Principle Of Inheritance And Variation Class 12 One Shot 🔥| NCERT Full Revision | VIJETA 2026

Hello Hi Namaste everyone how are you all People welcome to the platform of physics Wala I am your biology educator my name Is Doctor R Shitali Dil Se Aaye Didi Bulao Dil Se Aaye Ma'am, call me Dil Se Aaye Industry Call me cutie who came from the heart, call me how are you Good evening to everyone brothers, good evening. Good Evening everyone. Good afternoon also. it It is the middle time. It goes a little like this. What is the matter? What is the matter. Sir, once Please refresh it. Please refresh it sir. Refresh. What's up friend? What is the matter. So brother, I hope today we are full. Passion. We are full of enthusiasm. Today we Brother, we are going to do our biology Second unit starts from class 12th. that is Genetics Unit. This son unites himself How much does 20 marks come? 20 Dam Marks. Sir, please remove this one. Yes, remove this one. You remove this one. Yes, that's it. Ok. Ok? So this one unit itself beta 20 It comes to the number. And I'm giving you guys a Let me tell you a small thing. I mean, one with me It's a thing. I don't think I feel like we Doing most of your day If we look, it is our phone. End I always have my phone wallpaper Sir Sir, this sound box has to be removed from here. Yes. Ok. Ok. So we always have our Most of the time I look at my phone. So I always think that if I ever I am also sad or demotivated at times In life, I am always on my phone. I keep the wallpaper such that whoever sees it that I get motivated or by looking at whom May I find some hope. So just recently Last night I changed my wallpaper to something this That's What If It All Works Out. So this The wallpaper says What If It All Works Out. So many times it happens that we I think this is not a thing in my life, friend. It is happening, that thing is not happening. How will be? How will you complete so much syllabus? So much How will things work? And suddenly you look at What is your wallpaper and wallpaper saying? What if what you are thinking happens. Then what? Then what? What If It All Works out. And son that what if is Always converted inu it is shorly going to Happen. So we can accept this thing today. Otherwise it will happen tomorrow. Well then. So today Without Any Further Delay Let's Start Today's class. Because many children feel That chapter on genetics is beyond our control. Not there. But trust me it is one of the Easiest chapter. I will try my best to I will do this in the easiest way possible Let me teach the chapter. So let's start brother Principles of Inheritance and Variation. Ok? Your son has an app called PW Books. If you want to download NCERT on the app Do you want to practice questions? Yes, you can do it by going to this app. You can scan and download from here. donation Son, we will give you notes after this class. Where will we meet? So son, inside the PW app there is a Pie feature. Pie feature. When you look at that Pie feature Clicking on it will take you to your notes which are You can download it. Ok? This is the son My Telegram channel. Here too I will tell you All the updates about the winner, About Questions, About Weightage, Notes I'll try everything that I can Whatever information you people have before I can give your board exams, I will Be Providing It Over Here. Ok? Let's name the chapter Principles of Inheritance and Variation And lastly we do our QP Session. During the entire session, we were very I am about to ask all the questions. Butt One The session ends. Everything will be done. We Let's ask a few more questions so that we can When all of us go after reading this chapter The concepts should be absolutely amazing. Ok? So brother, first of all drink some water. Correct Is? It is a big chapter. I will read it comfortably. Correct Is? It is a big chapter. I will read it comfortably. We Give me a second, son. Let's start the lecture. What is genetics? Beta Genetics There is a study of such a thing. that is it is a branch of science which deals with inheritance and Deals with variation. that your face is your Why does he look like his father? like mommy Why is it visible? Why is your height so high? Are? Why is your hair this color? Correct Is? All these things are in your body, son. What changes have occurred? Your Inherited What things have come inside the body? Of all these When we study, that is called age Genetics. Indirect meaning of genetics What happens is that we change the genes of our body into these Studying things. Ok? Then A word comes up, son, inheritance. Inheritance means that this is a There is a process, son, in which what Are there transfers? Our characters You guys have something in us from our parents. So inside you people from your parents It will be similar. Isn't it? similar to will be. Son, we will see the duration. Now! We don't know the duration. We Will Try Age Soon as possible. Ok? So what would happen son? Is? When the process of transfer brother is someone of yours Information about your parents' bodies is inside you. that is coming, the characters are coming, that Is inheritance. Inheritance is a process Is. Definition of inheritance and heredity Most of the students are confused in Let's go. Although the definitions are Very-very similar but heredity means Transfer of characters from one generation Two another. And inheritance is a process. Ok? Inheritance is a process. Then Here comes the variation. Variation means you can say Yes, changes. Son, you look different. I am different I can see it. Your siblings look different from you. Will be. Are? your aunt, your maternal aunt, your Aunts all look different. Why different Can you see me brother? Because of variation. Variations Son, that is degree by which progeny Differs from parents. You all look like your parents. There will be, but it will not happen exactly Same brother like in parent teacher meeting when If mom and dad go, they would recognize me. Teacher, this is his father, this is his mother. Son, if you can't recognize me, it's okay, but You never look exactly where you are There is always a change that is variation then son comes I am important here for Gene Gene. I would like to write about genes because Son, in your 12th board exams The question has come many times. what is the Unit of inheritance called as unit of Inheritance is called as a gene. what is gene Does it happen son? it is a segment of a DNA. Let's say this is a DNA. So its Which is a segment. This is Jean. Ok? Chemically, it is a part of DNA. Is. Every gene son is about you Carries information. There could be someone Gene what color will your eyes be? Yours What will be the skin color? your hair color How will it be? What will be your height? Every gene Son, there are different types of people in your body. Carries information. Ok? Location What happens brother? gene where gene The location of the object at which it is present is called Gene locus. Then son, you can see that these people Whatever the characters of the parents are Come inside the child. of our human There is a cell inside. Nucleus in the cell It happens. The nucleus contains chromosomes and chromosomes contain DNA and We call a segment of DNA a gene. Brother, it is not my birthday. Why birthday? Writing Happy Birthday Meaningless? Ok? Then comes Ellil. What is Ellil? It happens? Everybody reads ma'am it is Alternative form of a gene. Suppose the gene What is the eye color but will your eyes be black? It will be brown. That is an alleluia. Ok? You People must have seen There Are Dominant End They are recessive alleles. Dominant means T, Recessive means small T. But the gene is considered to be Gaya's height. But will the height be tall or dwarf? It may be son, his allergies are telling this. Ok? What happened to Jean? Of height. Now Will the height be long or short? that is Ellileel. clear? Then son Now you can see this Dominant Allele which It happens. This is the Dominant Eleal. Ok? And this is a recessive allele. So son, the dominant always suppresses the recessive Gives. Now you think for yourself, this is a big dog. If brother has a fight with younger Dogesh Bhai So who will win? Obviously son, if someone If you took its name then you would definitely Perhaps you live your life in hope. Correct There is a brother who is elder, Dogesh brother who is elder Dogesh is my brother, he is my younger brother I will squeeze it. So always remember if If there is a fight between dominant and recessive The recessive will definitely be suppressed. accept this Capital t. This is small t. This is definitely It will suppress it. Ok? Then comes the son genotype and phenotype Difference. Ok? What is a genotype and What is a phenotype? Look at phenotype It happens son, your physical appearance. You How are you looking? your physical Characteristics, What is your height? Correct Is? What is your skin colour? your eye color What is? Whatever is in your body We can see it externally. But your What is genetics? Ok? in your body Is it T, small T or A in your body? Which of these is it? That is a genotype. But you are tall, are you short in height? What we can see from outside is that Phenotype. I can see from the outside that Dude, oh, you've become very tall these days. You friend. Okay, we'll take it here. Like here we have Shivam Rana with us. I I will tell you friend Shivam, your height is very big. It's done, friend. That is the phenotype. But if we want to know about brother Shivam How are the jeans inside? He is pure tall that Impure to us is his genotype It shows. Ok? Then come the two sons The terms haploid and diploid. of haploid It means one copy of each chromosome. One Only one copy of each chromosome. this is Haploid. Diploid means son two copies of Each chromosome. When chromosomes are in pairs Yes, that is a deployed condition. When Chromosomes are single like you, Ok? That is a haploid condition. Then comes son's character and traits. What is character, son? feature of a Individual. Bhai character means that friend who What will be the height of the plant? Ok? Height What is? What is the shape of the seed? These are Characters. But will the height be tall or dwarf? Will it happen? That is a trait. The seed round will be Will it be wrinkled? That is a trait. Ok? Then comes homozygous and heterozygous. Son, you guys already know all these things. You study in 10th class. It's Just That I always, whenever I teach genetics, Revise the basics in the beginning so I get it done because I believe this I think you guys have forgotten the concepts. Of earlier. Ok? Yes. Homozygous means It is the same. Isn't it? Suppose brother Here is B. Here is B. They are the same Beans. Here is the small B, small B. Beans Sem homozygous. Here's a capital B, small B is heterozygous. Small B is, Capital B is heterozygous. Ok? will tell me Everyone, what is this? I will tell you now. Here I am writing. You will tell me. These Is it heterozygous or homozygous? quickly I will tell you. Is T heterozygous, homozygous? This condition is beta heterozygous. Next, son, here comes the next question. How to make gamuts? This question you Ask for one mark in people's exams Is taken. Otherwise, when you are monohybrid or Even if you do a dihybrid cross, you still get Son, you should know how to calculate gambits. Now I will tell you the easiest way to Calculate gambits. Isn't it? Have to pay attention. Just have to stay focused. Son is two capital T's. It's the same, brother. V Means Gamemate is T. Here also it is the same i.e. gamete is T. Here son, this is the bean. These beans Is. Meaning this is a gambit. Ok? Right now I I will give you one more condition. Brother tell me what will be the gamemate? If If the son gamete is to be removed in homozygous What you both have in common, one by one Take it out. Like its gamete will be formed. Ok? But ma'am, if no one is homozygous How if someone is not homozygous Will you take it out? So son, the formula is 2 Power n = Number of heterozygous pairs. So Suppose for example This is it. How many gametes will its son produce? How heterozygous is the pair? Forest. So here 2 to the power of 1 means son, two of it Gametes will be formed. Ok? Another one gives you a situation. Am. You take it out. Example How many gametes will be formed? Tell. Firstly, this Tell me how many gametes will be formed? Here I see two heterozygous pairs. So 2 to the power of two means four gamemates. Will be made. Four gametes will be formed. A with B, A with small B, Small A's with Big B, Small A's With small B. Understand? This way son, we are gamemates Take it out. Ok? You have to take this thing out Should come. Use this formula, son. Needed so that when I'm monohybrid and If I study dihybrid cross then gametes You should come to take it out. Let's go Now let us read Bhai Ji The God of Genetics The Father of Genetics None Other Than Roger Mendel ok Mendel's Law of Inheritance Mendel Yes, brother, because of them, the genetics we have today You are reading, are you able to read it brother? Because Mendel ji is of very amazing level He was a scientist, like you people, he lost. His son was not one of those who believed Son, you faced a lot of rejections in this world. In fact, even during his lifetime, his publications His experiments were never It was also not noticed in the world. But After his death, his work was greatly appreciated. The next level was paid as of today's date. He is called the father of genetics. Ok? He had a son, a hybridization The experiment was conducted. on whom did Was? On a pea plant. And son, he For how many years did they conduct the experiment? Was? From years to. From 1856 to 1863. Mendel Son was the first scientist who Statistics and Mathematics within Biology Logic was used. Statistics and Maths was used for the first time in Biology In. And you guys already know that. Hum Bio It becomes a big deal for the people. You No, I have come to Maths, friend. Our syllabus is In. So friend, where are these scientists like this Who first combined Maths and Stats It was used in biology. Mendel Ne beta 14 plants 14 true breeding p Plant varieties were taken in pairs which were similar except one Character. Now to understand this line I Let me tell you. Suppose they Brother 14 plants. Ok? How many plants were taken He? Had taken 14 plants. and every plant Was in pair. Meaning there were seven pairs of Plants. But all these pairs have the same gene There was a difference. Now many times questions come in your boards. It is said that why does Brother Mendel like peas? Did you like it? Brother, take the pumpkin, take the gourd You would have taken it, you would have taken the ladyfinger. Yes brother, he Why did you take peas only? Ok? So this is the The biggest question is why pee plant? First of all, collecting peas is easy. Absolutely. The pea plant is a It is a bisexual flower. Easley in this You can do self pollination. To you Don't wait for cross-pollination. It would have happened. This is an annual plant. means a lot Son, this plant has a short life span. Of. It grows early and spreads quickly. It grows early and spreads quickly. Right? It Can Produce More Offsprings in Short time. Son, there are a lot of peas together. All the offsprings. If you peeled the peas How many grains are there in a pea, brother? So many contrasting opposite traits in p. Son contrasting traits mean some peas The plants are tall. some were smaller Are. Some pea plants are yellow. Any It is green. The seed that someone has There is a round. someone would have been crushed Is. So we also have a lot of characters. Get to read. which help us to Understand the concept of dominant and Recessive allele. Plus son cross pollination Emasculation can also be performed By the technique of bagging. Emasculation and Bagging son we have sexual reproduction I read in and flowering plants that If there is a bisexual flower and it has If we want to do cross pollination then Cut off its anthers. that is Emasculation. Put a bag on it. that is Bagging. Ok? So son, all these things Because this pea plant was used for experiment was selected for. Then son, now Mendel ji has these 14 plants. He consumed these 14 plants The characters were taken. What are the characters Were you there brother? They studied seed shape, seed color, Pod Shape, Pod Color, Flower Color, Flower Position and stem height were taken. Among these Son, he is dominant recessive dominant Had taken recessive that brother seed shape dominant Round pea seeds are beta dominant The pea is perfectly round but if the pea The grain may be round or like this Wrinkled seed color may be yellow Dominant and Green Recessive Pad Shape Beta If the pad is in proper shape, that is Fully inflated. Pad son, if you shrink like this It is a type of thing that is constricted. Then son the pad color is green dominant. Yellow Recessive. Son, here its seed shape and Most children get confused with the color of the pad. Are. So remember yellow is dominant in the grain Is. Ok? The pad is orange in color. Seed Color I have osit. Many people call it yellow Let's make it green. So remember this thing. Flower Color Beta Violet Violet Color Flower dominant. white color recessive Is. Flower position son if plant. Ok? Now you pay attention here. If the plant Son, such flowers are growing. side by side This is dominant. If it grows at the very tip Has been terminal this is recessive. Ok? Then comes stem height tall and dwarf. So son, these are total 14 plants. So these Son, buy some plants which have seeds only. They were coming round and round. took such a plant In which the seeds were coming only wrinkled. One Took a plant whose seeds were turning yellow. I took a plant that was producing green seeds. Were. In this way, son, he planted 14 plants. Had taken. These are the totals on which he placed his The experiment was performed. Now comes inheritance of one gene. Son I will do this in the sequence of NCERT only. I teach the chapter. Isn't it? So NCERT The first thing in the sequence is Inheritance of one gene means monohybrid Cross. Ok? Hybridization Experimentation Carried out by Mendel where he crossed tall Plant. With a dwarf plant son inheritance What does off one gene mean? He The first Tall worked on only one gene of the plant. and dwarf. Ok? Meaning they only Took only one feature. That is suppose to stem Height. Ok? What did they take? same Took the character. When taking the same character Yes, son, that is called inheritance of Forest gene. When we study only one gene Are doing. Now How to make a monohybrid cross? Correct Is? How to make a monohybrid cross? Brother, I took a tall plant, I took one Small plant. Ok? its gametes son What will you become? is homozygous. There are two T's meaning T will be formed. There are two small t's here, meaning gambit. What will happen? T You guys already know that there is no 2n conditions that are transformed into n She goes. It's a simple matter. Now son, this is the fuse of both of them. will be. T will be which is a heterozygous stall. Now son, what did Mendel do? This is called F1 Generation. Call it F1 or it is called filial generation. What was the first generation that came? That is T which Is a heterozygous tall. So Mendel said I get them self-pollinated. Meaning pollinate this with this. Then T Got them self-pollinated. So self We created a son to pollinate. Punnett Square. Ok? What did we make? Punnett Square Made. What does Punnett Square mean? Son? This is a graphical representation From which you can easily understand Mendel's study. You can easily represent here. So What did I do? T Now when I cross-performed it, I saw three tall men and a double orf Came. So what is the phenotypic ratio, son? when you You will see these plants I will show you now. Son, plant these plants here. If you see how many plants grow tall in this, you will see Are you? How tall are these plants? Out of the four? Quickly in the chat box I will tell you. How many plants are looking tall brother? Out of these four? Three plants look tall. a small feeling Is. Therefore the son ratio became 3:1. But friend, what do I know? What do I know that This one is T. Is T or is T. Because son Be it this condition or that condition. These In both conditions the plant will be tall. But Tell me what are their genetics? Their What do the jeans look like? So son, for him We calculated the genotype. genotype is Son two were pure tall. Hey, there is something wrong here too. Ok? One was pure tall pure recessive and One was heterozygous tall. So 1:2:1 There were two sons, heterozygous tall, and these. were heterozygous. Ye Pure Tall Ye Pure Was a dwarf. The ratio came to 1:2:1 Ok? Similarly, son, we have to maintain the ratio It has to be taken out and written. You have whichever Try performing a monohybrid cross Take. Ratio of phenotype and genotype same This is what comes. The phenotype is 3:1 The genotype comes to 1:21 Okay, now the thing to understand is this Whether the son is T or T, the child son is always tall Will be born. It doesn't matter if they are homozygous Tall is that heterozygous is tall. Tall means It is tall. I told you where t And t is t, only t will be visible. son height only The only case where t is small is when I am in. Ok? So brother, I sent this to you very soon. To insert. Now we will write some results. of monohybrid crosses. We saw How many offspring are produced in a monohybrid cross? Were? Four children were born. What was the phenotype? Tall and Dwarf. 3:1 What was the genotype? Heterozygous dominant. Homozygous Dominant and Homozygous Recessive. What was the phenotypic ratio? What was the genotypic ratio? We have everything I mentioned it. Remember son board In exams, many children say that friend Our numbers are not coming at all. Madam Son, that's why your numbers are not coming Because you perform the cross the same way I would not have done it and come back. Many children just have a small Monohybrid crosses are made. No son, after making the cross, this Come back after writing the conclusions. You will get good Marx. So son, Mendel ji described this monohybrid What did Mendel want to say through the cross? You People have seen that 3 Idiots movie. In which neither he is a professor nor any machines Is teaching the definition of. So Aamir Khan raises his hand and says, "I Let me tell you what is the definition of a machine? Then he would say something in his own language. Is. Then scientist means the teacher who He asks him what do you want to say? So son, everyone here has a question in their mind. I wondered what Mendel wanted to say, ma'am. By doing monohybrid cross, Brother Mendel Why did a monohybrid cross? Because Mendel said that there was something which Passing from one generation to another Is. Brother, only then the children are their own They look like parents. there is a thing Something is coming close. which makes any change in It is not happening. That thing is getting close Elder brother. Isn't it? Ok. then from Parents to Offsprings Through the Gametes Over Successive Generations. Brother, grandfather to father From father to child to brother from one generation This thing is being passed on to the second generation. So that Time so son they don't know the word gene Was. But Mendel gave the word a name. Factors. that friend from one generation to another Generations are what pass on Factors. Which son, in today's date It is called gene. What is a gene son? V-code for a Contrasting Traits Known Age Alleles. Brother Suppose the gene is for eye color or the gene is stem Of height. So what will happen to Brother Ellil? Tall or Dwarf? Ok? Is it clear? So son, the question has come. Let's ask questions We do. First very son carefully I have to ask a question. monohybrid cross There is a question. The color of Picea sativum is Green And yellow. what will be the percentage of Offsprings with green pad color. If we do this Cross it, son, if you cross this do Ok? Will perform the cross comfortably. So brother, how many of these plants are green? He said we have to tell Green How many are there? So brother, only three out of these four Are green. which contributes to 75% The plant is green. What is the matter. It is coming to you. Next question. Let us go There is no next question. Next Topic that is test cross. This test It's mostly about the cross, brother. Children, the whole year is over. but ask Brother, what was the test cross? ma'am. Ma'am, we gave all the tests but the test What is a cross? I am not able to understand that. So Today I will tell you what is test cross It happens. Ok? What is a test cross? Yes, they will understand first. Test Cross Son One cross is to identify the unknown genotype Of the parent. Dude, accept it Suppose this one is long And there is this guy. Can anyone tell me which of the two Who is taller? Both of them have exactly the same height, son. you tell I can't tell who is taller among the two. Can you tell me? Can't tell if this It's long that it's long. So son, same thing It is found in the plant. You look at the plant Can't tell if it's homozygous tall or Heterozygous is tall. Isn't it? brother to me Who among these is heterozygous tall? and who is homozygous tall? not us It's obvious because both look tall. Yes friend. So son, test cross in this thing helps. Test cross helps Identifying whether something is homozygous tall That thing is heterozygous tall. to that thing To find out, son test cross our helps. Ok? To Know the Trait is homozygous dominant and the trait is Heterozygous dominant. This thing, son, we From whom do you get to know? Through test cross. So now how does this test cross happen? Let us know. Well, I have given an example here. But I will replace this example with another example. Let me explain. Let's assume This is a plant. I have to recognize that This is homozygous tall That it is heterozygous tall. That is the man Question here. It is homozygous tall that Is it heterozygous tall? Let's find out. Son, whenever you want to know this, you can You will cross it with a recessive parent. Here But also son, will you cross it with a recessive From the parent. Ok? Come on son, you guys cross perform do. Ok. Now let me tell you. If the son If the result is that half the plants are tall And half are recessive. Vi Means This Plant Heterozygous tall was. If son, all the plants They are tall. Which means this plant is homozygous It was tall. Ok? This is how we find out What was this plant after all? Remember my son Always keep one cross in the test cross It is done from the recessive parent. And The ratio of the test cross's son to that is 1:1 Here too, the ratio will be 1:1. 1:1 here too Will come. Ratio of test cross is 1:1. Ok? This is what your NCERT has given that this is a homozygous violet or is it heterozygous It is a violet colored plant. He has a son Here the cross has been done with a recessive plant. Here you will see half of the flowers are Violet. Half are white. What does this mean? Heterozygous is violet. All the violets here Are. V means it is homozygous violet. Is everyone clear of the test cross? I think After today's date, son, I don't think so. that any of you have to test cross tough It will take. Then let me know in the chat box. Son, if you understand then CC in the Chat box with pink hearts. Crystal It is clear ma'am with pink hearts that we All the concepts you have taught so far We understood it very well. quickly I will tell you in the chat box My child will tell you quickly. What is the matter. Very amazing. We very good. Then son Mendel ji came. Mendel said, brother Sir, I will give you the law. He declared three laws Given. Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment. law of We will give Independent Assortment a little while. We will read about it later because we will call it dihybrid. Let's read with the cross. Monohybrid With the Cross you can establish the Law of Dominance and the Law of Do you read about segregation? Remember your people Whenever the son is monohybrid in exams Cross pay question will definitely come along. A question comes define law of Dominance. Define Law of Segregation. you value Let's see if in class 12th paper If the question comes on monohybrid then in these Someone or the other also comes to define the law. So brother, first comes the Law of Dominance. So brother, this law is for most of the children, He says, friend ma'am, I did not understand. So much We cannot read English. So I I will explain. Just listen carefully with open ears. So come on son, what does the first line of this law say? of Characters are controlled by detritus Unit Called Factors. What is your height brother? Your skin color What will happen? What will your hair color be? Are? What will your nails look like? what are your ears Will they be of the same shape? Son, she decides everything. These are the genes and alleles inside your body. That is factors. Because Brother Joe Mendel was He did not use the word gene. He said son factors. Our Characters are controlled by Factors. Then came the son, factors always in pairs There are. Yes, that is absolutely correct. Correct Is. He said, friend, always keep your jeans in pair. There are. Tall or Dwarf Round or Comes in wrinkled yellow or green pairs Are. Yes sir. in a dissimilar pair if the pair Something like this is dissimilar. So one member Will be dominant. The other will be recessive. Correct The thing is. If the condition is heterozygous So one is dominant, one is recessive Is. That's correct. These three points, son. Belongs to the Law of Dominance. Law of Dominance Explain the expression of only one of the Parental Characters in F1. Son, when you are a You draw a monohybrid cross. Ok? Pay attention here. When son you draw a monohybrid cross Do you So your F1 generation comes from one It is similar to the parent. Ok? Like This is tall and this is dark. And this is tall. So son, the F1 generation is similar to one parent. Will happen. Tall means it's not like other parents. I can see it. So that's what it's telling us. that the law of Dominance Explained The Expression Of Only One of the parental characters in F1. F1 of only one parent in a generation The characters are visible. But if we F2 Talk about generation. If I talk about the F2 generation here, son. If I talk about F2 generation here. So here you go son The character of the other parent is also visible and This parent's character also appears to be F2 In Generation. Son Tall also in F2 generation It is visible, the dwarf is also visible. Ok? Tall is also seen in F2 and Dwarf is also visible. Ok? So son What they're trying to say is that in the F1 generation The child looks just like one parent. F2 In Generations, he looks like both. Correct Is. What did I do wrong brother? Good. Hey brother Here you go friend. It happened by mistake brother. will you cry What? Will you cry? wrote it by mistake Brother. I have it, right? I have it, please forgive me if I made a mistake. It happened brother, I made a mistake, friend, now I have such diseases. You then it also explains that 3:1 The ratio comes in the f2 generation, we know Tall dwarfs have a ratio that The phenotypic ratio of tall dwarfs is There are three tall ones 1 2 3 and one dwarf If yes, then the phenotypic ratio is 3:1. And son, this law is not universally Applicable. Son, this law is not true everywhere. Why son? Why? Because son, there are exceptions to this. Are. Oh my god ma'am, there are exceptions to this law. Are. Yes sir, it is. Are there exceptions? Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance Exceptions to the Law of Dominance. Ok? I will teach you this now. Then comes son, another one in your NCERT He is giving an example of dominance. Now this Understand the example carefully. It is saying Suppose there is a gene that makes an enzyme. There is a gene inside your body that makes you a son We don't have to read the back cross. Ok? Who I am teaching you, just read that much. Son, this Chapter Itself This Chapter Itself This It's bigger that you extra topics So don't study right now, it's okay to study as much as is in the syllabus. Read that much, son, we will accept your body contains a gene that controls enzymes If he makes it, son, then either he is a normal enzyme will form dominant enzyme or that Will create modified enzymes. Ok? enzymes What do you do son? enzymes in your converting substrate into product Are. In chemistry you do reactions. You also study reactions in biology. yes. Carbohydrates in Simpler Forms Broke it. Isn't it? This can be done in such a small form broke in. Substrate to son Enzymes help convert them into products Does. So either gene could be normal. Of enzyme or modified enzyme. So son The normal enzyme breaks down the substrate will convert it into a product. But the enzyme Modified means recessive Recessive will either work less than normal This gene will not produce efficient enzymes. Or it will create non-functional enzymes that make It won't work even after that. Ok? So this It is also an example of dominance. that how A dominant enzyme in your body is working is acting on a non-dominant enzyme How the gene works. Now comes the law of segregation, son. What is the Law of Segregation? be careful If you read and listen carefully, you will understand. Two Factors of a Character Present in an Individuals Do Not Get Mixed Up. Son, Never mix up two characters Are. You may not have noticed that Yellow green turned into purple color. law of What is segregation? Do Not Get Mixed up. Both the trades are recovered age True in F2 generation. Yellow in the F2 generation It will also be visible and green will also be visible. Ok? F2 Everything looks like parents in this generation Is. during gamete and spore formation Factors of a Pair Separate and Segregate From each other. son here If I say it's yellow and Green's Cross So its gamete will be this and its gamete This will be made. So brother, he is saying that when meiosis occurs So a haploid gamete is formed and separates. Yes. during gamete and spore formation Pairs segregate and form each other so that a Gamit carries only one factor and character. It's a simple matter, either one of these two. will be. It will be one of these two. This only Occurs at the time of gamete formation. Ok? Next. This insures purity of gamits and The law is universally applicable. son is in law There is no exception to. This law is for every The place is applicable and this law beta purity of gamits. Ok? Is it clear? What son? Law of everyone Dominance. What does the Law of Dominance mean? It happens? One guy is dominant who is recessive will suppress it. Law of segregation means that the son is a pair with the parents but The sign of the gamete is haploid condition. Ok? Come on. Now let us read incomplete dominance which is Exception of Law of Dominance. Ok? So Basically son, incomplete dominance means What happens? I will explain it to you. Value Let me give you a small example. One Let me give you a small example. Son, if its If there is a fight over this, who will win? Will one win or two? of both of these If there is a fight, who will win? If these two fight, who will win? Brother? Of course it looks like it Bahubali So this is a case of dominance, son. When he completely dominates it Meaning, if this and this are this, then son, it is tall. will win But what is incomplete dominance in this? that this one is dominant but the other one is also Okay, no one is less, I mean the person in front He is also not that weak then this son If you can press it, you can But it will not be able to press that much, assuming it is smaller than this It looks like this but son, this is completely I can't suppress that it is incomplete Dominants Meaning it is dominating it but I am not able to do it completely. This from this The son can certainly beat up in a fight, but The fight between these two will be a draw at the And because the son is almost similar in size These are they. Ok? So what happens now son? What is incomplete dominance? Son Corens was a scientist. He incomplete I told you about dominance. incomplete Dominance is visible to us, mirajavus mirabulus Jalapa Four of Clock Plant or Anthranum Majus, also known as Snap Dragon or Dog Flower. Ok? These sons do shows Incomplete dominance. Now Incomplete What happens in case of dominance? You have a red plant. Ok? and a white Got a cross made in the middle of the plant. There is a red plant and a white plant. Their Crossed it in the middle. So basically cross is Between these red and white. So son of this Gamet is R, its small R. So son This is what is made in F1 as per the rules. It should have been red. But son, this is pink. Why? Because son, this completely dominates Couldn't do it. This is completely a fight against this. Couldn't win. We call this incomplete dominance. That son, if there is a fight between this R and this small R If it is happening then son, this thing that will come will be pink. The color has arrived brother. Ok? that when these two fought, one The third color came. Because son red Could not completely dominate White. Now son, if you self-sell this pink If you get it done then you will get the results here They'll be red, pink, pink, and White. So son, in case of incomplete dominance The phenotypic ratio will be 1:21 The end genotypic ratio will also be 1:2:1 So son, the question comes in the exam that Tell me what is the condition where Phenotypic and genotypic ratios are the same Are? Incomplete dominance. What will happen? Incomplete dominance. clear? So son phenotypic and genotypic ratio Same are the cases of incomplete dominance In. Pink color son depends on the Quantity of dominant allele. what did I spoke? In case of incomplete dominance The dominant gene did not win completely. Could not completely suppress the recessive. Correct Is? Let's ask questions. a question Son, please read it carefully and do it. ma'am Teach fast. Son, you have to study somewhere else. I don't mind you can go and read it somewhere else. Are. I am trying to make every child understand Come. You have to read fast. You are my this Recorded on YouTube channel Principle of There is also a lecture on inheritance. you over there Son, you can go and watch it at 2X speed. Here son, live class is going on and here But it is important to explain this to every child. So I came Will teach in a particular speed. Ok? Here the son taught at such a speed Will go. Son, now the question is a pure tall one Pure Dwarf crossed. donation Find Out the Ratio Between True Breeding Tall and True Breeding Dwarf. Did you understand the question? Between a pure tall and a pure dwarf I was crossed. Ok? Ok? Their child who came He got it self-crossed. So brother, after self-crossing What is the ratio after self cross? Of pure tall and pure recessive? Pure Tall. Ok? And what is the ratio of pure recessive Is Son? 1:1 Ratio of True Breeding Tall and True Ratio of breeding dwarfs. son this is it We need to pay attention to the fact that What is the question asking? Ok? What is the question asking? did not read the same You. Come on. anthranium son of what Is there an example? Anthranum Beta Incomplete It is an example of dominance. anthranium is a Snap Dragon or Marajulbis or Four O The clock plant, son, is incomplete. Represents dominance. Next Come on question, now ask this question and have fun Will come. This question is asking what will be the Ratio of a cross? If we pick a red flower and a pink flower, then What will be the ratio? What will be the Ratio of offsprings? in a cross Between red flower and pink flower. Correct Is it brother? One red flower and one pink flower A cross has been made in the middle. ratio Tell. What will be the ratio of red and pink? Ratio of red pink. Son, this question It is of incomplete dominance. incomplete It is a question of dominance. These two sons There will be red. Both of these sons will be pink. that This is a 1:1 ratio. Son, it is a question of incomplete dominance. This is capital R Pink, not Red. Which Shows 1:1 is this ratio. Son, always here But children come to the board after making this mistake. in his NEET exam that he People don't even read the questions. In question Son, it is clearly written Pink Flower and mentioned Anthranum vi means this plant He shows complete dominance. So you How can you even answer 3:1? Next There is a question. Now answer properly. One Snap Dragon Plant with Pink There are flowers of different colours. It is crossed with a white color That is white color plant se toh there F1 Progeny will show so son its F1 progeny what appeared that 50% plants are pink and 50% plants are White. Because son, this ratio is only pink. It will be White's. The red color did not come at all. The red color did not come at all. Did you see red color anywhere? Red color visible It is no longer there. Next question. Ok? Come on, I hope By questioning incomplete dominance You might have got the idea that pink, red And what is the difference between white? remember son This condition in case of incomplete dominance Is red. This condition is pink. And this condition is white. Son, you have to take care of this thing. Ok? Next comes the next topic: code Of dominance. Code dominance is also a son The exception is the Law of Dominance. What does the codeminus say? Usually one gene have two allergies which control one Character. So what happens son? Now I Let me explain to you. of the mind here You will have to use and experiment. Elder brother This is saying that a gene has two alleles. Are. That's correct. Alleles of Stem Height Is Tall or Dwarf what son a character Let's control it. Ok? But in Multiple Alleles when there are multiple alleles of a gene Have more than two alleles to control. Son This is a case of blood group. to the son A very lovely example of dominance Is. That is blood group. Son, your blood There is a group, it is controlled by IGEN And son, what are characters? There are three AB/O blood groups and alleles. Are there three alleles IAIBI Oh son, till now you have read only two Ellils. Were living. T But son Sir, please turn up the AC, it is getting hot. we are Son, till now you have read only two Ellils. Were living. You can either use T Y Small Y here But son, you are studying three ellies. yes. i a i b i o this is a condition Called as multiple allelism. So son This condition is called multiple allelism. What This condition is called age Multiple Allelism. Ok? So what happens son? Your Joe Human Blood group is your blood group It happens, son, on top of your RBCs This gene. Human blood group beta from I gene It is regulated. It is basically a sugar. which is attached to the plasma membrane of RBC It comes out. This way Meaning here if A is which type of sugar He decides what your blood group is. will be. What type of cells are present inside RBCs? There is sugar. He decides son that your What will be the blood group? Ok? What type of sugar do you have? He decides on RBC, son. Your blood group. So let us first study multiple allelism. Let's take it. Multiple allelism and beta code Dominance is a little bit connected because Their example is common. So let's assume Son, my blood group is B positive. Aaru Ma'am's blood group is B positive. We Rahul took three children from our class, Priya and Harshit. Rahul's blood group is AB positive. Priya's result is A positive. Harshit's result is A negative. So son, I told him my blood group was B. It is positive. It means I either have IB Can. IB Either son, this condition will be mine or mine. This could be a condition. Ok? Then son Rahul Rahul's The condition itself is I AIB. Ok? Priya's I have A blood group. This means that either the condition or it could be a condition because A and B are dominant. O is recessive son. Harshit's blood group is negative, so either It could be IAIA or IAIO. So son it is said if you have multiple If you want to study allelism then that is only Possible when you are studying a population Are. So if I want to study, come About genes, about IB genes, Regarding IO, it is in one person Could not get. If you only think of me If you study my blood group then You only need IB and IO. You will be able to study maximum IA level. How will you do it if you have Rahul's blood If you want to study I.A. and I.B. then son How will you study for IO if you are Priya If you study the blood group then you will come How will you study for B. So son, if we There are a lot of alleles to read about. Meaning if you know about A, also about B I also want to read about and yes. I want to study multiple alleles. yes. Then only it is possible when you are a You are studying population. in a human being You cannot read multiple allelism. Son to read Multiple Alism to you A lot of people are needed. Ok? Let go. Right you can see who on your RBC It decides which type of sugar it is. Your blood type is fine, son. Now son, there are six types of blood groups. It is possible, okay, if son, someone's blood The group is IAIA Meaning he has A antigen on his RBCs, son. Meaning there is A antigen in his blood and which There is an antigen and its opposite is an antibody. For example, someone's blood group is IBB. So is the B antigen. A is an antibody. someone's Blood group is IAO. IB is IO. Son This condition is AB ma'am, what kind of blood is this? Is it a group, friend? How to be dominant in two things Can you? So what's the son's dominance? It happens? Here you are reading three things. One We studied dominance. That brother, if these two fight. If these two fight, then son, it will He will definitely lose. The second condition is Incomplete dominance. When one is dominant but completely dominant Not there. Son, there is a third condition. Codedominance. What is code dominance, son? When equal There should be a fight between people of the same size. Brother, both of these are equal. Who will win now? Tell me in a fight? So son, in such a case Both have dominant appearances. So Beta AB blood group is an example of this An example of codominance. Because A is dominant and so is B. Is dominant. So son, this blood group I'm not just A, not just B, I'm not just this I write the blood group as AB. Why? Because both genes are dominant. This The condition is called as codominance. when both His son is equally powerful. Ok? It has A and B antibodies. Not there. Those with O blood group have a son There is no antigen. But antibodies yes They have A and B antibodies. Son O blood group is called universal donor. He can donate blood to everyone. AB blood The group is called the universal receiver. They Blood can be taken from everyone. Phenotype son Four phenotypes are visible here. Any The blood group can be either A or B. Or O or AB. so the phenotype son this The question arises here, it is important. it The question has appeared in your board exams. Is. what are the number of phenotypes and Genotypes in blood groups? Son four There are phenotypes. or AB. What could the genotype be? I A I A I B I B I A I O I B I O I A B and IOO is it? These six genotypes can be Are. So can genotypes. Six There are four phenotypes. son you People can also calculate it through a formula. You can. Although that formula is in your syllabus I am not there. The formula for phenotype is has n + 1 genotypes and has n / 2 so You know here n = 3. Three Annals There are a, b and o. So if I If we want to find out the phenotype then son 3 + 1 = 4 What could the phenotype be? ab ab or o If you want to find the genotype, then son n / 2 * n + 1 So I'll write here 3/2 Okay, so you guys know the phenotype and genotype. Son, you can also calculate the formula On the basis of number of alleles. But remember Keep this thing for yourself It is not important. This is the reason for this. These Son, if you are preparing for NEET or If you are preparing for CUET, then this formula You should come. But if you are looking for boards You are preparing, you can memorize it directly. You can. There are four phenotypes and six There are genotypes. Ok? So son, the question comes in the exam. What is the difference between dominance? Incomplete Dominance and Codominance? Son Dominance means either the guy will be tall Tall or Dwarf Complete Dominance or Son, this pink condition has become incomplete. Dominance Both Dominant Come So Code Dominance son, this is how you write the difference Can you also make a plus diagram and show it? You can also show it by crossing it, okay? Is First tell me whether everyone is incomplete Dominance to Dominance Multiple Allelism Clear is CC in the chat box with Pink Hearts my child crystal clear in the chat box I will tell you quickly Look son, it's getting a little tough. Is. It gets a little tough when you You read incomplete dominance and codominance. But trust me trust the process. a little Look back at the video. look twice Take. Because I think son I am teaching in the Slowest speed possible. It may be possible for some Some may be understanding, some may not be understanding. Little My child can be very up and down. Life. But you should have some patience there. Look back at it. Ok? Let go. Now comes the next topic that is Pleiotropy. Pleiotropy means son when a Genes control multiple characters. Ma'am what does this mean? I mean think about your The gene for height also determines your height. Controls and even changes the color of your hair Control it. Oh my god ma'am this is also possible Can. Yes, it is possible. It is possible It is quite possible that one gene can cause multiple Control things. This condition is called There is pleiotropy. When the son is a gene multiple Controlling phenotypes. One of its The example is given in your NCERT. That is a B gene. what is this B gene son Does it? It also takes the shape of a pea. is controlling and that pea How much starch will it produce? He is controlling. But son, these two things is controlling the. Seed shape then Shows dominance and its starch The synthesis that happens, son, is incomplete. Shows dominance. Now, like this thing I I completely ruin the minds of most children. The blast becomes a blastocyst. Isn't it? Oh ma'am, what have you done? what is this You talked about one gene controlling two things. doing. It was fine till there. These Dominance is showing. This is incomplete Dominance is showing. How is this? I Let me tell you. Let's say seed shape. So friend seed shape Dominant hogi round. heterozygous Dominant hogi round and recessive hogi Wrinkled. Like your normal dominance It happens in the case. But what will happen in starch synthesis? If If there is BB, a lot of starch will be produced. If B is small then medium starch It will be made. And if small B will be small B then Very little starch will be formed. Son, this is yours This is a case of incomplete dominance. where Son, you can see three things – red, pink and white. I was hooked. that is incomplete Dominance. So son, let's see the cross. Are. If son, you make a seed shaped cross V means capital B capital B and small B If you cross then this round will be formed. Seed will be formed. You can self this round seed. If you do it, son, your phenotypic and Genotypic ratio: Exactly monohybrid It will come like a cross. Exactly 3:12 1 But right there if son this cross you star If you do it for synthesis, then in F1 generation BB stands for Medium Starch Synthesis And son, there will be incomplete dominance here. Meaning the ratio of phenotype and genotype is the same will be. Why? Because capital B capital B means large amount of starch Synthesis. This means a medium amount of Star Synthesis and Small B Small B's means less star synthesis which means Son, this B gene in your pleiotropy Its star synthesis is showing Incomplete dominance and son its seed shape Dominance is showing Got it son pleiotropy's exo another There is an example which we call There is another example which we will study further. That is phenyl ketone urea and a Illness occurs. In this disease, the gene present in the son Skin pigmentation and Ok? Levels Brain's Mental Retardation It also controls the level of. Ok? Then you will read about it in detail. Later, but first, let me tell you here. I will tell you about phenyl ketone urea We will read further in. Is it clear? You will tell me first. Pleiotropy is clear CC in the chat Box with pink hearts Ok So son, what happens, what happens normally? These are the things that happen, friend, how big is the world That is it, haven't you people ever thought that life is so uncertain Sometimes we are reading that there is a fight between two people. One person is suppressing the other at one place. If one person is killing another then the whole I am not able to defeat it properly. two people in one place They are beating each other to death. It's so tough brother, we have to live life, right? is is not. Tell Then comes the son after pleiotropy we Let's see a question that appears on your board. It is asked in exams. that is it Asked in your 2024 board exams Was that tell that blood group multiple Both erlism and code dominance Justifies it. How? Son, if we study the genes of multiple people, If we study population, we will see multiple You can read elision. But if we just Studying AB blood group Where both genes are dominant. that is Code Dominance. Then son, the question here is dominance. Incomplete Dominance and Code Dominance Tell me with examples. Tell me about dominance Make a monohybrid cross in the example. Anthrynium in Incomplete Dominance or Make a cross of the Snap Dragon. code AB blood type dominance Tell me. Simple. Ok? Let's ask questions. Question We do. Come on. This is Pure Red speaking. There is a plant. Crossing him with a pure white Got it done. Then came its first F1 generation Got it self-sealed. So tell me how many plants will be white in this In progeny? Come brother, whoever remembers the son monohybrid cross He doesn't have to cross this again and again. Will have to. What percentage of plants are beta white? That is 1:4 Simple. If you remember the monohybrid cross If it is there then there is no need to do it. Come on. It's asking when a pink anthrinium Plant by Pink Plant is of Anthranum. Is test crossed. Son of Test Crossed What does it mean? what did it cross with Has gone? With recessive. give and take ratio Of the progeny. So brother, you have to tell me the ratio of the progeny. We That is pink white is 1:1 Now son, in such questions it is okay like this It is important for you to understand this in the question Is. It is important to understand that this question The first thing is incomplete dominance. Ma'am, how did you know this? Because son It spoke of the anthranium plant which Shows incomplete dominance. second thing It has mentioned pink flowers. So we I will tell you this here. Then it said Test cross. Test cross would only mean is to cross with the recessive parent. So Son, who did not understand this thing that Crossing is the ratio between I won't be able to take it out anyway. remember where also test cross came means recessive parent There is a cross with. Which of the following is best suited for Dominance? Meaning of dominance to son It happens that both are dominant. both are Dominant. Blood grouping, son, is an example of what? Is? Son, your blood group is There is also an example of codominance. this multiple There is also an example of allelism. which means both How Many Phenotypes and Genotypes Are Possible in blood group? Son, now this is You will have to tell me. how many phenotypes and How many genotypes are there? blood group Let me tell you. that is 4 6 ok? There are 4 6 four phenotypes and There are six genotypes. SON phenotype How many are there? A B AB and O monotype How many are there? Either A a b 0 or AB Ok? These can be genotypes. Next Multiple allelism is studied in Can it be done? Inside a human being, a within a genus, within a population, within a Inside the phylum. Son of multiple autism In what can we study? Tell me. Tell me very good. Very good my child. all answers Are doing. that is son Population. In the study of population itself you can find multiple You can study allelism. Next Now Here comes son, next topic that is Inheritance of two genes. I mean, son, still which is Mendel's study of a single gene Was doing. Either stem height or seed Shape or Seed Color or Flower Color or Flower Position. But son, now this is what studies are all about. We will do it with two characters. That Is Seed Shape And assume you took seed color. Ok? Seed What is dominant in shape? Round. What is dominant in seed color? Yellow. Ok? So basically now you have two Chinas and Study of four trades. Now how do you do a dihybrid cross? To all Importent. Now here son you have got a dominant Parent. Let me show you. What did you do son? When you cross this You will get it done, you will get it done round yellow. And in which one? In Wrinkled Green. Ok? You will get this crossed. Son, tell me What will become its gambit? What will this game become? These You will get this fertilized son. What will happen? These. What will this son be called? Everyone knows how to make games. Fusion Will get it done. What is this? This son is round yellow Is. Meaning it looks like a parent. Round Yellow. But this wrinkled green did not come, friend. Ouch, isn't it Amma? What happened? Ok. Now he said, brother, its self cross Get it done. Get yourself crossed. Now, son, your time has come Gone is the idea of ​​creating gamits. Son, how many Will it become gamits? take it to the side here I will take it. Son, how many gametes will be formed under this condition? First of all, 2 to the power of four will be. Sorry 2 2 to the power of 4. Two Heterozygous pair. Meaning, four by law Must become gamemates. Ok? four gamits How will it be made? R with Y R with Y Then R is combined with Y to form R Four gamemates with small Y in this manner Son, you make gametes. The same goes for Four will become gamemates. His son is also the same Four will become gamemates. And in between you You will make this cross. Write four gambits here. Four gambits here Write. Now I have made a cross, son. Now tell me, brother, what will you uproot from my life? I belong to someone? Ok? What did you do, son? Cross over Gave. Now after crossing this it is normal Just like the monohybrid cross You have to cross it. four games you Write here. You wrote four gambits here. And got it crossed. Now son of this cross The ratio comes. How many rounds are yellow? Correct Is? How many rounds are yellow? Come and count Are. Come let's count. Round Yellow One Round Yellow Two Round Yellow Three Round Yellow Four Round Yellow Five round yellow six round yellow seven round Yellow eight round yellow nine. So son, how many Are the rounds yellow? Nine rounds are yellow. Correct Is? How many rounds of yellow are there brother? Nine rounds They are yellow. How much are Round Green? let us see. How much are Round Green? Round Green. Ok? I have to catch the round green, son. Us. Catch hold. Three rounds are green, brother. Sir. Round three is green. Ok. How much are Wrinkled Yellows? Wrinkled Yellow How many are there brothers? Wrinkled Yellow. Wrinkled Yellow is also three, brother. Sir. Ok. How much are Wrinkled Green? Wrinkled Green There is only one son. Wrinkled green son only one Is. Ok? In this way son you calculated By 9:31 Its phenotypic ratio was written down. Its The genotypic ratio is 1:21:42 for the son. 1:21 How do you remember this? 121 121 in the middle 242 121 121 in between 242 You have to remember this. Simple There is not much nonsense. Ok? So we say that if we Square the monohybrid cross Then the ratio of dihybrid cross comes out to be Is. If you square 3:1, it will be 9:31. Will come. You are phenotypic and he is genotypic. If you cross the ratio then this will come to you. If you cross the ratio of test cross then The dihybrid ratio of the test cross is Will go. In short, what I want to say is that If you double a monohybrid cross So a dihybrid cross is formed. Now son, we had read the Law of Dominance and the Law of segregation explains monohybrid cross Are. Law of in monohybrid cross There was an exception to dominance. incomplete Dominance and codominance. Law of Segregation There was no exception to this. This is a It was a universal law. Law of Independent Assortment son dihybrid cross It tells and there is an exception to this. By which Son, people's souls tremble. soul trembles Is. That is linkage. But trust me today After that you have no problem with the linkage topic If you are studying then pay attention From. Ok? First Law of Independent Let's read the assortment. Law of Independent Assortment Son was given for dihybrid crosses. Mendel said that when two sets of genes But they work independently assorted There are. What do you mean son? want to say this Used to be. This means that it wants to pair it with It can do this with. I want to pay this It can do this with. That is independence. Ok? That Two Pairs of Traits Combined In a hybrid, hybrid segregates one pair Independently of the other pair. This son in Can form gamits with both. Independently. Ok? It is not a universal law son. Linkage also comes into this. Same son of this Is with me. It has a mind that it can make do with it Bond. It has a mind that is made with it Can. Meaning they can independently make pairs. Give Can independently make pairs. like a brother You people also have independence these days. What have mom and dad told you to do now, son? Whoever you want to marry, we will get you married. Will give. Why are you bothering me so much now? Is? Brother, you can do whatever you want. It is called marriage, isn't it said like this, brother? Are. Everyone says that your friend Get married as per your wish. You know you just Just your choice and all that. yes yours It is as per your wish. Let us go. Ok? So in a dihybrid cross, the son We performed cross in the same manner. How to extract gamits? I told you Gave. Law of Independent Assortment Pay Look, the question comes like this. I….to you I told you to always define the law in the question. Will come to do it. What is the question saying? Brother? Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment Define the. You will write the definition. Ok? What is someone saying? No ma'am Our mother doesn't say that. Our mom oh my god. your house The marriage will take place as per the wishes of the family. So sad, man. So sad to know. Well, you could not relate to this matter. Many people are saying ma'am in our house Nikki's wish doesn't work. Moem Moe Ho Yours is gone. So it's okay, son. Have a happy married life. whoever it is Your marriage. Ok. Explain this law by Making a Cross Between Heterozygous Parents of Pea Plant with Respect to Flower color and flower position. Flower color and flower position are combined into one To make a dihybrid cross. Ok? Now comes my favorite topic of this, son. Chapter. I know how to teach the topic No, it is a lot of fun. Very Fun Topic That Is polygenic inheritance. Why do you enjoy this topic, ma'am? To you? That's it, friend, I mean fun. I tell you How. The first thing that is confusing about this topic is Not present. Pleiotropy to pleiotropy meant one gene when multiple characters It controls. Here's the osit. Here speaking to a character Multiple genes are controlling. Multiple Jeans control a character. As Son, this depends on the number of Dominant Als. Its example is skin Colour, Height, IQ, Kernel Colour in Wheat. These All four examples are polygenic. of inheritance in which son you people We are taught about skin color. Come Go son, you know that if you are brown Ke Ho Brown Munde Brown Munda, you are white in colour, you Are you of dusky skin shade or dark complexion? Are you black in colour? I mean your skin What is color? And why is that? Come I know. Crazy thing here brother. It is important to know, friend. So son, control your skin color. There are three genes. Gene A, Gene B and Gene C. These three jeans Son, it controls your skin color. So if I'm Dominant, Pure Dominant and Should I cross it with pure recessive? So son How many dominant alleles are there in it? 1 2 3 4 5 6 There are six dominant alleles. I mean son This person is going to be Very very very very dark. I mean these guys The color will be very dark. Then comes the son Recessive alleles. Dominant Ellil brother here There are zero. There is no single dominant. Son The colour of such a person will be completely white. Absolutely white, crystal white and son, if one hybrid that has three dominants Three are recessive. Such people would have a color It's brown. Usually this color is of Indians. This is called Molato. a little If you want to see it, then see this. this is son When there are six alleles R. Dominant. This person is called the Negro who Betas are found in Africa. Ma'am this topic is racist. ok this topic He is racist but you are writing Kalwa chat That's not racism in the box. I so I am teaching the topic, son. are you anything Will you write? Hi Bade, it's very bad to do this. Ok? We are studying, man. Come on, right? End Trust me, one of the most in the world. Beautiful models are Negroes. Did you understand? Then Son, these brown colored people who They say Molato, son, this is the condition in these That there are three dominant alleles. and son who There are people of completely white colour. At once White. Whose hair is also white. up to the eyebrows It is white. These are albinos. son among them There is no dominant allele. De R Complete means son, it is so white that this It looks white even on a white background. Is. Ok? So it is said that in your body What is the number of dominant alleles it has? Your color is decided on this basis. If There is no dominant allele in your body. If so, your color is going to be super duper White. If there is a dominant allele, such that All of them have absolutely dominant alleles. All very dark colors are fine, son, this is one It is part of a tri-hybrid cross Trihybrid cross is not in your syllabus So son, many times this cross is telling this that if two brown people get married So there is a 1% chance, son, that their child is completely Normal people can be born fair, this is the truth I don't believe that two brown parents The child may be born white, son. yes There is a chance it could be. The child of two brown parents, completely Darkness may arise. Yes, there is a chance. Ok? It is not necessary, son, that two brown The parents' child will appear brown. Son The child is completely fair or completely dark Can be born. So this would have been a possibility Is. Right? So here I can say if Someone has six dominant alleles That will be very dark. Five is dominant Very dark is three Intermediate is zero Albino is clear Done, okay, my favorite topic is over. Have CC in the chat box with pink hearts No son, albino is not a disease, vitilgo Albino is not a disease Isn't it Many people confuse vitiligo and albino with each other. Illness is speaking. Son Albino Meaning It happens that there is no difference in someone's skin color There was no dominant Ellileel. Vitiligo on There is a disease, son, in which someone's Whatever the skin color, it suddenly becomes very It is extremely white in colour. like you People can see many such things on Instagram also. All influencers or vitiligo models whose son has white patches on his body Are. That is a disease called vitilgo. Don't confuse him with albino. come now Go. Now son, please now this laughter is between us We want to turn this atmosphere into one of utter sadness. want because now we're talking Of Mendel's sorrow. Ok? So Mr. Mendel, who The son started his work on Pea Plant in 1856 And in 1865 he published his work. Had done it. he work he work did not receive Any Recognition. Son, someone has done his work. Award not given. Someone did their work Didn't recognize. Ok? Till 1900 son till then No one even called his work the best. Why? What were the reasons, son, that they Work remained unnoticed? this question son It is asked in your board exams. Tell Us Why the Work of Mendel Remain Unrecognized for years? Why son? People did not give that importance to Mendel's work. What do you say? Did not praise. Why Was their work not brought to the world? The reason for this is that the first communication was not Easy. Son, at the time when Mendel was present It was so easy at that time. Mobile phones at that time They were not there. Computers were not that Should I do my work and mail it to someone or I should call Darwin and tell him. Hear Darwin. what is it, send me your report What is? You tell me should I do it on PP or not? Should I get a pumpkin? He Cannot Communicate Because son, through that time communication There were no and limited publications. Second His idea of ​​factors are stable and Discovered unit was not accepted by Haz Fellow Scientist. They had a son named Jean Had given the concept of. But the problem was this. He called that gene a factor. And Plus that time my electronics microscopes or things in such depth It was not available at all. Ok? that their work Someone should approve it. What is meiosis at that time? Is? What is mitosis? nothing to anyone knew it. By that time, electronic The microscope had not been discovered. Thirdly, mathematical logic and Statistical Analysis to Prove Biology. Now son, it is a simple matter, any biology Tell that guy about maths and stats, friend. Have to apply it. He will turn away anyway. They He will say, leave it brother, don't do it. because the first Bar Biology, someone took Maths and Stats was used. then half Biologists were baffled as to why Two. He didn't provide any physical proof Of existence of factors. He has no No proof was given that genes or factors like There is something. Ok? There is no such thing as a gene or factor. Is. They did not provide any proof Because friend, at that time electron There were no microscopes. Non-discovery and By that time, the son chromosome, mitosis and There was also no discovery of miosis. Due to which the son greatly appreciated Mendel's work. Ignored. And definitely we should Have a huge respect for Mr. Mendel. Because despite not having so many things He also created the thing in the world. Son Because of which today's date genetics, Branches like biotechnology are booming Are. It is because of them that my son is so accomplished today. Medicines have been made for these things. So much Diseases are treatable. just because of His small research. Whose son at that time It was not even identified. Right? Then The question arose 16 years after Mendel's death. 16 years after Mendel's son died Some scientists after 16 years of his Think Death 16 years after Mendel died His research was recovered by three people. That is Sticharch Corens and Hugo Di Reese Think When They Discovered He said that Mendel had been working for 16 years. I have already done it. Brother, the thing which scientists all over the world are still Mendel is doing the same thing 16 years ago. Have done it and gone away. Brother, these Scientist told his son about Mendel's work I told the world that the thing on which we Mendel was doing research 16 years ago. Have done it. Then came the chromosomal theory of The inheritance given to the son by two scientists Whose name was Sachan & Boveri Sachan Walter These two scientists, Sachsen and Theodor Boveri Chromosomal theory of son together propose Of inheritance, he told his son that Basis of Mendel's Work electrons to work and cell division Proved through microscopy. They basically placed their weight on the son chromosome. Genes are located on the chromosomes. The gene is present. This concept Dia and chromosome son independently There are segregates. Gave that too. in short Son, he invented the electron microscope using meiosis, mitosis, Explained the structure of chromosomes and genes To the world. That is as simple as that. He further told his son about the same thing. Go and tell the whole world. like everybody Was like wow very good. So he has a son What did you tell me about genes and chromosomes? There are. Brother, that is correct. Brother, this pair They are present only in. Ok? Then the gametes are the same Factor or is formed from the same chromosome. Gamit in this. So son, which of these two Only one gamete will be formed. Ok? Son both are restored in fertilization. Meaning what happens normally? would be a parent are 2n. Their gamut is n. Butt Jab Fertilization results in a zygote, resulting in a son. The back 2n condition is restored. These He told me the thing. Ok? Son, these people have destroyed your NCERT There is a chart inside which you will need to There is no need to read too much. Basically you will know about their theory. It is important to know two-three points. First The point was the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Who gave it? By Sutton & Bowery. He What did you say in your theory? Mendel's electrons to work and cell division In microscopy. He has a son Genes are located on chromosomes. told this and chromosomes segregate independently Are. He told this and he gave his son Major Three Points given that chromosomes and genes pair in There are letters. Gamit son is all alone Comes. Back when gamemates fuse This restores the same condition. Ok? Then this diagram, son, this meiosis and meiosis and mitosis I have provided diagrams of how your G1 fuzz It happens. G2 is fuzz. Then Miosis One It happens. Ok? meiosis one then meiosis It happens to be two. Ok? Son at last Haploids become haploids. These people were telling these conditions. Ok? Here he told all these things that How does meiosis and mitosis occur? It happens. Ok? in short meiosis Mitosis was explained. Now let's come son, a very great and a very Very famous scientist whom you can only touch Add it son because you have to say thank you to them. You will have to. We'll give you a little break Late. First, read a little bit of the concept. I will give it to you, then I will give you a break. because linkage Son, a very, very important, very Importent It is a topic. Ok? What happened? Now my friend Sutton & Bowery After saying everything, Mendel also After giving all the publications Give experimental verification that friend also Sarton and Boveri have called chromosomal In the theory of inheritance, his Proof given by experimenting, a very famous Scientist who is called as Thomas Hunt Morgan hated by students of class 12th NCERT because they feel linkage is a tough topic but it is trust me the Easiest topic ever. I will explain it to you. You will find it easy. Ok? He has a son worked on Drosophila, which is called Fruit fly. If you ever meet your mother If you have gone to the vegetable market etc. with fruits It rotates like this in small circles on top of it. This is called a fruit fly and Drosophila melanogaster. Ok? these are some It looks like this, son. These are on top of the fruits It is buzzing. Ok? He has done this I did research on the above. Isn't it? Drosophila Melanogastre Age Material for Experimental Genetics. This fruit fly, son Drosophila, is a It is a small fly which is around 2 mm in size. It is of. These are placed on top of fruits like mango. Son, this would have been a present on top of these fruits. Is. Then son, a question is asked. This will also be asked in your board exams. The question is why did Thomas ji Why did you choose Drosophila melanogaster? Why didn't they take mosquitoes? He Why didn't you take the fly? He fruit Why did you take the fly? Variant. Because son This fruit fly can be easily Could grow inside the laboratory. it Son is one of the same sexual reproduction She would make a lot of children in the meeting itself. Is. Second thing. Third, its life cycle The son is two weeks old. means two weeks It gets completely developed in me. In this Beta male and female sexual dimorphism Let's do a show. Meaning you are in male and female You can easily distinguish. Mail Joe It is a little smaller in size. Females that are slightly larger in size Are there. Looks like the mail is a little small. In size. Females are slightly larger in size In. Ok. Hey brother, what power does this Siri of mine have on its own? She is searching. Ok? mails that are Son, females are large and They have egg laying structures. Ovipositor. Then son less number of Morphologically distinct chromosomes are The son has only eight chromosomes. total There are eight chromosomes. They have eight pairs of There are chromosomes. So simple. Ok? Then Son, there are low heredity variations. that can Be easily seen with a low power microscope. The variations in their bodies, son. You can easily see it under a microscope. plus eight chromosomes means four pairs of Studying chromosomes is so easy, brother. Humans have 46 chromosomes. Are. V means 23 pairs of chromosomes. There itself Son, there are only four pairs of these inside. There are chromosomes. So friend four pairs of It is so easy to read chromosomes, brother. Sir. So you can read this. So let this be you You can see the size of male and female Difference. So son, the question came, why did you Thomas Hunt Morgan Select Drosophila Melanogastor for his experiment? it The question was that son, we that you can easily write four pairs of There were chromosomes. Sexual dimorphism shows used to do. can be grown in Ely laboratory Were. One child gives birth to many children In. He could do all these things. Ok? So let's start topic linkage and recombination. Trust me the easiest topic the easiest. Ok? Ok. I think give us a little bit in our PPT Three slides are missing brother. Oh my God. But no one. actually what Is? This PPT was such a huge PPT We put half the PPT of this chapter and We will put up half the PPT after the break. So Let us first understand half the PPT. Then we survived We will do it after the break. Ok? What does linkage mean? Son? Physical association between two genes. how two genes are presented on chromosomes Are? That son is called linkage. Yes son, I have answered this cross on this topic. I will do it after the break. Basics first Read it. What is recombination? Recombination happens son generation of non Parental gene combinations. What happened? You need a good break. Linkage brake You have to read it later. That's ok. Son, maybe Akshay has physics class today. Sir's class will definitely be cancelled. Reason for this This is because today our class may be a little It will become longer. That's why I called Akshay Sir. Was already informed. Ok. I received a message from Sir only. Sir said brother If you had finished your class at 7:00 If yes, I will take my class at 7:30. And If you don't do it then it's a bit messy. Brother. Let's give it a little break. Ok? I'll give you a break for 10 Minutes. That's 5:00 on the dot. please come back Come. Ok? So let's take a break. So that I can slide too I will change it a little. Right? Let us go. Come on, let's take a break. Sabko Linkage End Will read from recitation. Let's give it a 12 minute break. Ok No? There is 12 minutes between yours and mine. Break. after 12 minutes son please be Here. Present here. Ok? Ok. We are back. Come on, come on, come on Let's start with your next topic, son. of. That is linkage and recombination. Sir, will you remove this one? turn this one down You two. This one screen. Yes, remove it. We will try, we will try, we will try, hum log 2 Finish the rest of this chapter within an hour. Let's complete it. Ok? Come on get started Let's do linkage and recombination. So basically what is a son? We do so It is said that on a chromosome What is the connection between the genes? Is? That describes linkage. What is recombination, son? you know Let's say this is a parent. This one Is a parent. So suppose the son is a child. Three children were born to them. Suppose this couple has three sons. Children were born. So two children, then parents As it looks. But a child is a little It looks different. This is what we call Recombinant. A resemblance is a son who resembles his parents. Can't see. Ok? That is a non-parental Gene combination. Ok? We call non-parental gene combinations It is called recombinant. Now what is your son? Mendel always thought Had been. Mendel always had a son That there is only one gene on a chromosome. Mendel was thinking this. But what is the reality Was? The reality was, son, that one chromosome Above Multiple genes on one chromosome Can. Multiple genes on one chromosome Can be present. And this is what we call are linkages. When a son is placed on one chromosome Multiple genes are present and which ones are they? Present in Closeness That Is Called Edge linkage. So son, we say this The linkage is inversely proportional to Distance. Let's say it's a chromosome. There are two genes presented here. both of these The less distance between the jeans, the better The more linked they will be. We say anyone is human, right? Are. Ok, good. Come come come. Son, why should those who do not want to study Are you doing it? Isn't it? Don't read, son. Don't read. Ok? Those who want to study will study. Let us go. Now, son, consider There are two chromosomes here. here too There are two chromosomes. The gene here Son, it is a distance, this is very close. It is very close by. Ok? Son, this is far away from here. So son, if the distance is less then the linkage It will be more. There will be less crossing over. Correct Is? What is crossing over brother? Suppose there is crossing over between them. It will be done easily. But the crossing between them There is less chance of it being over. Suppose my son You have to go to your neighbor's house. neighborhood Is it easier to go to someone's house or to go far away? Is it easy? Brother, you are better than the house next door. You can maintain good relationships because He is nearby. So son, if the distance is less then There is more linkage. If the distance is more The linkage is low. What is there here son? The distance is too much. V means here linkage It is less. and linkage is low meaning crossing over It will be more. Understand? Understand? Understand? Yes son, this lecture is pretty much Sufficient for CUET, NEET and Boards. Because you are reading everything in detail. Are. Ok? Then son Thomas ji said that jeans are located on the same chromosomes remain Linked together from one generation to another. Son, many times the genes that are close to each other It is like this from one generation to the next. are passed down through generations because they are linked are linked together. Lover Brother, wherever he goes, I will follow him. I will go. Linked genes are transmitted by a They exist together as a single unit. he says Isn't it true that when a boy and a girl are in love If they are, what do you say? two hearts two Body is one life. So son, the same is true with these jeans. Two Jeans one life this son together pass on There are. They act as a single unit The Mendelian Dihybrid Cross Son Mendel The ratio of dihybrid cross of was 9:31 But son, this ratio fails. If Linkage is present. If the son has two jeans If they are linked then this ratio becomes wrong. Ok? So we will have to understand this thing. Correct Is? So this son, many times on the linkage which you It is a question that comes in board exams. It also comes like this that tell me brother, Tell me, son, which cross is this? Dihybrid variates cross. That is linkage. Ok? Come. So son, there was a scientist whose name was was Alfred Studyvant. With their help also, son got the linkage done. Studying had become quite easy. Alfred Study Vent gave his son a concept which The name was chromosomal mapping. basically son Like you guys have a geography Used to make the map of India. You mark it in Where is Rajasthan? Where is Gujarat? where is Assam, where is Kashmir, Kerala Where is it? You guys can easily tell through a map. You can. So in the same way, son is chromosomal Mapping means that a Where on the chromosome is the gene present? At what distance is the gene present, mapped to do. So used recombination frequency to major. So basically beta recombination Frequency is equal to distance. If I say that friend a gene 50 centime It is on the organ. Meaning son 50 centimorgan is The distance and 50% is the recombination. Ok? Relative distance between two genes. Two The distance between the jeans is called the distance between the sons. It is measured by the recombination frequency. Ok? and this recombination frequency is called We measure in centimorgans. Let's ask a question. I will tell you Am. Okay, son, you guys asked this question. Sometime in your logical reasoning class Must have done it in life. son here It is said in the question that A and B The distance between is 20%. The distance between B and C is 28%. The distance between A and C is 8%. So tell me what will be their location on the chromosomes? Pay? So son, whenever this type of question If you come, then the one which has the maximum distance Write them down first. So here I write the difference between B and C. The distance is 28. Ok? Then a little less distance. of A and B The distance in between is 20. And between A and C, son 20 - over here Eight came automatically. Meaning son location What is? B AC this way son jeans are located. Did you enjoy this question? Did you enjoy this question? another question Will you do this? Come on. Here is a question. between A and B The distance is 20%. The difference between A and C is 15%. The difference between B and C is 5%. Between A and D I am in 10%. Ok? The distance between B and D is 30%. So son, among whom there is the most Write down the distance first. So I'll write it backwards for a turn. Because this question is not simple. Little I write it in a different way. So I Let me assume here that this is a distance of 30%. Fine. Then son a little less A B okay? A and The distance between A and B is 20 means A will be Here. Ok? We did this and this. of A and C The distance in between is 15, son. Ok? I assume maybe C here will be. So, 15 is the distance between C and B. Distance five is coming. Yes, you are correct Used to be. Ok. Between A and D Distance 10 is coming. Yes, it is coming right Is. So son, what will be the answer? DACB. What's the matter brother? are you so intelligent You? So son, that is called chromosomal mapping. how genes are located on a chromosome are located. that is called chromosomal Mapping. Now son, remember if between jeans In If the distance between the jeans is less then There will be more linkage. If the distance is more If it is there then son the linkage will be less. Remember this. Now son Morgan in his experiment What did you do? Morgan said in his X chromosome inside the experiment Three features present on the X chromosome I had studied about it. Body color, eye color and wing type of Drosophila. So son, Morgan was like Mendel. Didn't want to be seen. Morgan ji was like Dude, I have my own identity. I don't Want to Cop Him Mental and All That You Know. I just want to be on my own. I just I want to live in my world. I am my I want to work the right way. So he Bola body color is dominant. Brown, its Yellow, its red, its white, its normal Miniature of these. So he said, Mr. Mendel Used to represent Dominant. To Tall Used to write capital T. We are here at Dominant's They will not act according to the calculations. We will use y Dominant is so y plus here is wb plus White means this is red. We are here son The plus sign will represent the dominant to and recessive without the plus sign. And He applied for recessive representation. Chose the first alphabet of alleles. He said friend I won't copy Mendel. such as Mendel Round and R used to take representation in Wrinkled. Capital R, small R, I will not take it like this I will take it like this. So son, he said, he The dominant type is called the wild type. Dominant means wild. Y + W + M+ means is wild type. and recessive son from YWM Represented. One Drosophila tell me if a The body of Drosophila is brown and red Eyes are what means he is dominant It is Drosophila. Meaning it is wild type. Correct Is? Come on, tell me the answer in the chat box. If I say Drosophila has red eyes And the wings are normal. which means that Is Drosophila dominant or recessive? Is it dominant or recessive? wild type What is it? Red eyes and normal body Means both features are dominant. means that There is a wild type. Right? very good. Wild type. Dominant. Yes. Dominant and wild mean the same thing Is. Ok? Now He made three crosses for Morgan. One body color is the same as the eye color, one eye color is the wing of type, a wing type and body color. But Son, your NCERT gave only two crosses. Are. One body color and eye color, one eye A cross of color and wing type is given. Yours NCERT talks about only two crosses Are. So your NCERT has given beta here Crosses have been made. Now focus on understanding these crosses. First Cross son, NCERT has made it yellow Yellow Body Look, you have to see everything here, Yellow Body and white eye color Okay, Yellow Body and White Eye Color Versace What does wild type mean? Red eye color and brown body is what we called It is written wild type. The first cross here He performed this. Second Cross I son he What did you take? White Eye and Miniature Wing Cross with. Ok? Look here son, that is red eye And normal wing is what we call son Wild type. Ok? In this way, son, he Made a cross between the two. one of these two Made a cross in the middle. First of all we have to understand this. Then pay attention here This gives that the son distance in cross A Between genes is less. Son in the first cross The distance between genes was less. And meaning here in the first cross linkage It will be more. Here, son, the distance between the jeans is too much. In. Meaning there will be less linkage here. So if Someone ask about the linkage between cross A and cross B. Which one will have more? In this. Why? Because the distance is less here. So There will be more linkage. Then the son Made their F1 generation. So come on, can I help you Should I draw the first cross myself and tell people? So let me tell you. Ok? I am showing you the first cross. Son, I I will make you a single cross I will show you. So son, we're making the first cross. Are Between whom? That is body color In between end eye color. So we have taken it here son. Ok? Because you should know this, friend. Needed Many children asked a question here. Not only from me. The children asked here No ma'am why you didn't write anything here Is? Because son, this is the Y chromosome. Is. This is the Y chromosome. and the Y chromosome But these genes do not exist. These genes are just It is present only on the X chromosome. Because of this Son, we have worked on this Y chromosome. No genes represented Is. Ok? Now we write here. Us Both jeans have to be shown nearby son. Ok? What are we taking brother? To all First see what is the eye color? Yellow End What is sorry body color? Yellow and white. Which is recessive? Ok? So here we take Let's take Yellow and white. Ok? Yellow and white. Here we take yellow and white. Now Son, you have to make a cross between them. Come on Let's make a cross. Here you all can easily place your cross You can write. Ok. Come let's make our cross. So son, when you made this cross here What did I do wrong? You have taken it right, son. I have only taken body colour and eye colour. Son, I have made the right cross. So What have I done wrong? This is your female. it I have your mail. You did it right, son. You guys will confuse me. Brother Sir, whatever we have done is right. You have said it absolutely right brother. Which one Are you living in the world? Ok? Here son, you will see this and this are common. There are two of them here. There are two of them here. So We take one of these each. So son Your NCERT is also correct ma'am. yes son I know it is correct. Ok? I know it is right. Isn't it? You guys are useless, son, don't do anything for other children. Don't spoil my attention. Ok? So we What did you do? Their F1 Generation This is F1 Generation. We chose two of the F1 generation Took. So son, here's your F1 generation. This and this, these two became chicks. Ok? it And this. Now son, we will create F2 generation. So first F1 Generation Key Now, to make it a little easier, I want to This is how I want to get my son. Ok? Now copy the same. ywy + w+ y w y + w+ What is there here? y W Okay. This In this way son, we took female and male taken for the f2 generation. But son F2 generation Two crosses will be formed. Ok? Son F2 Two crosses will be made in the generation. This one then Son, this is it. But son, we say that Crossing over can occur in this. So friend There may be such a condition here. y w + y + w is also a condition for crossing over Can. So son, if we If I draw a cross between this and this If yes, then this will be called parental cross. But if I cross If I get it done between this and this, son That will be called recombinant. Or non-parental type of cross. So now son We need to make two crosses. one of this and this In the middle, one between this and this. So Come on son, make two squares comfortably. Take it. Ok? You guys make two squares. In one you cross between this and this Make. cross between this and this in one Make. Ok? Come on. We Ok. Son, you guys have a cross for this. And it has to be made in the middle. Understood? A cross is to be made between this and this. Ok? Now son, cross in simple language Make it. Simple. Ok? what did we do? basically son What does linkage mean? of linkage It means that we are saying that Dude, a non-recombinant type will also be created. Non-parental type also, by law, so more of this There should have been a cross in the middle of it. But Son, in reality there would have been crossing over also. is at the time of cell division. So this is also a chance That this can come here and this can come here. So We drew that possibility here. Have seen it. Ok? Now it's simple, son. A cross should be made. You guys should also make a cross. Ok? We will make a simple cross. Ok? This cross is called as recumbent Or non-parental crosses. this one this cross The son will be called Parental Cross. Ok? Because son, all the children who have come here He looks similar to his parents. But here The children who have come, son, are from their parents They have come separately. By law, son in the first cross The distance between the jeans was very less. So son should more recombinants be formed in these or Should there be more parental types? Tell Son, we read something here. that the distance was less and the linkage was more which means crossing over Kam hoga vi means recombinant here Will more be made or less be made quickly? I will tell you that more recombinants will be made here will become less So son, when you see your first cross So this son we have created in the first cross. This is our second cross. Ok? These Here is the cross. Here is this cross. So son Very few recombinants will be made. Because son The distance between the jeans was very less. The distance between the jeans was very less. so The linkage was high. Reconnection decreased. So recumbent son in the first case when you body You make a cross between color and eye color. So son 98.7% Parental type is formed and 1.3% Recombinant types are formed. Now I you Let me tell you one thing. I know my children Don't do it too much on their forehead Buffering must have started, ma'am, what Taught the topic. Oh brother I know I know Now let me explain this topic to you. And times. So basically son Thomas has three characters and these three are on the X chromosome Was present above. Ok? Body color, eye Colour and wing type. In this he has three Dominant, three recessive. First Cross Son, he differentiated between body color and eye color. I got it done. So son, when body color and eye color He conducted a resection between Side by side yellow and white and dominantly red & Brown. Son, the dominant side is called are wild type. Here, son, distance There was very little between jeans. which means If the linkage was very high then the recombinant was very Will read less. Isn't it? Then son, when we see its F1 If we create generations by crossing over then This is what our F1 generation will look like. Yours What did NCERT do? Because F1 Son, these two are the same in this generation. The beans were coming. So he only Both are represented here. Then Son, he got a cross made between them. In the middle of the F2 generation. But we said Since this is a topic of linkage, one The cross will be made with the son of a recluse. Because son, as per rules here you There should have been a crossing over, which has happened. So We also had a crossing over. Recombinant type taken. And son, we have a A normal type cross was made from it. One We made a cross out of it. But off course It's like a cross, both will become Easley. But son, what matters is how much Percentage is being made. And this percentage which My child is calculating the percentage which It is a calculation that you people cannot do. Can. You have to remember this. 98.7% Rikubin Parental Type Banege End Recombinant will become 1.3%. Whereas son, if you cross the eye color If you cross in the middle, eye color and In-between wing type So son, I saw it between them. The distance was more, meaning the linkage is less. If more recumbents are made then here son Recumbents became 37.2% and parental type made up 62.8% So son, you can easily make its cross cross also. Can you see it? Ok? Let go. So son here is cross A. that is Between the eye color and the body color. here Cross between eye color and wing type Is. Ok? Let go. So son, if you are an eye color And if you cross between body color Parental Type will become 98.7 Recombinant 1.3 If you make it in eye color and wing color If you make it in wing type then son 62.8 end 37.2% If the eye color Okay, son, this is the third cross for you. Don't have to make it. This third cross is yours It is not in the syllabus. Ye Cross Son Wing Type And it is formed between body color. And if it forms a cross, then 61.5% There are those and 38.5 those. Ok? Is it clear? But legally this is the third With a happy look, this is your syllabus I am not there at all. Come on. Then comes the number of a topic, son. How to calculate off linkage group? So Son, there is a simple formula for this. Linkage group equals to number of haploids Number of chromosomes. So son, first question I'm saying inside the humans There are 46 chromosomes. We mean son, we How many linkage groups will it have? 23. How many linkage groups will we have? 23. The son has asked the same in the second question. The table has a son with 10 pairs of chromosomes. There are. How much will the linkage be? son here The linkage group will be 10 only. what is its region Is? Because the son who is the mother is haploid only occurs. So 10 is the haploid number of Chromosomes. Ok? Haploid number of chromosomes. Because son, the baby is haploid. Ok? Let us go Then comes the Explain Linkage end Recombination by TH Morgan based Observation. So son, in such questions you I will have to tell you by making a complete cross. Pointers right the basis of which Alfred Study vent gave gene mapping. They Son gene mapping was given by the distance Between the two genes and the recombination Frequency. Ok? You are his example But you can also explain gene mapping here. To. Is it clear? I know my child, the topic is a bit tough but Trust me, you will remember it gradually. Strength and linkage between two genes. Son If I say between these two jeans How much linkage is there? that would be proportional to distance, inversely proportional to The distance will depend on the chromosome or Will it depend on the size of the chromosome? The linkage is between directly proportional and Inversely Proportional to Distance tell me tell me Inversely proportional to distance. What is the matter? Ok? Now, son, you need to understand this word. that after reading the linkage topic What is recombinant and what is parental It happens. What is a recombinant? Now Look, my parents have red eyes and Brown body. Mummy's eyes are white Eyes and yellow body. So son, give me this They are children, they are not like their parents. Are visible. Its red eyes and yellow body Is. Vi means both these sons are recombinant Are. What is a recombinant, son? Joe Parent Doesn't look like it. Ok? Like this white-eye miniature wing, White Eye Miniature Wing. Red Eye Normal Wing, Red Eye Normal Wing. This son Became parental type. who looks like a parent Are. who don't look like their parents They are called recombinant types. Ok? I hope son this cross I know this The cross looks tough. But son, when Till then you take out your pen and pencil and cross this You won't draw it yourself, it's not up to you will be. Ok? Let's start son, next The topic is sex determination. Now son What happens inside us? that is In humans, males have X and. Females have X. and till today We've always been reading That's the Sex of the Child in Human is decided by the Father. Because the father has more chromosomes It happens. So this is what we call son. Sex determination. In sex determination Son Henking was a scientist who In 1891, he observed the structure of the nucleus and Some studied spermatogenesis In insects. what did he read son 50% sperms were as 50% did not receive It. Meaning, friend, there is always some difference between male and female. So it is definitely different. would be heterogametic It is there. It will either be male or female. Then Son, they saw that they The structure was named X-body. X What is a body? V is the X Chromosomes. Because he said that, friend near some x was x. Some had xy. So from these They came to know. He named it X Of the body. So son, here we are talking about sex determination four Let's read the method. That is ok x x x w x x x0 z w z z o z very It is easy. You will read crystal clear It will become clear. So son, you know There are two types of chromosomes in our body There are. Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes. We just have sex The difference between male and female is only in the chromosomes. Inside the Female. So son, first of all, read Hain Hum XXX and Kind of Sex Determination. Son, what would have happened in this case? Is? Females are homogametic e.g. Humans and Drosophila share more similarities son x v to here son sex of the Who will decide the child? Who decides What will be the sex of the child in this case? Who will decide the sex of the child? This In case the sex of the child is decided by the son Will mail. Because the match is heterogametic. The son whose parent is heterogametic is the same Decides the sex of the child. So Remember XXX and types of sex Determination in Humans and Drosophila There is an example and the mail will decide. Next You can explain this type of thing completely. How? Can you make the complete cross and show it? x XX and XV both of these are male. These Both are female. Ok? You tell me the whole You can. Then son, one comes like XXXO type of sex determination that we have in insects The inside looks like a grasshopper round Worms What happens here, son, if it is a female Male is homogametic and has only one son. There is only one chromosome, that is X and some others. It doesn't happen, that's why son, we are here to Let me represent you as you are now, son. Who will be the match here who will have XO So son, who is deciding here? sex of the child Who is deciding the sex of the child? Son, I will tell you male or female here too. Heterogametic who is male and son wherever Heterogamete is the same sex of the The child decides. So for insects Sex of the child male decided in case also Will do. Then come the birds, son. in birds Son, things happen differently. in birds Inside Beta Birds and Some Reptiles Females are heterogametic and males They are homogametic. Meaning there would have been mail is Z. Z. Female is ZW. which means son sex of the child Will you decide? The female will decide. So Son, in some animals the female is also of sex The Child decides. Such as In birds and some reptiles. Then comes the son Z O and Z Z type of sex determination. This son of ours Seen in butterflies and moths etc. Is. So basically if the female is heterogametic Z o and mail hai Z which means son sex of Who will decide The Child? Who decides the sex of the child here? Will he? That is female. Because son is female It is heterogametic. The remaining matches are homogametic. Is. So son, whoever is heterogametic He decides. So here I have you I made a little chart for people. Males are heterogametic in humans And in Drosophila X X X and X Grass Souper and Round in XX Zero Worms. Female heterogametic condition birds and is seen in reptiles. ZW ZZ Z O ZZ Looks Like a Butterfly And in Mouth. Ok? Now comes the most important topic, son. Again this son directly from this topic Frequently asked question in board exams are asked. Maybe your 2026 boards Sex determination in exam papers Honey Bee or this topic comes haplo diploid In the name of sex determination. So son, on any of these two names This topic may come in your exam. So Son, let us know the story of the bee. So Basically, there are three types of bees. Are there. There is a laborer type of sorry Drones called Male Honey Bees In which son n = 16 chromosomes are present. Then there is The Queen Bee. You have always You must have seen it in every group, be it boys' or boys'. Be it a group, be it a group of girls, There is always one guy who is the main man of that group. Ok? One guy is the main guy in that group. She is called Queen Bee. So is Queen Bee Son who has 32 chromosomes. diploid This is in condition. One is a son, a laborer People. Labor group that is the worker bees. So Worker seeds are also beta 2n = 32. So Friend, every bee has a different job. Now let us know how sex determination is done in these. It happens? Now we will know. Ok? This is the female. This is the mail. Ok? Now know. So the son became a female child How has it been? So son, give me the female Can make babies in this way. first condition Ok? What is the first condition? I first did all this I will hide it. So what is the first condition? Ok? The first condition is this That son, the female will do meiosis. How much will 32 become after meiosis? It will become 16. Then son, you people did this thing I studied sexual reproduction in In the chapter on flowering plants, one There is a technique that we call Parthenogenesis in which a child is born without the help of fertilization Can be produced. So son, here Queen B said okay if a boy comes to the world I don't have I Don't Give a Damn. I so I will make a child. So son, without Fertilization without male sperm It directly makes drones, son Haploids occur by the process of Parthenogenesis Isn't it so, son, then another condition comes up. This was case one, son, there is a condition where The egg of this female and the sperm of this male Here n = 16 and here n = 16 Fertilization produces a zygote. Now If you eat royal jelly, your son will ferment the zygote. If you give it to me, son, she will become Queen Bee. and if You can give normal food to that zygote which is Bees eat what you give them and they will be made. Worker B. So basically, son, royal jelly, something It happens like this. This is the royal jelly. it Son, only that bee is fed Who will later become Queen Bee. Whoever it She who eats becomes Queen Bee. Ok? The rest of the sons eat normal dry bread. This is called beta haplo diploid sex Determination or Sex Determination in Honey Twenty. This question is easily five number three. It comes in numbers. Directly Flow Chart Making comes in this question. so please Don't make a mistake. So I hope you understand this The one who is a bee, son, the one who is female, this Females can reproduce in two ways. directly without fertilization, which making drones or with fertilization which Son, she does this with drones. Ok? Workers are also son infertile. worker She also cannot give birth to a son. The ability to have a child is only available in Drones and Queens. and in which the son Only the queen can give birth to a child. Ok? So son, we can say that the There is a drone, the son of a drone is not a father. It doesn't happen. There is only grandfather. So drones Does not have a father, it has a grandfather. You can see that this drone is made, its There was no father. But of course it is a matter of fact that who is its mother This is my son, his mother is from someone else. It is made. I mean, son, it must be his grandfather. In the world. Ok? So son, his father It doesn't exist, but it definitely has a grandfather. And this statement is asked that drone Does not have a father but has a grandfather. Ok? Let us tell you which of these statements Correct. What son, if the bee were male It has 16 chromosomes. They Son produces sperms by meiosis. There is a grandfather but no father. and all Males are haploid except one. Which of these statements is correct, son? Ok? So the first statement is 16 There are chromosomes. Yes, brother Miosis How will this brother do it with 16 chromosomes? How will Miosis do it? Yes, he is a grandfather Is. There is no father. All are haploid Accept One. No son, nothing like that. Is. Which means first and third option is The correct answer. Let go Then comes the son Differentiate Between Male and female heterogamety. You guys straight away can make tables that in humans, In Drosophila, in grasshoppers, in all of these Male heterogamety occurs. In Pigeon, In butterfly and moth, the son is female. Hetergamety occurs. Then son the question is explain haplo Diploid sex determination with suitable Example. Son haplo diploid sex Determination means speaking about the honey bee. Used to be. Sex Determination of Honey Bees You have it. Is it clear? Let's go to the next Let's move on to the topic. Beta Chapter It is almost on the verge of ending. Sir, turn on the AC. What is a mutation? Son? Any change, any transformation should come. Correct Is? Sudden Inheritance and Change is Called Age Mutation. The son mutation gave us Hugo Reese had said that man is a man of organisms There is a mutation inside which is discontinuous It happens. It happens suddenly. So son Types There are three types of mutagens. What are mutagens, son? which mutation We do. So physical mutagens son your Which physical agents cause mutations in the body? Can it? X-rays, gamma rays, UV rays. That's why son says X-rays again and again Don't get it done. something in your body If mutation occurs, cancer may occur in the future. Go. There are chemical mutagens such as Mustard gas, HNO2, biological mutagens such as bacteria or viruses that Can cause mutations in your body. Now Son, there are three types of mutations. Genomic mutations, chromosomal aberrations End gene mutations. So son, genomic Mutations occur when the number of chromosomes There may be some teasing. Chromosomal aberrations A son is born when the structure of chromosomes Something might go wrong. What is there here? Suppose there are two chromosomes. If I disappear a If I do it then this is genomic mutation. If I can make some changes in the size of the chromosomes. Should I give it? One hand is small, one hand is big. strange Let me shape the chromosome. that is Chromosomal aberrations. gene mutation son What happens? Gene mutation means It's that you've changed a gene. Suppose there is a gene here. Here A's You put some other gene in its place. here Gene mutation occurred. Ok? Let's go one by one Let's study by doing it. So it comes first Genomic mutations. If the son in There is heteroploidy and euploidy. If Is the number of chromosomes increasing or decreasing in the son? If it is there then it is called unemployment. accept it Son, there are two chromosomes here. Now I do three If I give it to you, son, this is hyperploidy. One Chromosomes increased. If you give here There is chromosome. Let me reduce one. this is Hyper hypoploidy. You have one less chromosome Did it. So son, if you are of chromosome You will tamper with the number. that is called age Employment. What is euploidy, son? When set off Change the chromosomes. You complete set Just change the chromosome. Addition or deletion Off set of chromosomes. Edition is Polyploidy. Deletion is haploploidy. But Son, there is only employment in your syllabus. It is given in detail. So son, let's find out What is unemployment? So let's say this is a cell and The son in this What is? The condition is 2n = 8. Ok? There are a total of four pairs of chromosomes here. But. Ok? How many chromosomes are there? Four pairs. Meaning there are eight chromosomes. But if the son If I were here a chromosome Should I increase it? I added a chromosome here. Brother Sir Added one extra chromosome. Meaning I made 2n + 1 condition. One chromosome was added. This is called Age Son trisomy. When I added a chromosome. But if I am here Should I increase two chromosomes? This is called tetrasomy. Meaning I did 2n + 2. two chromosomes Increased it. Ok? Then comes the son condition That is hypoploidy. Suppose here also we have four sets There are off chromosomes. 2n = 8 here Too. Meaning there are eight chromosomes here too. But if the son If I Let me reduce one chromosome from here. I deleted a chromosome. this is Called as monosomy. You lost one chromosome brother. But if I should reduce two chromosomes. What did I do here son? Two Chromosomes removed. 2n - 2 this condition is Called as tubectomy. So basically son, the chromosomes in your body If adding, then hyperploidy If you are getting minus then hypoploidy. in Combining all the conditions, it is said Employment. The simple meaning of unemployment is the number of chromosomes in your body There is molestation going on. Ok? Then son, examples of this, example son They are very dangerous. One of the causes of hyperploidy There is a very famous example whose name is Down syndrome that is trisomy of Chromosome number 21 means son down Patients with the syndrome have three chromosomes Let's go. It is a condition of trisomy. Kline filter syndrome son sex in it The chromosomes become three. Ok? Then Here is just one example of son monosomy. Turner syndrome is in your NCERT where My son removes one of your X chromosomes. Are being given. Ok? Come on ma'am, this is like this Why does this happen? What is happening to the body? that there is one extra chromosome inside or One chromosome missing? So son of this Because your NCERT says that friend, when Cell division occurs and anaphase occurs. Is No? So non-disjunction at the time of anaphase Meaning, by law, the son chromosome Should have been properly separated. But here Instead of going away, this chromosome came here. Here one set of chromosomes increased. Value Look, what happened here son? have a tubectomy Went. Hyperploidy occurred here. One Chromosome increased. So son of anaphase when chromosomes do not separate properly that condition is called age Employment. So if someone asks you, friend Why should the condition of unemployment be in the body? She goes? Because beta non disjunction of Chromosomes in anaphase. during anaphase when chromosomes do not separate properly Then son, this condition arises. Then comes Son chromosomal aberration. Chromosomal What is Abrasion? Suppose this in chromosomes All the genes are located in this manner. But If I add this chromosome If I remove the fifth number from here, Brother, its size has become smaller. Structure Chromosomes have become strange. First of all, brother This was the structure, then the structure changed. Went. So son, when there is a change in the structure of chromosome hota hai that is called age Chromosomal aberrations. When brother Shep or The structure of chromosomes has changed Is. The third condition is beta gene mutation. When there is a mutation in the beta gene. So Son, this can happen in two ways. Transition and Transversion. What happens in transition, son? Purines Purine is being replaced in its place. What is purine, son? Purines are your Contains A & G R purines. C U & T R Pyramidines. So son, if your A is replaced by G If A is replacing G then There is a transition. U instead of C, T instead of U So this beta pyrimidine type of mutation Is. What is that? Transition. But if Replacement of purines with pyrimidine Lets do it. This type is called son Transversion. What do you say? transversion of which An example is son sickle cell anemia. Correct Is? What happens in this mutation? We We will study the topic of seal cell anemia. How can a change in one of your genes, son? What a huge change comes from this. Come on son, let's start with the last one. Topic of the chapter. The Lastest Topic Of The chapter that is that is son types of Human Genetic Disorders. So son there Are there three types of human genetics? Disorders that are of two types: Mendelian Disorders and Chromosomal Disorders. What are Mendelian disorders, son? When a mutation occurs within a single gene. And when changes occur within the son's chromosomes Are. Number of chromosomes in then son It is called chromosomal disorder. Mutant Mendelian Disorders in Son There Is a change in a single gene. Ok? Jean There are related diseases. Ok? Here Pe son offspring also that disease Transfer may take place. Ok? This son Mendelian Disorders Hum Pedigree Chart You can read it through. here we are son Cannot use pedigree chart. Here this disease is not inherited. It's not like that. from one generation to another I will pass. Nothing like that. Just Major What is the difference? If son, someone in jeans Changed Mendelian disorder and if son If there is a change in the chromosome, then chromosomal Disorder. Ok? So come to your NCERT son Three chromosomal disorders have been given. Let us read them one by one. The first Down syndrome occurs. Kleine Filter Syndrome and Turner Syndrome. So in Down syndrome it happens exactly What is? So son, Down syndrome is autosomal Employment. Which means what does it contain? Who Chromosome number is 21 here son rules There should be only two chromosomes. But here But another chromosome comes along. so it is a 2n + 1 condition. When the son takes the body of a human three instead of two on chromosome number 21 Chromosomes are formed. This condition is called Trisomy of chromosome number 21. 21 an extra copy of a chromosome It comes. This son is a disease for males or It can happen to any female. Its What is region? Because son, these chromosomes Getting to number 21 is which is an autosomal Chromosomes. This is a sex chromosome There is no disease. Ok? Total number of How many chromosomes will the son have? normally There are 46 chromosomes in our body. Are. But this condition is 2n + 1. Meaning 46 + 1 There will be 47 chromosomes in the body. Right? This disease, son, was the first time he was suffering from lamedon. Down had told this in 1866. He He named this disease after himself. That is Down syndrome. Son, this disease What happens inside? I think you guys Sometimes in your life you have a down You must have seen a patient suffering from this syndrome. Son, this Those people who are always there in their life Not to support. If in your vicinity, In your neighborhood, at home, anywhere You should have such people among your relatives. Always support them. Ok? These people who would have been Yes son, their height is a little short. Their face is quite round. Is. Meaning, son, no matter how many downs there are in the world Almost all of them are patients of the syndrome They look alike in appearance. Ok? He is short in height and has a round face. Son, the back head of this one, that is Flat. I mean, this is the back part, son. It is completely flat. Ok? Then son Their broad, flat faces are flat and wide. There is a face. Plus son of Epicanthus There is a condition. Meaning, there is no one here at Eyes. There is no fold at all. Ok? At the Eyes There is no fold at all. are you watching this Normally such eyes are there. Then son, partially open mouth such patients The son's mouth will always remain slightly open. The light is always open. Ok? Then Son, they have a furrowed and wrinkled tongue. Son, his tongue looks something like this. Farod And there is a wrinkled tongue. Then son Congenital heart disease, mostly Down syndrome Patients with beta heart disease Is. Their palm is a broad betel leaf and in it The palm crease is weird. not normal It would have been. Their palm crease looks a little different. Is. Then son, these have many loops. On finger tips. The fingers they have Son, there are a lot of loops on it. Ok? Then physical, psycho, motor and mental Development is. son of Intelligent questions are very rare. Therefore, most of these patients are mentally. There are. Ok? These people are your small children. Can understand things. But many people also I can't understand. Ok? under developed Gonads and zygotelea. Enkay Jetal The organs of the baby are not well developed. Ok? V means these people do not give birth to children Can do. Ok? So, Down syndrome The patient's photo is given in your NCERT That there is a broad face, a wrinkled tongue, a heart There is a disease, palm creases, flat head. Correct Is? Here, son, he has also shown That on chromosome number 21. Look at this triple There are chromosomes. Then comes the second son. The disease called Klein filter Syndrome. Kline filter syndrome son What happens? It is a sex gendered Employee disorder. So basically son, who Humans also have this, they have x y Another extra X chromosome comes along Is. V means they also have the condition 2n + 1 it occurs. Meaning there are 47 chromosomes. But son, his disease is autosomal Not there. Linked to sex chromosomes. Ok? So son, this disease affects males. It affects. When a man inside the mails If you have an extra X chromosome, you yourself Think about the male who has an extra son. The X chromosome is a bit like girls. Will be seen. Ok? which means discover it It was done by Client Felter. Overall son, this Those who are there look like boys. But Son, they have feminine characteristics. Are. Like the breast will be visible. of Brest Development will be visible. Gynecomastia will appear. Females will have some reproductive organs. Is it okay son? They Cannot Reproduce Obviously. Ok? So those boys who were Yes son, he looks a bit like a girl. Meaning, overall he is a boy. But their Breast development. Ok? sexual Characteristics, taste of tasters Happen. Ok? Hair is not growing on the chest. There is development of breasts. So a little son This is what it looks like. What is there here? What are the conditions here, son? One here The extra X chromosome has arrived. Correct Is? Because of this, son, it looks something like this. Are. Now son, the last condition comes, that is Turner syndrome. Turner syndrome son There is a disease in which sex Gendered unemployment disorder. here son One X chromosome is missing. This means that this condition is 2n - 1. Ok? These beta females who They are sterile. Short Stature Are of. Usually son, this disease It occurs in females. Because son Females have only one X instead of both. X is. which means son in his body There are only 45 chromosomes. Due to which their The ovaries genital areas are not developed. She doesn't even get periods. their Breast development is also not proper. Can happen. Ok? It has a webbed neck. Meaning something like this is noble. in appearance so Son, she almost looks like this girl. But what is the problem? their ovaries develop It has not happened. Their genital area properly Could not be developed. Ok? here The son has only one X chromosome. by law There should have been two, but only one X chromosome Is. Ok? So son, the question is in which of The following chromosomal disorders Is the individual short in height? Small Head with tongue and partially open mouth Is. Son, we see this condition down. In patients with the syndrome. Then someone asked this going into Kline filter syndrome Son, which chromosome is extra? an extra autosome an extra X Chromosome X chromosome is less or y Chromosomes are reduced? I will tell you quickly. In client filter syndrome, son it is a Sex Gendered Disorder. Ok? sex It is a chromosome disease. It is a hyperploidy condition. Meaning there is an extra X here. There is an extra copy of X Chromosomes. Ok? which means B option is the correct one Answer. very good. Then come, let me tell you the name of the disease, son. First The disease is caused if the X chromosome is extra and in the second disease, the X chromosome is missing. Is. This is the first condition. The second condition is it. But this is a condition of the X chromosome. So the first condition is son, which syndrome? Kline Filters Syndrome. The second is the son Example of Turner syndrome. Ok? Another example is Turner syndrome. Turner The syndrome involves a missing son's X chromosome. Is. X chromosome in screen printers Is greater. Now let's come to son Mendelian disorders. Ok? Now we will study Mendelian About disorders. Ok? So two Mendelian disorders occur in a variety of ways. The first is a son when the autosomal chromosome Is the disease caused by or sex chromosomes I am getting sick. autosomal chromosomes The disease occurring in will be either recessive Or it will be dominant. also in sex gendered or So will the disease be on the X chromosome or the Y? Pay. Recessive and dominant here too. So Son, you will see at least this complete chart in this The chart must be memorized because direct The question comes in one mark that tell that Bro what type of phenyl ketone urea Are you sick? It is an autosomal recessive disorder. What kind of disease is color blindness? that is Sex Gendered/Gendered Recessive Disorder Is. Ok? Sickle cell anemia, phenyl Ketonuria, thalassemia, cystic Fibrosis, albinism and r Autosomal recessive disorders. autosomal In dominant disorder, only one disease is given. It is called myotonic dystrophy. and x Beta color blindness in gender, Gave haemophilia and muscular dystrophy Is. and hypertrichosis in the son and penis. You have hypertrichosis in normal males. You must have seen when Mel's son has a lot of problems on his body. More hair starts growing. You must have seen Did your grandfather ever whisper anything in anyone's ears? Hair is also growing from there. Hair here too Are growing. Son, this disease is for males. You can see inside. Hypertrichosis. We Some of these diseases are yours, son. There are NCERTs about which we read There are. Ok? Let's get started. Your first disease that is phenyl Ketone urea. Phenyl ketone urea beta It is most important. an autosomal recessive There is disorder. Ok? a recessive disorder Is. What happens in this disease? So Normally son, in your body, in my body We all have an enzyme in our bodies called It is called phenyl alanine hydroxylase. What does this enzyme do son? Phenyl converts alanine to tyrosine Normally. But son, those who have this disease They do not have this enzyme. Their body does not produce this enzyme. whose Because of beta phenyl alanine phenyl It gets converted into pyruvic acid. Should have been converted into tyrosine. But What is this converting into? Phenyl into pyruvic acid. So son, this phenyl alanine is like this gets collected in people's bodies in the Form of phenyl pyruvic acid. Now son All the people who have this disease They have mental retardation, meaning their brain is also affected. It happens. Plus son when he urinates It cannot be absorbed in urine either. Is. So okay, because of which their urine It also turns out to be coloured. So son Phenyl ketone urea shows pleiotropy Is. Because phenyl ketone is the This gene also affects brain cells. And your skin too. So any person who Son, this disease also affects their skin. Pigmentation occurs. Plus he's a little mental. They become. Because this brain It also affects. so it is a An example of pleiotropy is also where Son, a gene for skin pigmentation and brain It is also affecting the cells. Ok? So In this disease, the child looks something like this Seems like Such pigmentation on the body it occurs. Mental retardation occurs. Phenyl This enzyme is converted into ketone urea. He is absent. Due to which it does not become phenyl is formed instead of Pyruvic acid that accumulates in the body goes. Due to which the skin looks like this It starts becoming visible. Ok? Then comes the second disease, son, which we It is called sickle cell anemia. So sickle cell What is anemia son? Again, autosomal It is a recessive disorder. Son, who is every disease? It is important to remember that it is typed from. So Normally son, this happens in your body. It is RBC. But in this disease RBC The shape becomes something like this. Sealed Cell Shaped. Ok? Son in this disease Chromosome number 11 is a disease. Son, this Chromosome number 11 is affected in the disease Is. By law from the parent when in the offspring If a child is born, he should also be a carrier Can. Right? Normally your son Hemoglobin in RBC is Bioconcave. But in this disease your son The RBC becomes seal cell shaped. Ok? Now inside this disease there would be exactly ma'am What is? So son, suppose a normal Human genes contain RNA GAG And son, it makes glutamic acid. The code does. But son sickle cell anemia This mutation happened here. Son, this Type Key Mutation This Is Called Edge Point Mutation. Ok? What the son calls transversion Type of mutation. Here the son is the first Was. What has come in place of A here? you come Went. Because of which son here glutamic Valine started forming instead of acid. So son, you Thinking of changing just one thing and one Disease occurs in the body. Only this a Instead of this, here came Pe You. thereby glutamic Valine started forming in the body instead of acid. This is called as son sickle cell anemia. So son, now this sickle cell anemia is affecting someone. How can this happen? If his hemoglobin level Son, he is A A, he is normal, nothing. He is a normal patient but if any of his sons Sickle cell on either chromosome Has the genes, which means he can have a career. Because it is a recessive disorder, Son, this disease is present on both chromosomes It is necessary, only then will he be called diseased, son. Because this is a recessive disorder, brother. It is simple that now in this condition it is recessive So this is it, right? So son, be in this disease That disease will occur only to the person who is recessive. Ok? So son, what would have happened in this condition? Is? Because friend, hemoglobin of RBC What is? The hemoglobin that is there should change goes. There is low oxygen. Because of which the son The shape of RBC becomes a little like this. Ok? And son of such people who have blood The flow happens and it starts getting stuck because This is how RBCs start collecting. Ok? It also affects blood flow. Sickle Cell anemia. Right? Then comes the next disease, son, whose name is Thalassemia which is an autosomal recessive Disorder. What is? This is an autosomal recessive There is disorder. Isn't it? First tell me is it clear to everyone here? Is it things? CC in the Chat Box with Ping Hearts. Son, till now we have discussed chromosomal Read about disorders. phenyl, ketone, Read about urea and sickle cell anemia. Is everything clear to everyone here? Are? Quickly drop me a line in the chat box. I will tell you. Then we move forward. Our The chapter is about to get over. Make a pink heart too brother. in the keyboard Don't you have emojis? Well, everyone understands the topic of illness. No. This seems to be interesting. Why Ho hum hum sickness and all that? Yes. Let the next disease come, son. Thalassemia. God forbid this disease, son Sometimes someone says it is a tough disease. this disease What happens to me son? parent to child May be passed. Thalassemia Beta Do It is of type. either alpha thalassemia Or beta thalassemia. Son in this disease What happens? Alpha Thalassemia Beta Un occurs in people who have the SON mutation It occurs in chromosome number 16. and beta Thalassemia is caused by those whose son Chromosomes are variations or mutations In number 11. So what would normally happen son? Is? Your hemoglobin is Hemoglobin beta two four subunits There are. Alpha chain and beta chain. If Beta, there is a problem in the alpha chain, then it is Alpha thalassemia. Problems with the beta chain Then it is beta thalassemia. Ok? Here son, whoever has alpha thalassemia It happens that their HBA1 and HBA2 genes are defective. goes. Due to which a son was born in his body. Alpha chain of hemoglobin is not formed. So because of beta precipitate RBCs rupture. Son RBCs in the body of a thalassemia patient They keep dying. Because of which the son People getting their blood changed frequently Does matter. Alpha Thalassemia Cases Beta In case of thalassemia, the beta HBB gene It gets spoiled. So beta inside the body The chain is not formed and the alpha chain precipitates. This happens due to which the RBCs burst. Are. So son at the end whether alpha Whether it is thalassemia or beta RBC, Death is certain. But son here This is the question that arises. Alpha Thalassemia Which chromosome does it occur on and which Jean? Hb A1, Hb A2 and chromosome number 16. Beta thalassemia chromosome number 11 and Jean HBB. Ok? Then the son would have been suffering from thalassemia. What is? Son basically born in Thalassemia What cannot form hemoglobin chains? It is being done properly and its chain is not being formed. Because these RBCs are dying or becoming RBCs Are dying. Ok? That's What Happens In The condition of Thalassemia. Then comes the son The next disease is called color. Blindness Which Is a Sex Gendered Recessive disorder. So son, if you How to check if you have color blindness That it is not. Let me taste you guys. So son, see this if you can see it. What is written inside it? we means you Not color blind. But normally color Blind people son in between these colors They are not able to differentiate. He looks at them Let's start getting confused. that is called Edge color blindness. Does anyone here Have color blindness? If yes then write yes otherwise No writing. Ok? It is visible. Many children are given color It is visible. But many people like this color son It may not be able to differentiate. Correct Is? So son, we call that condition color. Blindness. Isn't it? So son, if you have a I hope no one in our class is of color There should be no blindness, friend. I want my May all children have good eyes. Ok. very good. So son, inability to Differentiate between red and green colors. When son our eyes turn red and green Can't recognize. Then son due to Mutation on X chromosome forces that person to Color blindness occurs. Beta Color Blindness in 8% of males and 4% of females It is visible. So if any of you here If you are seeing this then that would be a mail Only. Because son mails have only one It is the X chromosome. Ok? And If the color on that X chromosome of the male If they become blind, son, they will see the color Blindness female's son if same x If it is on the chromosome then it will be called son Career means they do not have any disease. female If someone gets sick, then color will be applied on both of them. Blindness is necessary. Then the son Will be called diseased. Ok? So the female The son has the advantage of having two X chromosomes. To be. Normally in your eyes, who is the son? cells that perceive pigments Are. Son, who sells this to such people? get spoiled due to which those colors I am not able to differentiate. Ok? Son, how is this condition in mails? Will it happen? If the son is an X and above that too If you become color blind, it is a disease. Otherwise it is normal. Son in female In female, if the son is a dominant and the man Take it brother If a female has even one X chromosome Buddy I don't know what all is being offered here. wait. I don't know if there was some mistake at printing. I will remove it here and write it myself. Ok? So son, when will there be a female career? When He has this on one of his X chromosomes. But if There is nothing on the female X chromosome. Is. That is normal. Female to beta color Blindness will occur only if both of his This will be on the X chromosome. Ok? Ok son. Then comes the disease that is Hemophilia. Hemophilia also son same sex gender It is a recessive disorder. Basically son this It is said that a royal disease or bleeders Disease. What basically happens in this disease Is? Even if you get a small cut From there, son, blood kept flowing continuously. Is. It keeps flowing. It keeps flowing. flowing remains. The bleeding will continue continuously. Ok? In this disease, a single protein is Involved in cascade of proteins. In this What happens? Blood clotting is affected Is. If there is even a small cut, son Uncontrolled bleeding occurs. the reason for which Hence it is called bleeder's disease. Son, this The disease is caused by the X chromosome. V means this It will be seen much less in females. This disease is called Beta Royal Disease because because who is Queen Victoria She was a carrier of this disease from England. Meaning she did not have this disease but she was Carrier of hemophilia. Ok? In this disease, son has two types it occurs. Hemophilia and Hemophilia B. If someone has hemophilia A, it means son His clotting factor number is absent. I think you will know what is inside our body There are 13 clotting factors. If at Hemophilia if clotting factor is absent A will happen. And if the son is ninth in number Hemophilia if clotting factor is absent It will be B. Son ninth number clotting The factor is called the Christmas factor. So Son, this is also called Christmas disease. To hemophilia B. Ok? So what happens normally? A& B. B is also known as Son Christmas Disease. Are. Because son, there is a nine in it. There is no clotting. It has ET clotting Not a factor. Ok? Now son, how do the questions come? Brother? Tell me the difference. Hemophilia and sickle cell hemophilia son sex in cell anemia There is a gendered disorder. It is an autosomal recessive There is disorder. Hemophilia son mostly In which is it visible? Inside Mails. Correct Is? More males are affected by hemophilia Are. Sickle cell anemia son male female It can happen in both. Ok? The Difference You You can tell me by writing. Then comes son the last and the mini topic of this chapter which is called as pedigree Analysis. What is pedigree analysis? Is? So pedigree analysis means Reading your family history. I think childhood I all saw a tree in that drawing. Must have made it. Grandparents in that tree again Papa, Aunt, then Papa got married to Mummy. You posted your photo this way, son. Must have created your family tree. Ok? So Son, when you have to read family history Is it someone's friend in their family who The disease is coming somewhere, there is no reason for it. It is not a disease that exists only in their family. So son, pedigree analysis is what happens It is very helpful to read family history. Is. inheritance patterns in your family There is some ongoing disease. basically this Particular traits of your family. Ok? What has happened to inheritance? specific trait About abnormalities in your body Or why is the disease occurring? Somewhere that family It is not happening because of this. Ok? So Son, what are these things useful for? We can know these things from pedigree analysis. Can do. Now in Pedigree Analysis Basically different types of symbols are used Let's go to represent. so basically Square represents mail. The circle represents female. it Son, what you are seeing, this represents An unspecified sex. Meaning we don't know Is it male, female or what? we don't No the gender. But son, if you send this mail Female or color this unspecified gender Will give which shows a diseased individual. If the son draws a line between male and female Will do the show. what does this mean son child do. Now their meeting has taken place. If the son There are two lines between them, meaning two The relatives are married. Then son, this shows that these are the parents and these They have children. These are the parents and these They have an affected child. If I were five I want to show the kids together. I I can write five inside the square. Correct Is? So basically son pedigree analysis There is a trick. If you understand this trick If you have any pedigree analysis Questions can be asked anytime, be it NEET or Be it CUET or anything else. However, the level at which But we should know about pedigree analysis. It is taught very deeply. Butt us As much as we want according to NCERT I am seeing that much. So pedigree analysis That friend, there is a trick. That is what I give you Let me tell you. Assume it is female. this mail Is. They had four children, three sons. let's assume Then son, this male got married and this happened Kids, okay, so son, how long are we here? Generations One, Two and Three are visible Son, if I am okay in any generation Now you notice here Okay son. If we keep spreading disease in every generation I am visible in. Meaning you have a disease here. seen here, seen here, seen here too I. I mean, son, this is definitely someone It is a dominant disease. Ok? But if Suppose here the disease occurs in one generation It is there in one, it is not there in the second and it is there in the third. But there is no disease in one generation. which means son this is a recessive Disorder. If generation skipping is happening Is. Which means it is a recessive disorder. Right? Now we will understand the next concept. So Let's say the second point is that it is sex. Linked. Ma'am, we will recognize that someone Is the disease dominant or recessive? that It's fine. But how do we know if someone The disease is autosomal or sex linked Is? Let me tell you. Suppose son, if Disease passed from mother to son Either there should be a condition that mother says hey Son, if the disease is coming from mother to son So it is a sex gendered disorder. Ok? Or the disease may be passed from father to daughter. Has been. Ok? If from father to daughter or from mother to son Illness is coming, we mean it is a sex Gendered Disorder. Ok? What is autosomal? Autosomal Condition Nothing like this happens in me. here son Nothing like this happens. Ok? here Illness is occurring randomly. male and female There is no link to. So let's ask a question do. I will ask a question. So come on. Wait a second. Ok? Recognize. So son, here I have you People will tell. This is generation one, generation two, generation three. Now son, first tell me this is a dominant Is the disease a recessive disease? Quickly. The disease is also present in the first generation. The second generation also has the disease and the third There is disease in the generation also. We Clearly Meaning, son, this is a dominant disease. For sure. Ok? He is dominant brother. All three generations I am visible in. Ok. Ok. Now this Is it sex linked? What from mother to son Are you coming? Friend, the son is getting it from the mother But the daughter is also having it. we mean this sex It is not gendered because son is different from mother The daughter is coming. This is sex lingd Cannot be done. Because in sex gendered Only the son can get the disease from the mother. Is. How did it happen to the daughter? which means it is an autosomal Dominant disease. Ok? We will see here. three here too There are generations. I will tell you son, first of all here We don't see the disease in Generation. It is visible in the other two. It is dominant Is this a recessive disease? quickly I will tell you. It is dominant or recessive Are you sick? This son is a recessive disease. Because there is skipping of generation. One There is no disease in this generation. Now this Is it sex linked? Let's check what Is the son coming from father to a daughter or daughter? We are getting something like this from mother to son There also does not appear to be any pattern from mother to son. I am not seen in Father to Daughter which means this is an autosomal Recessive Disorders Okay, now you have to see the answer here. Now you can see the first one is autosomal dominant. What's the matter Example Simple Myotonic Dystrophy. The second is autosomal recessive. Meaning sickle cell anemia. Did you enjoy it? Their It's so much fun to ask questions Is. It's a lot of fun. Shall I ask you a question? Will you do it? Let me ask you a question about pedigree. will you do it What? Let me ask you a question about pederasty. You to do. Ok. Will you tell me what this disease is, son? Dominant Is it recessive? First generation, second Generation, third generation. This disease will tell What is? Son, we can see it here. There is skipping of generation. V means this It is a recessive disease. Is it here from mother? Transferring to Sun? Yes sir. Absolutely. Ok? We mean it is a sex gender There is disorder. It is a sex-gendered disease, son. Ok? very good. Let's look at the question. color blindness Son, what kind of disease is it? color blindness son Is a sex gendered recessive disorder. We just read it. Then comes the question Why Pedigree Analysis is Important Elder brother? You can tell me in the chat box. Because son, it gives you genetic help. Is. It shows how your trades have come out Is. what is your family history Tells. Which means all of the above. Pedigree Analysis Son Your Family It became history. Your Origin of Trades Have become. How your trades are passed down in the family It tells everything that is happening. Next question. If a mutant Hemoglobin beta brings oxygen Change the shape of RBCs by polymerization If it does, then son, how is RBC formed? Sickle cell shape. which means which one Are you talking about illness? This is being talked about It is sickle cell anemia. Who are you talking about? Is? of sickle cell anemia. Because son In this disease, hemoglobin has There is less oxygen. Ok? Enzyme beta which enzyme is present Phenyl ketone is not dissolved in urea. Enzyme is absent in the case of phenyl Ketone Urea Ok? that is phenyl alanine Hydroxylase enzyme beta is responsible for this disease There is absinthe inside. because of which converts to phenylpyruvic acid Is. Which is the son in beta thalassemia? Is the chromosome affected? Ok? I will tell you. I am starting the poll. answer carefully to do. Which of the following is true in beta thalassemia? Is chromosome affected? There will be physics class, son. Akshay Sir I was told that if I leave class at 7 o'clock If I leave before then he will leave at 7:30. I will take a class so that you guys can save 1 hour. I should get rest approx. So I just now Leave your class in just 5 minutes I will give. Then you can easily go to Physics class. You can attend. Ok? So son When chromosome number 11 is defective It is beta thalassemia. And when chromosomes When the number is 16th then it is Beta Alpha. Thalassemia. Then son, you have to match the column. Ok? What does it mean? That son, this is mail. So A's fifth option brother. This is the answer Went. Ok? What is this? She is female. These Sex unspecified. These five Offsprings. This means he is dead. Ok? The answer has already come. So come on. Let's Do the last session that is the QB session in The Chat Box Everyone. Let's ask 10 such questions Let's do what the son decides that you How much did you understand from this chapter? So get ready to fly. He comes like this, right? First question: All genes are located on The same chromosome. If the son genes are located on the same chromosome What shall we call him? from different groups relative distance to them This will be called a linkage group. We call them linkages I will not call it a group. We call them interactive. It will be called a group. Son, when jeans come together are present on chromosomes, that We say the concept very easily. That is linkage. Oho Sorry. So sorry, I didn't turn it on. Paul. So son, when genes are together on one chromosome are located, we call it linkage Group. Ok? That is so sorry poll I I started late but answer. Next Your question is, son, what is the condition when 2n + will become 1, will become 2n - 1, plus minus Will be done. What do we call this condition? aneuploidy, polyploidy, alloploidy, Monosomy. What do you say son about this condition? To? I have to tell you this. Basically son, these are both conditions. of hyperploidy. These are both conditions of hypoploidy. Where does this son come from? Are? what is this condition called as this condition is called edge I am telling you the answer. Guess who it was? Correct Is? This condition is called age Aneuploidy. Ok? very good. Next question. The next question is distance between the Jeans. Suppose there is a chromosome. in The distance between genes on a chromosome is The Percentage of Recombination. Reconnection What happens to a son? to do with distance Son. Distance and Reconnection Frequency There is a direct relationship between relationship, parallel relationship or There is no relationship. Son, I told you that distance and Direct relationship between the recombination It happens. Meaning, if I say this distance 20% is the recombination frequency. Which This means the distance is 20 centimetres per organ. So this son is a direct relationship. Distance and Reconnection Frequency Of. Brother, why do you live in B's world? Are you there brother? This will be option A. Ok? Let's go next. Next question is. In Seal cell anemia Beta Glutamic Acid. Ok? What does it replace? Glutamic acid gets replaced son From Wayline. Which one of the following codes R for Valine? Son get replaced by wayline goes. Glutamic acid is GAG Which makes Valine which is G U G. Ok? Next question. Person son having I & IB blood What does the group represent? Protropy, Code Dominance, Segregation, or Incomplete Dominance? My son's blood type is AB. Example of we of the following? Which of the following? Blood group I and IB That is beta ko dominance that is kodam Dominance very good. Next comes the son question ZZ and ZW type of sex In whom is determination seen son? Son, this is seen inside birds. Birds have given only one of these Which we can easily guess as peacock. Ok? The son is seen in birds What happens in that? female heterogamety it occurs. Females are heterogametic. Next Question in a Dihybrid Cross 9:31 Comes. What does this relationship tell us, son? The alleles of two genes are interacting with each other Other. It is a multigenic inheritance. It Is multiple allelism. The Alleys of Two Jeans Are Segregating Independently. Son dihybrid cross straight to same thing tells that it is based on the law of Independent Assortment Simply, there is no problem here. multiple analism multiple this nothing shows it directly shows that Independent Assortment. Next is Occasionally son if single gene If a gene is more than one character Show. Ek Jean Beta More Than One Character Show me what this is called? Multiple Allelism, Mozartism, Pleiotropy, Polygeny. This is a very cool question. When a gene is multiple Son, he shows his characters. like phenyl ketone in urea and such as B gene which grain Was telling size and starch synthesis. Son, we call such a condition that is Should I answer? Should I answer? Such The condition is called pleiotropy. Ok? When there is one gene and multiple Have characters. Next. Oh my God. Chapter is done. It's your homework, son. To you Please read these notes carefully. Practice questions using NCERT Will have to. In fact son, you got all the crosses You will have to practice it. friend without anyone Cross this chapter out as it is useless for you. If you think about linkage friend without practice Will you remember? Will not done. Any cross we You will learn without making it. No. Son, you Let me tell you, in fact, many children, son No dihybrid cross in the exam either. I could have made it and come. They think brother Sir, dihybrid cross is easy. What practice is there to do son, that too for an exam I cannot draw. So as long as you I won't practice it, it won't make Any sense. Ok? Check out the leader board Are. Well, today I because chapter Had increased. Sonam Kumari, Subhalina, Arya, Anseema, Shreyas, Kunal, Ima Sakleen, Apuva And Shikhu what a thing son the top 10 Scorers of today's class. Bravo to Everybody. I hope son you liked today's lecture You liked it. with a lot of hard work and a lot of heart I've tried everything from genetics to To cover everything in today's one lecture. of. I hope son you use this thing Pick it up, read it carefully. Next son we One shot of molecular genetics will be available With. Till then goodbye everyone. Love You all.