategies like? So, this helps teachers, yes. Not only helping students, but also helping teachers. That's it, so that the students can face the real conditions, the real conditions, the reality outside, like that, right? With the materials that are actually there, that's it. Indirectly, contextual learning strategies can encourage students to apply the relationship between life and knowledge. For example, for example, if a prospective teacher, like you in Bachelor of English Education, of course, your contextual learning strategy is you what is it? Directly practice your teaching at school. Well, that's it. So, you try to know about the background of the students in different schools, in different classes. OK, in different students competencies, okay? So, you will see firsthand what it's like to teach children with different abilities in the same competency level. Then how about in different school environments. Then what else? Besides ability, the school environment is also important . Then the level of heterogeneity of the students is like that, for example. How is that? This is directly the practice of contextual learning strategy. Okay. So, you are in relationship between life and knowledge. It means you are in touch with real life. Mmm, with the knowledge you have. The last strategy. The final strategy is affective learning strategy. We know affective, not effective but affective. In developing affective learning strategies, teachers must understand what values ​​they want to achieve. Observation, interviews, and personal approaches can be used to do this. What is it like? Okay. So, here the strategy is to use an affective strategy. Affective is like an attitude, right? Then daily behavior. Well, that's called a learning strategy regarding teaching and learning, right? So, the strategy for learning is connected to their attitudes, the students. How is his daily life, his behavior? In his daily life, he's like that, huh? So, it started from there, right? That's why affective learning strategies start with the teacher having criteria. The teacher must observe the class and then interview the students. Then approach the students. Well that's it. That is the strategy used when you teach. Before teaching, I observe first. What do you think his son's attitude is like? Are you fierce? Are they that naughty? Or do you dare to protest, for example, like that? So you know the condition of the child from the condition of his attitude and behavior and the approach used by a teacher to teach his students. Okay. Yes, so each class definitely has a different environment, different abilities, different attitudes of the children. So learning techniques are the teacher's efforts to use his learning strategies in the classroom process. So, technique is the way teachers use strategies, that's what technique is called. Okay, so what strategy did you use ? Is that so? There were seven strategies earlier, right? There are seven strategies used by the teacher. So, what are the stages of the strategy? How the teacher uses it, that's called the technique. Okay, so how teachers use it, that is using that strategy, that is called learning techniques. Okay, and there are also 10 learning techniques. Well, that's the kind. So, you have to be able to differentiate between methods, models, strategies, and techniques. You have to be able to tell the difference. And then the techniques of learning or the learning techniques there are 10 also, what are called lecture techniques. Lecture techniques are lecture-style techniques , that's how it is. Lecture, tutorial, monologue model, right? That is the first form of engineering learning. Then the second learning technique is the discussion technique. What is discussion technique? Well, we need to know what this is, okay? If the technique is a discussion technique, that means you have to work in groups, right? This means that students are grouped, they are given what is it, a topic of discussion, something like that. What's the topic? Will be similar topic or different topic. This is based on the teachers way or the teachers strategies, that's it. It depends on the strategy you want to use, right? And the technique uses discussion, right? Then you can also use the Q&A technique, right? But what's the strategy? Oh, the strategy I use, for example, here I use a contextual learning strategy, right? Using contextual learning means you have to apply it in real life. So it has to be contextual, meaning you have to dive in somewhere, right? Then the technique I use is question and answer. Can? Okay, if you use the question and answer Q and A technique, that means they first dive into the learning model, right? For example, going to the field to look for something or other. Looking for something to what is it to describe for example something. Oh, looking for flowers to describe like that huh. And then the teacher will deliver a question and answer technique about the things that he found on the field. He found that there were girls who found roses, and there were hibiscus flowers for example. And then the teacher should give questions to the students and then the students will try to answer about what they found. What they found. Well, that's it. And then whatever it is, you may use any kinds of techniques like that. This is just an example. Let me just give you an example. Let me just give you an example first. Then the fourth technique is called the assignment technique, which means giving assignments, right? And then simulation technique provides simulation. The technique of inquiry is to provide one's own opinion to find one's own solution. Experimentation techniques using experiments mean that there are experiments that must be carried out, right? And then the engineering work tour. The work tour technique can also be used for cooperative ah oh contextual learning strategies can also use the work tour technique, so where do they go then the work tour technique means taking turns where they go, they take notes, so they have gone here, what is recorded, what is found there, that's called a work tour, so there is work here that must be recorded, then there is also recorded, where else is recorded, it goes around to different places, that's called a work tour technique, tutorial technique, tutorial means like Mam Mega, this is a tutorial technique, meaning Mam Mega gives a sample tutorial, right, then problem solving technique means there is a problem, there is a solution, the students are given a problem, they have to make a solution, okay, this is the ten techniques of learning, then we go into the last approaches, okay, we have started from the beginning, starting from the model and then the method, yes, it is clearly different, strategies and then techniques, and now we come to the approach, what is the learning approach in essence, a learning approach is a teacher's way of implementing a detail and detail method, meaning approaches are the way teachers apply learning methods, what are the four learning methods, okay, remember again, there are four, there are student center, there is teacher center, there is low tech, there is high tech. That was the method, okay, then when you already know the method and how do you use it, how do you use the details of the method, if you use student-centered, that means you have to do something like that, right? Compared to learning method, the learning approach is more or the teacher actions in carrying out lessons more specific. For example, in a moment which must be more different from a usual day. Yes, even though they are both student-centered, the different approach is the teacher's action. This means that the teacher knows how to apply it in the classroom. Okay, so even though they are both student- centered, the active people are different. Yes, the active of the student can be in a discussion. The active of the students can be in debate. The active of the student can be in what is it? In eh presenting something. OK, the student should present something. The student should explore something. The student should speak in front of the class. OK, this is the way of the teacher implementing the detailed method. That is the way teacher me what is it? Applying the method, that's how it is. So student- centered is not monotonous, oh the students are discussing, wow, that's not the case. There are so many kinds, there are so many actions that the students can do, yes. And also the teacher's action is there to give instruction. How the teacher gave instructions there. The instructions are not just, for example, okay student, let's discuss something, right? That's right , but we also have to try not to always give instructions to the students where eh asking him to do something in what is it? What is it? I felt forced to do it. Oh, I see . What are they? They can do your instructions happily, yes. Without any what I say without any eh, what I say force, yeah. Without any pressure, that's all. Okay, this one. That is the goal of the learning approach. So, the learning approach can be different in one method of learning. In one learning method, you can have various approaches. What Mam Eka said earlier, yes. So, even though the student center method is like that, yes. But you can use many approaches. Well, now let's try this. The approach is almost the same as the names in the strategy. There are some that are almost the same in strategy. But it's different, you know. There is something like this contextual aspect in the strategy. So, it's a contextual learning strategy, right? But here it's a contextual approach. Here are nine approaches that you can use, you know . There is a science, technology, and society approach. By using technology, using gadgets, that's how it is. Using a cellphone, using a smart TV, using the internet, using, eh, Chromebook for example, like that. Then the contextual approach, yes. Constructivist approach, scientific approach, deductive approach, inductive approach, conceptual approach, realistic approach, and open-ended problem approach. There are nine of these. Well, we have nine constructivist approaches. Scientific, means related to science, right? Deductive means what is the model approach? What is the approach to learning from deductive and inductive? If the deductible is from large to small or small to large, okay. Try checking this between deductive and inductive, okay? And then conceptually, meaning conceptually it means learning theory, right? Conceptually, it means just learning by thinking, right? Then, if it's realistic, it means learning through the field, right? Open ended problem approach means using the problem solving strategy mentioned above . Then, now we move on to the last one, namely learning theory. Okay, what is learning theory? Learning theory is a set of concepts related to psychology related to philosophical foundations, history, goals and views in relation to the educational process. Okay, so if we want to know, learning theory is a set of concepts that are actually related to what the philosophical foundations are . Eee then there is history, goals, that are related to learning theory. Well, we have a lot of learning theories, okay? In learning, there is Bloom's theory, what other theories are there? Piaget, what other theories are there? Well, in learning English, we should learn a lot about things related to listening, like Vandergrift, right? Then Brown yeah, then who else? There are a lot of them in English . Yes, if I want to mention them one by one, you will know later when you write the article. Yes, these are theories that need to be used in learning. Then now we need to know this theory a little bit, no need for too much, okay? There are five theories that are popular in learning, you know. That is, behaviorist theory, then there is cognitive theory, there is constructive theory, you know, the same as the constructivist approach, you know. That's part of the theory, right? So what are the constructive approaches, constructive theories? Humanist theory, then finally there is 21st century learning theory. Behaviorism, that is behavioristic theory, behaviorism is a learning concept that emphasizes the concept of stimulus and responses to concept eh stimulus and responses, and these two concepts are considered to play a big role in influencing the learning process. So there is something called behavior, it is stimulus and response. So it's student behavior, yes. Okay. So behavioral theory, well habit theory. Now. So if learning is based on habit, you know, because of habit, that's roughly how to learn, you know. In theory, you study every day, for example, the habit is to study from 8:00 to 2:00. Yes. It's common every morning at school to study continuously, continuously studying, what stimulus and response will that give rise to? What did he get from it? Well, this is a behaviorist theory. Then cognitive. Cognitive means thinking power, right? Kognitivism is a learning theory that states the development is closely related to how students build an understanding in their minds. This means that this is the student's ability to think and absorb a concept. Absorbing learning. So when he is given a lesson one statement for example "Peanuts are delicious." Oh, I see. Is it absorbed all those nuts delicious? That's how it is. Then when the teacher's cognitive theory is presented, he uses long statements like that . So we can have a very long statement. Are all the long sentences absorbed by the students? Well, that's cognitive, right? So the students' understanding can be used to check the Q&A. That's a question and answer session, right? If, for example, it has been explained, what the material is, is given and then checked. Yes, give question to the students. Yes, if they can understand well, it means they can give a good response, right? He can give the right answer, which means he understands well, right? Then constructive theory. Well, constructivism is an educational theory that believes the students are able to build their own understanding as long as they are given the freedom and responsibility to do so. What does it mean? What does this mean? For example, a teacher gives an assignment. Yes, one question to the students. For example, how does for example, how does the what do you say? The content writer, for example. How does the content writer deliver their content, for example. How does a content writer convey his content, for example, like that, the written content is like that. Well, that means you give them questions to think about first and figure out. So, that means they have to build their own understanding, they have to build their own understanding. What to do? Who is a content writer? Well, that's it. He has to look for it, he has to search for something, right? He had to search on Google, he had to find something that could answer that. Well, that is giving freedom and responsibility. You give them the freedom to search first. Yes, what they want to answer from your question. Well, that's constructive division, eh, constructive theory, right? Then humanist theory. Humanism is a learning theory that focuses on the belief that students must be helped to discover themselves as complete human beings. If it is humanist, the theory is definitely related to when people learn, they definitely need the help of others to learn. He can't improve himself without the help of others, that's what humanism is all about. Then finally the 21st century learning theory is a theory that emphasizes the importance of meaningful learning that cannot be separated from everyday life. So, if we provide knowledge, we cannot separate it from everyday life. We must certainly relate it to their lives, we relate it to their habits, yes, we relate it to their daily activities. Well, that's called 21st century learning theory which needs to be related to their daily lives. Well, that's it. OK, this is five theories that are popular in learning. Okay, students, I think that's enough, yeah. So, that's all the material today. What is there? Eh, six items, yes, that I told you today. That is about the model, method, and then strategy, technique, strategies, that's it. And then, eh, what is it? Approaches, yes. And then the last four theories, uh, learning, learning theory. Okay, students, yes. This is our, eh, what is it? Our learning today for my explanation. And then, uh, actually I give you, I will give you some questions based on my explanation. I will, I need your experiences, yes. I need your own experiences based on my questions in sim learning. I will deliver the questions, uh, based on my explanation here, yes, about the six items. And then you can, what is it? Answer it in PDF file and upload in sim learning. OK, thank you so much for today, okay? And then we will see you again on the different materials, yes, after, uh, this material. So, next week will be the sixth meeting first. Thank you so much and wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.