The dark paradox of science. History is full of heroes and monsters . Often you can tell who's the hero and who's the monster with just one glance . But what if these two people are living in the same body? What if I told you that the great genius who saved millions of people from starvation and is the reason for the bread on your table today was the same man who caused thousands of soldiers to die in the trenches, their lungs torn apart? Here is science's darkest paradox. I'm going to talk about a man who produces bread from nitrogen in the air, and death in his laboratories. Fritz Haber, it was the early 1900s. The world's population was growing at an incredible rate, and scientists made a terrifying prediction . The land would no longer be able to feed humanity. The fertilizer is gone, the fields will dry up, and millions of people will sadly die from the cold. We needed nitrogen for plants to grow. 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas. But those nitrogen atoms were held together so tightly, so stubbornly, by that legendary triple bond, that plants unfortunately couldn't break the bond and use the nitrogen. Humanity was on the verge of dying of thirst in this ocean of air. Frit News has achieved the seemingly impossible. It managed to shatter that supposedly unbreakable triple nitrogen bond under immense pressure and temperature, bringing hydrogen together and thus enabling today's ammonia syntheses. Today, all synthetic fertilizers in the world are actually produced using this method . If 8 billion people aren't starving to death on this planet today, we can say that the nitrogen in your veins was synthesized in the news laboratory back then. This discovery also earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Of course, he was now the savior of humanity. But then came 1914. World War II broke out. One Saber was a fanatical German nationalist. This man was ready to do anything for his country . He was even ready to turn science into a weapon . The German army was at a standstill on the front. The news, however, offered them a solution. It was n't an explosive, though. A gas. Chlorine gas. On April 22, 1915, as the sun was setting in Yipes, Belgium, the wind changed direction and a warning order was issued. The meaning of thousands of steel cylinders was revealed simultaneously. A massive, 168-ton, yellow-green cloud of death began to crawl towards the trenches. Do you know why I say crawling? Because the density of chlorine gas is actually about 2.5 times greater than the density of air. The gas didn't escape into the sky. What do you think happened when those soldiers, who were hiding in those crates as if they were swimming in water, inhaled the chlorine gas? The chlorine reacted instantly with the water in the respiratory tract and lungs, and at that very second, hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, began to form inside the soldiers' lungs. The soldiers were drowning on land. The acid that had formed in their lungs had now begun to engulf them internally. A full 10,000 soldiers died in those trenches that day, blood coming from their mouths. The news was there that day. He followed them and returned to Berlin as a hero, to the celebrations. But his wife, Clara bin Meri, who was waiting for him at home, did not attend these celebrations. Clara is a very clever chemist. She couldn't bear the thought of her husband turning science into a murder weapon . He begged for the news for days. Don't do that. Science is for giving life, he said. If he gives it to the right, he'll be a traitor to the country. The night the chlorine gas attack was celebrated , and the morning after that night. Clara took her husband's service pistol. He went out into the garden and committed suicide by shooting himself in the heart. Do you know what the news did after that? Before his wife's blood had even dried, he boarded a train that same morning to head to the Eastern Front to direct a new gas attack. The final chapter that history has in store for Frits Haber is as merciless as a Greek tragedy. Years later, the Nazis came to power in Germany . They did n't care at all about the services the news had rendered to the country, the wars it had won, the ammonia it had discovered. Because the news story was about a Jew. He was expelled from his country. He was exiled as a nobody and died of a heart attack in a hotel room in Switzerland. But that wasn't the greatest tragedy. Of course, scientists at the news institute developed a cyanide-based insecticide called Zaklon years ago for agricultural pests. The Nazis altered the formula of this drug during World War I and renamed it Zlon B. The gas warfare concept invented by the Finn and the drug developed by the institute were used years later in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and other concentration camps. Among the millions of people suffocated to death in those chambers were Prit Haber's own relatives. What do you think makes a person a hero? Was it his intelligence or his inventions? Or what did he use that intelligence for? Firer can find bread in the air, but his soul surrenders to the darkness of war at that moment. Preserve the innocence not only of your own family but also of science forever. Hello again, dear young people. What will we talk about in this lesson? Now we've seen the atom. We learned about their models. Let's examine this a little more closely. So we're going to see the structure of the atom. I think it's a nice place. Now, uh, last year someone wrote something... He explains the lesson as if it were very easy . We're having difficulty when it comes to the question bank. Normal. Why? Because there are terms here that you will learn for the first time. There are some patterns you'll encounter for the first time. To reinforce these patterns a bit more, I'm adding tests at the end this time. This time I'm solving the tests too. So when I look at the video duration, I think, " What is this?" Is it really necessary to teach for so many hours? I hear you saying, "I wish they were all just memories," but the memories here are minimized . There are plenty of examples at the end. I want you to carefully consider the examples at the end. I think we shouldn't waste any time. What do you say? Come on . Our lesson is starting. Now, professor, what is the fundamental component of an atom? First, there's a core. There are electrons orbiting around it. We mentioned that the nucleus contains both positively charged particles and uncharged particles, namely neutrons. So when I say nucleus, protons and neutrons come to mind. When I say orbit, the electrons will come to life. So, professor, what do we call it as a symbol? We represent the proton with the letter P. We know its payload is +1. What is the approximate mass of AKB, sir? It is presented to us in the form of atomic mass units. Similarly, we represent the neutron with the symbol nne. High particle. Its mass is approximately 1 AKUB. Pay attention to my sentence here, what am I saying? Approximately. In fact, the mass of a proton and a neutron are not exactly equal. We use expressions like "approximately" or "they are both equal ." But the main point here is this. When we put a minus sign above the electron E, it will represent the electron. The only thing we'll be buying will be electronics. Meanwhile, we will never touch protons and neutrons . We will always be gaining electrons and losing electrons. Is it ok? That's our rule. It will be a particle with a charge of -1. Its mass is 1/1840 amu. What is that, sir? 1840 electrons together make one proton . So what do I do with its mass ? I'm neglecting it. This is where the reason for the neglect becomes clear. So, we can refer to protons as positively charged particles in the nucleus, neutrons as uncharged particles in the nucleus, and electrons as negatively charged particles located in orbits . Now they're going to give us an atomic number. They represent the atomic number with the letter Z. What is the atomic number, sir? For example, I drew an atom of an element. The number written in the lower left corner of an element's atom is called the atomic number . It is an identifying characteristic of an element. Professor, you've pulled a fast one on us here. What's this? The atomic number is also referred to as the number of protons or the nuclear charge. All three expressions represent the same thing . They use each other interchangeably . For example, what is this normally called ? It is the number of protons. Why do we call it nuclear charge? It is the only charged particle in the nucleus . So why did I mention the atomic number? Just like your identification number. Each element has its own unique atomic number . Since it is not found in any other element, it is referred to as the atomic number. For example, if I say 1, it directly represents hydrogen, and if I say 2, it represents helium . There aren't any others that are just one or two like that . There are no two elements with the same atomic number. Because each element has its own unique atomic number . Therefore, the number of protons in the nucleus of an element is called the atomic number and is represented by the letter Z. Each element will have a different atomic number. I will write the element symbol in the bottom left corner . In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons. What did I mean ? For example, I mentioned sodium. The atomic number is written in the lower left corner. Sodium had 11 protons. If it 's not an ion—meaning there's no positive or negative charge in the upper right corner—it's considered neutral. In each neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. So if the proton is written in the bottom left corner, where is the electron written? We noticed that it was written in the bottom right corner . What else should I talk about? Mass number. Look at the bottom left corner of the element's name; that's the atomic number or the number of protons, right? This is how we wrote the number of protons . Do we agree? We mentioned the number of electrons in the bottom right corner earlier. Ok. We mentioned ionic charge in the same sentence . We also write the ion charge in the upper right corner, and now we come to the mass number. It is a structure where the atomic number and its mass number are written in the upper left corner. Is it ok ? Here we will indicate it with the mass number or the capital letter A. Now, why do we use the term mass number? Create the mass of the atom . Wait a minute, wait a minute. Didn't we already say this? Atomic mass. Professor, aren't protons and neutrons formed? Yes. Ok. The proton is here. So where is the neutron then? We'll write the neutron here. The number obtained by adding a proton and a neutron is called the mass number . Therefore, since the mass of an electron in an atom is negligibly small, the mass of an atom must be determined by the nucleus. The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element is called its mass number. The mass number is written in the upper left corner of the element's label, and this mass number is also referred to as the number of nucleons . Then the total number of protons and neutrons will also be expressed as the nucleon number . So, what exactly is this thing we call an ion? We just mentioned it. I wrote it in the upper right corner of the element . For example, if you write something with a positive charge, you call it a cation. For example, if you say negative charge, you call it an anion. It indicates how many electrons were given or received, either positive or negative. Normally, the process here involves electrons, right ? Now pay attention to the electron. Something with a negative charge. What happens if you give something that is negatively charged? You'll end up in the positive. What happens if you pick up something that's negatively charged? You'll go into the negative. Going into positive territory. Don't go into the negative. How do you get into the positive? If I reduce the number of electrons, that is, if I give away an electron, I become positive. If I gain electrons, my power goes into the negative. If I get positive, my name is cation. Think of it because of the 't' in the middle . A caton is a positively charged ion. If I have a negative charge, I'm referring to it as an anion . Okay, professor, one value is the number of neutrons, as we said, I've chosen the element. Whose name was I writing in the bottom left corner? The number of protons. The number of neutrons is revealed. Above, sir, is the mass number. Ion charge in the upper right corner. The number of electrons will appear in the lower right corner . Write this in a full email. Let it remind you whenever you see it. You have resolved this issue. Now, our neutron is located between the atomic number and the mass number . The element hydrogen has no neutrons. So, a question might come up for you like this. If someone says every element must contain neutrons, that's a lie. Why? Because the element hydrogen has no neutrons, kids. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1. It has no neutrons. The mass number also comes out as 1. Therefore, the number of protons appears to be equal to the mass number . Okay, professor, I've arrived at the event we were discussing. We mentioned that the ionic charge is determined by the number of electrons, protons, neutrons, and mass number, right? An element exhibits an inverted U-shaped logic. An upside-down U. What does that mean? If you add the charge of an ionic compound to the number of electrons, you get a proton. If you add protons and neutrons together, you get the mass number. This is how things will always go. The solution to all the questions lies here. So, as I said, this is the format you'll use to write your mail . If you get this, we can solve it very easily. For example, if a sodium atom with a +1 charge has 10 electrons, adding two of them together makes 11. If I add 11 to the number of neutrons, which is 12, I get 23. This is always the case. Look what happened? Conversely, if one of them is given an electron, how many electrons will it have? You'll say, "What do I add to +1 to get 11?", but it won't give you 10 or a neutron. You'll say, "What do I add to 11 that equals 23?" and the answer will be 12. We'll find the remainders through inference . Is it ok? We will try to discuss these here. So, in a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Now, don't memorize anything in cationic in the catons section . Think of this . Bring me an atom named X. You said 11. Is +1 necessary for it to be a cathode? How many are there here? 10 came. In that case, the number of protons in the cation turns out to be greater than the number of electrons. But if it had said anions, for example, let's say I just threw something in here, what would I get? 9 arrived. And now it's 10 here. This time, the number of electrons turns out to be greater than the number of protons. So he'll tell you that in the comments. He will say, "If the number of protons in a given atom is greater than the number of electrons, then that atom is a cation." Or, if the professor says that in atom Y, there are more electrons than protons, it means the professor has gained electrons . So you'll be saying that this must be an anion as well . Okay, now here are my sweet solutions. Look, we've opened our black book, guys. What will I talk about here? Let me take my orange color. He said that the x + 2 ion has 28 electrons . This ion has 65 nucleons. What is its neutron count? First, we write our x in large letters to represent it. What did he say here? He mentioned the X+ 2 ion, meaning it donated two electrons . That it has 28 electrons. Did I write down the number of electrons, 28, here? Don't I know this ? If I add these two together, who will I find? I obtain the number of protons . Isn't it? I don't know the number of protons. My professor says the nucleon number is 65 . Doesn't the nucleon number 65 correspond to this point? Okay then. I can easily find the rest. How will I find it? + Did you see what the total is if I add 2 and 28 ? I saw that it was 30. Teacher, what do I add to 30 to get 65 ? 35. What does he want from me ? What is this man's neutron count? You will have found that the number of neutrons is 35 . Do we have an agreement? See, it's actually that simple. What do you want from me, and how can you get there? We are acting accordingly. For example, it says that the x-2 ion and the y+2 ion have the same number of electrons. I stopped. I'm coming back now. First, I'm writing this in big letters. He's talking about X - 2. On the other side is Y. What is Y? He's talking about +2. I'm writing down what I've been given. Look, it's given a mass number of 40. This also gives the number of protons as 16. This says that these two have the same number of electrons. So, do these two have the same number of electrons ? He says these two are equal. I don't know anything else. I've just arrived. I'm asking, where can I find whom? Teacher, what should I add to -2 so that it equals 16? 18. Teacher, this is 18. If this is 18, then this is also 18. If this is 18, what do I get when I add 18 to 2? That makes 20. I'm going to ask, "Teacher, what number do I need to add to 20 to get 40?" When we add 20 and 20 together, we get 40. So it's like, like a puzzle, something really cute . Does ÖSYM (the Turkish examination board) ask questions like this, sir? He asks. In fact, we get a lot of questions related to this . The number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons. It is equivalent to neutrons. Questions like "What is its proton like?" are very common. That's why we need to pay attention to this as well. I came here, sir, to talk about the neutral state of the element chlorine, and its negative and positive ions. I said, "Wait a minute, sir, let me talk about this first." He gave me an element of chlorine . Does "neutral state" mean the one that is 0 ? Another professor of mine is talking about chlorine -1 and chlorine +2 . He's talking about Chlorine + 2. Which of these statements is true for these? Now I know nothing. You don't know about chlorine either, but there's one thing you do know, sir. No matter what, look, no matter what, the element chlorine must have the same number of protons . All three have the same number of protons. So, sir, here it's A, here it's A, and here it's A. Normally, chlorine has 17 protons, but you don't have to memorize that. A is gone too. So if this is A, shouldn't the number of electrons be A as well ? Why? When I add these two together, I get this . Because I discovered this place. So, when I add this together to get 'a', what should this value be, sir? I said it needs to be A + 1. Because when I add them up, I'll get 'a'. This part also needs to be a - 2 so that when I add these two together, I get a. Super. Another? I don't know of any other features. Which of the following statements is true: "I have just arrived"? The one with the highest number of protons. One moment, sir. All three have the same number of protons. Let's say that statement is false then. Chlorine is neutral, having the most electrons. Is it true? No. -1 is chlorine. Then that expression disappeared too. All three have the same number of nucleons. Professor, what exactly is this thing we call nucleon number ? Is n't it the sum of protons plus neutrons ? Now, with the neutralization of the element chlorine, we are now talking about the same element. He's talking about -1 + 2. So, should I write to them? Let me write it in green. If this is B, it's the same element atom, so it's B. Since it's the same, it's B. Now, normally you might say it could be an isotope, which is correct, but since chlorine represents the element with and without electrons, it refers to the same element. So what do all of these nucleons look like? A + B arrived. What happened here? a + b came. What happened here? It turned out to be A + B. So, does the number of nucleons in 3 also have the same? All three have the same number of nucleons . Which one is correct, he asked. Therefore, the answer is option C. So, the professor says that the x e- ion has 36 electrons . Shall we do it like this right away, sir? I'm typing element X. I'm talking about -2. I'm saying that the number of electrons here is 36. I know that if I add these two together, I'll get this. Ok . Atom X has 8 more neutrons than protons. Stop. Let's continue now . When we add these two together, we see how much this place is. Did you see that it's 34? This is number 34. Now it says the number of neutrons is 8 more than the number of protons . Professor, if we add 8 to 34, will we find the number of neutrons? So how much is that then? Does adding 8 give us 42 ? It became 42. Teacher, if I add both together, what will the total be? You will have noticed that there are 76 nucleons. So what is it telling us? What is the mass number, or the number of nucleons? We say that the answer will be 76 . So, the professor said that the sum of the densities of x + 2 and x + 3 is the number of electrons. This time, the professor asked for the total. Who do you have now? There is one x + 2. Another? I have one x + 3. Ok . Now, the sum of these two terms refers to the number of electrons. Are these the same element? The same element. Do I know the number of protons in these? For example, if I call this place 'a', then this place must also be 'a'. Can I remove their electrons? Wouldn't it be better if I did it this way, sir? What do I add to +2 to get a? A-2. So, what do I add to +3 to get a? I said that if I add a -3, it equals a . When I add these two together, doesn't it equal 2a - 5 ? And this is the sum of the electron numbers. How many did he say there were? Did he say it came out as 47 ? When we threw it across, what was the result of what I called 2a? This came up as 52. If I divide both sides by 2, what I call A should be 26 as your answer. What do you want from me? X's nuclear charge is matched. Oh, professor, please pay close attention to this point as well . They might ask about the number of electrons in X , or they might ask about something else. What did you find? Find A. What do you want from me? Core charge. Teacher, since it's also A, what would you just say directly? You'll say our answer is Bolivia . So, professor, we said that the X+ ion donated 2 electrons to the Y-1 ion and then received one electron from the Z+2 ion . Now, write this down word by word. Otherwise, you're very likely to make a mistake . Now I've arrived, my big teacher, I have an ion called x + 1. x + 1 ion. Then he said that he gave 2 electrons to this y-1 ion . If I transfer two electrons from here to there, send two electrons away, and then give two more electrons, who will it turn into afterwards? Let me show you, sir. It turns into X 3 +, right ? Why? He had given one. If it gives away two more electrons, it will be like giving away 3 + 3 electrons . This man had bought one. And naturally, if two more arrive, who will this guy turn to? When we add 2 to 1, we turn 3 into a negative . This is the form we first transformed into. Then he says that after this event, he took an electron from the Z+2 atom. So now Z has come into the picture too, right? From Z to Z +2, this time one electron has passed to X. An electron. So, who should Z become, professor? Z needs to turn into a plus sign (3). If there is only one electron, what should X transform into? Two plus signs, sir, nobody has touched them. Then it appears as y3 . I'll see what the final results are. I will have seen that X remained at +2 . I will have seen that Y is at -3 and Z is at +3 . Therefore, our answer is option E. It's usually a very simple question, but you need to pay attention. Do it step by step. First you ask, " What happened to him after he went through that?" Then you need to explain what happened after these transitioned to this . I'm here, sir. Now we're going to have you do an exercise related to this. Doing these things is very valuable for you, by the way . By practicing, you'll become thoroughly familiar with their locations. Is it ok? For example, in the first exercise, it asks, " What should the ion charge be?" 6. 6. If the number of protons and electrons is equal, then we have proven that it is neutral, professor . Let me write it like this... Let's write it in orange or in yellow. We have proven that it is 0. If I add 0 and 6, I get 6. If I add 6 and 6, what should the result be? I said 12 should come sooner. If I add -2 and 10, I get 8, sir. What do I add 8 to get 16, sir? It was 8. Then the number of neutrons became 8. If I add 10 to -3, what do I get? 7 arrived. He said that the number of protons is 7. If I add 7 and 7, and then add the neutrons, I get a mass number of 14. Teacher, what should I add to +2 so that it equals 12? 10. The number of electrons is 10. So what do I add to 12 to get 24? 12. So, protons and neutrons also appear as 12 . For example, when we get to this point, what do I add to 18 so that I get 16? -2. By the way, my teacher is writing backwards. You say -2, then you add 2. Why? Well, for atoms, this is how we do it. The pros and cons of interpreting the "he gave two, he took two" situation come later. So, it's not really about mathematics here; it's about giving and receiving. What should I add to 16? It presented us with 32 as 16. The same thing applies here. Look, if I add -1 and 18, I get 17, sir. If I add 17 and 18 together, it comes out to 35, sir. +1 and 18 came. What do I add to 19 that equals 40? If I add 21, I get 40. Look, again... uh... this time it's not coming from here. It will come from here. Look, to get 40, whose name do I need to add to 20? I need to add 20. We will add 20 and 20. What value does this need to be for it to equal 20? It should appear as +2. When you add 2 and 18, you get 20, and when you add 20 and 20, you get 40. So, you need to know the exact positions of electrons, protons, and neutrons, young people. It's valuable to us. So, the professor says, in the table below, write the numbers that fit into the blanks where the atomic number, neutron number, and mass number values ​​are given for some elements . Now, regarding hydrogen, if seeing these things confuses you, do the following. For example, I saw the element hydrogen. Atomic number means the number of protons. It's written in the bottom left corner. The number of neutrons will be written in the middle, sir. He'll come here. If the mass number E is 1, how many neutrons should there be? It should appear as 0. When you think of the same thing for Beril, look, I wrote Beril. I don't know the atomic number. If the number of neutrons is 2 and the mass number is 4, what number of protons am I expecting? It should appear as 2. When I wanted to talk about nitrogen, I saw that nitrogen has 7 protons. I observed that the number of neutrons is 7. I think that when I add the two together, the mass should also be 14 . I will also talk about sodium. I told you that the element sodium has 11 protons. Uh, I said the mass number is 23 . Then I saw how many neutrons there were. We assume it should appear as 12 . I continued. Look, I came here for sulfur. He wrote that the element sulfur has 16 protons. He wrote that the mass number is 32. What will the number of neutrons be then? To add them up to 32, we need to have 16 in the first place . So, for the element phosphorus, it says that it has 16 neutrons. Okay, it also says that its mass number is 31. So what should the number of protons be then ? It should appear as 15 . I'm doing a calcium test. He said that calcium has 20 protons. That there are also 20 neutrons . What should the mass number be then? I said it should appear as 40 here as well . Now I'll talk about cobalt. I'm researching cobalt. Uh, it showed that the number of protons is 27 . What's the number here? It came in as 59. What should the price be here then? It should appear as 32. So, actually, it's like, uh, think of it as Sudoku. So you're putting the puzzle pieces together. We can also think of it as water fitting together the pieces of the tissue . I've just arrived here. He provided the atoms here. Numbers like X, Y, Z, T, Q, R. He says to write down the anions and cations . The logic was actually this. You can write just one word. No problem at all. For example, when examining element X, what is the number of protons ? It was 7. If the number of electrons is 10, and there are more electrons than protons, what should the value of this be? It needs to appear in the form of anions. So, professor, X3 -1 is anion. I continued. Let me examine the atom I referred to as Y. When examining Y, it has 10 protons and 10 electrons. Professor, if it has 10 protons and 10 electrons, what is it? A neutral structure. So I wrote that Y is neutral. I'm looking for Z, sir. If Z has 11 protons, how many electrons does it have ? 10 has arrived. Then it must be a +1 charged cation. I have now shown that Z is a +1 charged cation . I'm examining the letter T, sir. I got the proton for T at 16. E. Since it has 18 electrons, I'll say that this is an anion with a charge of -2. I have stated that T is an anion with a charge of -2 . I'm talking about Q, sir. Who is this guy we call Q? 18 to 18. Look, if proton is equal to electron, what should it be? It needs to be neutral . Then I showed that Q would be neutral . And finally, I reached R. I said that for the particle R, there are 20 protons . If I see that the number of electrons is 18, I will see that it is a +2 charged cation . Then what we call R has become a cation with a +2 charge . We already said something like this. If you have more electrons than protons, you are an anion. If there are more protons than electrons, we've already shown that it's a cation. Okay, professor, I've arrived and he says that the mass number of the neutral particle x4a is 8a + 2. Let's write down these values ​​first, shall we? What is the mass number of the particle we are calling X ? It was 8a + 2. In neutral, it says this area is 4a. So, can I find it directly here? What is this gap, teacher? 4a + 2 also has neutrons. Beautiful. The number of neutrons is 4a². Even if I hadn't written it down, we could have found it anyway without collecting it. I have a distributed electron shell in X. Let's also include the electron shell. What? That means I have this many electrons. There are 2,10,160 electrons. So it has 16 electrons. You're talking about a neutral particle . So, if what I call 4a equals 16, what does 'isa a' equal from this ? Isn't it coming in as 4, sir? Since what I meant by 'a' is 4, let's write down the places where those things are . When I said X, there were 16 electrons. And I also mentioned that this place is number 16. How much is 16 + 2? She turned 18 . So how many is this place now? It turned out to be 34 . What is he telling us? What does nuclear charge mean? Number of protons. Then it appeared as 16 . How many neutrons did you get, sir? It came out as 18. I am here. The total number of particles in its core. Mom, wait a minute. What is this, sir? What is he talking about? Who's in the core group, guys? Does n't the nucleus contain protons plus neutrons? Yes. The total tangential number in its nucleus at that time is actually the mass number. What is the mass number? 34. Therefore, this man appears before us as 34. So, professor, the nucleon number (e) and mass number will still be 34. So I said that this place will also have 34. Okay, so the total number of particles... wait a minute, who comes to mind when I hear "particles"? Proton. Ok. Neutron. Ok. But is n't an electron also a particle? Yes. At that time, there were 34 protons plus neutrons. How many electrons do we get after adding 16 more electrons? Is 50 coming? I would say that there are a total of 50 particles . Did you notice the sentence? For example, if the question asks for the total number of particles in the nucleus, I might choose protons and neutrons. Because these things are in the core. But if you're talking about total particles, you have to include protons, neutrons, and electrons. We must have bought all three. Okay professor, now for a few more terms. OSYM has been bothering us a lot lately. Many questions about it came up in both the Military Academy Entrance Exam (MSÜ) and the University Entrance Exam (YKS). Isotp. What is this ball called, sir? Pdenat. You will say that particles with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called esotopes . How? Hydrogen, deuterium, tritium. But professor, you wrote hydrogen in all of them . Yes. Because all three have 1 proton. Normal hydrogen, however, lacks neutrons. He says that deuterium has one neutron, while tritium has two neutrons . How are you, sir? What are these? Isotopes are actually one of the structures that led to the collapse of Dalton's atomic model . He asks, what name have we given to particles that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons ? We mentioned isotopes, right? Well, these are those isotopes . So we can say that neutral atoms that are isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties . Because for a chemical compound to be effective, the number of protons and electrons must be equal. Teacher, all three have the same number of protons and electrons . So you're saying that your chemical properties are the same? The physical aspect is different. From where? Because neutrons are different. How does he notice it? Let me put it this way. For example, the water you create with hydrogen will form H2O when it reacts with the element oxygen. It forms H2O when it reacts with the element oxygen. But we say D2O so that it is understood. It appears as deuterated water, or heavy water. What difference does it make? Let me explain the difference. During World War II, it was one of the most sought-after liquids by the Germans . So what was Ağır good for ? Ağırsu was one of the structures used to cool nuclear reactors . As you know, the Germans were incredibly ambitious during the World War . Because these men had been defeated in the World War. In fact, this defeat was quite a dramatic one, young people. This Hitler is also known as the man who had the first selfie taken in history. The reason is this. Uh, Hitler was there at that time. It was subjected to incredible reparations during the World War . They also started printing money without any backing. Their money had become so abundant, those men were so carefree, they were carrying wheelbarrows full of marks. They couldn't even afford a loaf of bread. Because there was no equivalent. These men printed money without any backing . Their economies are in ruins now. Then they said there's only one way out . These men had to fight . And interestingly enough, these same men carried out the industrial revolutions. They created incredible engineering marvels . Studies on engineering were conducted during that period . The reason is this: these men attacked France. They switched to France's famous Manhattan defense... uh, sorry, Manhattan Majito line. I said no one could cross the Majito line. Their passing is also a tragicomic event. In the name of Majuta. When the Germans send soldiers, the French say, "Hey, the Germans are coming to our country too!" Let's move on to the right to defense. He's sending his entire army there. The army they sent there was actually a fake one. Because they are following behind with the main army. In France, there is a picture of Hitler at the base of the Eiffel Tower . Now, here's the situation . Do you know what it means to have your picture taken in the capital of a country you're at war with ? That means the country has fallen . France is falling, young people. The world is in shock. In fact, the photo in front of Eyel is considered the first selfie in history . Something like this is happening there. These men are being subjected to incredibly heavy reparations in World War II. Or at that time, he brought the French president. They're bringing the same train car. At the same table, with the same pen, the French president is signing the compensation agreement there. It is one of the tragic events. At that time, the Germans were still continuing their attacks . They are starting nuclear research. They need heavy water, not regular water, to cool the nuclear reactor . They discover heavy water somewhere off the coast of Poland and send a battalion there. They say, " Bring the heavy water." They are traveling together by train. They're going to take the heavy water, but British intelligence has learned about it. Intelligence reports say that if these men could cool the reactors and accidentally discover the atomic bomb, everyone you see around you who isn't blonde with blue eyes would be dead. Why? Because those men had racial superiority, Nazi ideas at the forefront, and they were saying that we must stop them , we must create obstacles, and what are these men placing in one of the lanes where the train will pass? They are planting a bomb. And they actually get the water off the coast of Poland. Just as we were heading towards Germany, the viaduct exploded. They end up losing all of Ağrı on that side and failing to carry out the reactor cooling operations . Can you imagine? Where do we encounter isotopes, professor? It can appear everywhere. So, what are their characteristics? We'll say that these are structures with the same physical properties but different chemical properties. Okay, professor, let the word "isoton" come to mind from the last word. They have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. So how many neutrons does this man have? 2. How many neutrons does it have? 2. These two are isotopes. This man has 20 neutrons . This man has 20 neutrons. The two are isotones. But professor, isotopes have different physical properties. Chemicals, that's different too. We are saying that it will exhibit different physical and chemical properties . Okay, isobar. What's a bar, sir? Bar mass. So, this is what will come to your mind . The number of protons and neutrons are different. It is the name given to particles that have the same mass number. Isobar. Now we say that the number of protons is the same. Difference in neutron number . Well, the number of protons and neutrons are different. Particles that have the same mass number are called isobars. For example, when I examine these two particles, this one has 20 neutrons and this one has 21. The proton and neutron are different, but they have the same mass number. Then these two witnesses are each other's isobarics. I even got here. I said 22. They all have different protons, different neutrons, but all three have the same mass number. Then we call them isobar particles. However, isobars have different physical properties and different chemical compositions. Don't forget this. If the number of protons is different, we can definitely say that its physical and chemical properties will be different. So, isoelectronics doesn't pose a problem for the TYT exam. There is a big problem for AYT. But in isoelectronics, it says that if the number and configuration of electrons are the same, then it is isoelectronic. Since the TYT curriculum is based on the first 20 elements, you're only looking at any structure with a proton count not exceeding 20. How many electrons are there? 10. How many electrons? 10. How many electrons are there? 10. If the electrons are the same, their configurations will be the same . Therefore, all three of them turn out to be isoelectronics of one another. There are over 20 problems. This doesn't concern the TYT exam right now. Do we have an agreement ? I'll mention that in the AYT exam anyway. Okay, sir, I'm here. What happens to the attractive force of the nucleus when an atom gains or loses electrons ? They'll ask us a lot of questions about this place. For example, a man received an electron. What would the gravitational force of the nucleus be, sir? Constant . Why isn't it changing? Think of it this way. I am a seed, and I have two arms. I also have two protons that I naturally hold . So, there are pens. I said I gave away the electron. What happened to my gravitational force? Oh no, it's increased! And I still have two arms . The attractive force I apply per electron varies. Be careful. The attractive force of the core remains unchanged. The attractive force applied to each electron varies. Or think of it this way. There were two pens. Another pen has arrived. I'm rooting for these three. What has changed? I still have an arm. Still. So what has changed for me? I changed the attractive force I applied per electron. We are paying attention to this. What changes is the attractive force that the nucleus exerts on each electron. If it gains an electron, the attractive force applied per electron decreases. If it gives away an electron, the attractive force applied to each electron increases. But I said that if the core is small, its gravitational force doesn't change. Add a star here too. You know how we talk about chemical properties and physical properties? You are comparing two particles. For example, two particles, x and y, arrived. I asked, " Professor, do these two particles have the same chemical properties ?" The first rule for two particles to have the same chemical properties is that they must have the same number of protons. The other electrons must be the same as well. If a proton and an electron are the same, you're saying they have the same chemical essence. Look, I'm not saying they're similar. I'm saying they're the same. What about the physical aspect, professor? For physical aspects, you would look at this. If the neutrons are the same, then the physical properties are also the same, but if one of the neutrons is different, you can say that the chemical properties are the same, but the physical properties are different. You're very confused about this here. Professor, isn't chemistry a profound subject? You might ask why the physical results are different even though the chemical properties are the same . Remember, think of chemical properties as intrinsic properties. For example, you have a heart and I have a heart. You have a stomach, and I have a stomach . You have intestines, and I have intestines. Our inner characteristics turned out to be the same, but our outward appearances are not. Why? We need one more feature. We can think of it like a neutron. Therefore, if the two properties, namely protons and electrons, are the same, then the chemical property is the same; and if the neutrons are also the same, then the physical property is also the same. Pay attention to my sentence; the same word keeps coming up. Because when we distribute them later, we will say this. In the periodic system, if particles were in the same group, you could directly say something like this about particles in the same group. Uh, the phrase "chemically similar" comes to mind, but it doesn't mean "identical." What do we call it for the same thing? I would say that if the number of protons and electrons are the same, the chemical property is the same, and if the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons are the same, the physical property is the same . Okay teacher, now we've come to reinforce this point, young people. We will solve lots of examples. Is it ok? In our first example, he told us that he gave us two atoms . Which of these statements is true for this? Teacher, should I do it this way? What was the neutron count of this? 6 arrived. So, what was the number of neutrons in this? 7. If protons are the same and neutrons are different, what do I call them? Aren't they isotopes of each other ? They turned out to be isotopes of each other. Alright. Heh. Let's take it back. They are isotopic particles. Lie. It has different chemical properties. One minute. These two are singing, right? Then the electron is the same. If the number of protons and electrons are the same, then the chemical composition will be the same. He said something different. Wrong again. Their physical characteristics are the same. One minute. The protons are the same, the electrons are the same, the chemistry is the same. If the neutrons were the same, then the physical structure would be identical. But it's not the same. The statement "Then its physical characteristics are the same" is incorrect. Their atomic numbers are the same, sir. Both have atomic numbers of 6. Therefore, the structure that is equivalent to these two is the atomic number. The number of nucleons is the same. One is 13, the other is 12. So this one is gone too. My answer was option D. Okay, sir. Here we are. Do you know what to do in questions like these? There are no methods to be learned by rote . You go right over there to the side. Teacher, I drew a huge little room. After drawing X in seconds, you look at the phases of X. Look, the red line represents the number of protons. How many protons does X have ? 12 has arrived. It's a blue neutron, sir. The score here is also 12. I said that adding these two together would give us 24. That's the number of electrons written in yellow. I said this place is number 12. I 've shown that the result here will be 0. Let me clean this area up now. I am here. I do the same thing for particle Y. Look, I'm doing this for particle Y. How many protons are there in particle Y? 19. How many neutrons? 20 arrived. This place is 19. This place is number 20. This will also come out to 39, sir. Why? When you add them up, you get 39 . The number written in yellow is the number of electrons. That's 18 too. Oh wait a minute, sir. This is also a negatively charged particle that I didn't return to. So I said it was an anion. I'm here; I'll examine particle Z right away. For particle Z, what is the number of protons given in red, sir? 12 were given. So, what is the given number of neutrons? 11 were given. Then this number came up as 23. How many electrons did you get? 10 came. This is also a positively charged ion, sir. So I showed that it's a cation . It's over now, I threw the work schedule in the trash. Now he says that X and Z are neutral . Professor, X is neutral, but Z isn't . Then I won't continue with that statement. Gone. Neutral, Y, and Z have the same chemical properties. One minute. For chemical properties to be identical, their protons must first be identical. I said that if the protons are different, then neither chemically nor physically can anything about them be the same. He said that particles X and Z are isotopes. Professor, do these guys have the same protons? Same. One minute. Are their neutrons different? Different. The proton is the same. If the neutrons are different, they are isotopes of each other. So I've captured the correct expression. Particles Y and Z are isobars. 39 23. There is nothing isobaric. Gone. The total number of particles in Y is 39, sir. 39, right? One minute. It doesn't say "in the core," it says "total particles." Proton, neutron, plus electron. What is the sum of these two parts: 39 + 18 ? Is 40 57 coming? It should have become 57. That 's why this part was even more wrong. So, the correct answer is option C, guys. So, question 3 says, " In the graph given below, I have shown you the mass numbers of ions X, Y, and Z." See what we just said? I will examine X. I said that for X, the number of protons is 19. I came right away. I said the mass number came back as 39. Then I continue . I'm examining Y. Y has 19 protons. What is the score here? 40 arrived. I'll check Z right away. I stated that Z has 20 protons and what its mass is. I said it came to 40. Now I'll get into the details . Teacher, what's the score here? Don't come, 20. Let me change the color. How many will come here? 20 more will be needed so that the total number of neutrons is 39. This one needs to have 20 neutrons for it to have 40. We said that it must have 20 neutrons for it to have 40 . Since I haven't indicated otherwise, I'm considering a neutral option. Can I mention that this place is 19, this place is 19, and this place is 20? Now he says that particles X and Y are isotopes of each other . Do they have the same protons but different neutrons? No. Wait, where did he do it? We did this wrong. How did we collect it? You didn't warn me at all. What if you said, "Sir, you added it incorrectly"? This makes it 21. Heh. Now it's done. I'm reading it again now. X and Y are isotopes of each other. Are protons the same as neutrons, or is there a difference? Yes. Then they are isotopes of each other. TRUE. Particles Y and Z are isobars of each other. Are the masses the same? Yes. Are protons and neutrons different? Yes. Then they are isobars of each other. Neutral particles X and Z have the same physical properties. I'm looking for X and Z. Professor, is the proton the same? Not. Then nothing is the same . It's gone, it's thrown in the trash then. Okay, I have one more question for you. You received a question. He said, "Brother," he said, "these two have the same number of electrons." Let me even write it down as: they are isoelectronic with each other. If he said these are iso- electronic, would I accept that as true ? I won't. Why, sir? The number of electrons is the same. Young people have the same protons because they are from the same element. The same element cannot have isoelectrons. You're the same anyway. They are not searched for in the same element. Be careful. For an isoelectron to exist, the number of protons must be different. If the proton is different but the electron is the same, you would investigate it to determine if it is isoelectronic. The number of electrons will be the same for the same element anyway . Therefore, an isoelectronic statement cannot be formed. We are paying attention to this as well. Okay, sir, I'm here. Ah, this was a question that ÖSYM (the Turkish Higher Education Entrance Examination Board) asked in previous years, young people. Actually, the question shows this. He says he gave you a graph. He asks, "Who do these people represent?" For example, which tank, shown in red and marked with 1, had the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons? Isn't it an isotope? The particle marked with 1 actually represents the isotope . The neutron shown with the number 2 is the same as the proton, but different from the isotope. Look, you couldn't eliminate the isotope from here. Did you see that, sir? What's with the number 3? The situation in episode 3 is this. For example, let's say I just came here like this. If you choose one of these points in option 3, what is that point? Let's say the ratio is 3 to 8 . So, what if you mentioned this point ? Do you know what this leads to? It's 3 to 8 again. Professor, since the total number of protons and neutrons will always be the same at any point I choose in these two instances, what do these two particles represent in relation to each other? Izobar is coming out, right? These are isobar particles. Therefore, the answer is option A. So, professor, in a neutral atom, which of these quantities is definitely equal to the number of protons? Look, you're talking about a neutral atom. A neutral atom. Here it is: 0. You're talking about the number of protons. Let's say, for example, I'm talking about hydrogen. 0. Absolutely, check, since it's neutral, does it have 1 electron? Is the number of electrons definitely 1? Absolutely. Is there any other possibility? No. Okay, I have something to say. Could this be number 1? It could be. It could be 0, or it could be 2. Why? Does he mention hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium? Any of these is possible, sir. How would I know? So, are these places equal to each other then? No, sir. If this isn't equal, will the mass number I add up still be equal ? This won't work either. Therefore, it is not equal to the number of neutrons. The number of electrons is definitely equal. The mass numbers are not equal. Therefore, my answer is Bolivia . I 'm here, sir. He asks which of the following statements about the fundamental particles of an atom is correct. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus . Professor, who was in the core group ? We mentioned protons and neutrons. Then protons are the three positive particles in the nucleus. And neutrons are in orbits around the nucleus... wait a minute, electrons are in orbits around the nucleus . Then that statement became a lie. The mass of an electron is negligibly small compared to the masses of a proton and a neutron . Because when we calculate the mass of an element, we derive the mass number from the total number of protons and neutrons. I don't care about this place . Why? The mass of a proton and a neutron is vastly larger than the mass of an electron . So we said that part was also correct. Which one was correct? Did it become 1 and 3? Therefore, I would say my answer is option D. I continued. Let's see what happens when a neutral atom transforms into a cation. We're talking about a neutral atom. For example, you can just make up whatever you want. You become a cation from atom 11 . I said X has +1 loaded at 11, so who gets this spot? It drops to 10. But who ran away in the beginning? It was 11. Then we observed that the number of electrons in both of them decreased. Then he says the sentence "the number of electrons decreases". TRUE. The number of particles in its nucleus decreases. No. Where is the electron? Outside the core. It doesn't touch the proton. Look, we will never touch the core . That's why this place is gone. The attractive force per electron increases. Previously, 11 protons held 11 electrons, but now 11 protons hold 10 electrons . Therefore, the attractive force per electron increases. TRUE. For example, if he had said instead, "The gravitational force of the nucleus has increased." That would be wrong. Why? He'll say the gravitational force isn't changing. So my answer turned out to be option C. Professor, the statement that protons and neutrons, the fundamental components of an atom, are found in the nucleus seems correct to me. The nucleus number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons . We were right. When an atom exchanges electrons, its chemical properties do not change. No, sir, how can it not change? For the chemical properties to be the same, the number of protons and electrons would have to be the same . When it exchanges electrons, the electron becomes different. Then its chemical properties would change. So my answer came back as Bolivia. Sir, for an atom, if the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons—for example, if there are more electrons than protons, let's say 10 here and 9 there—then what is the case here? Then, whatever you call it, it becomes a -1 charged anion . It is now called an anion. Absolutely right. The number of protons is equal to the number of neutrons. I don't know, sir, it could be equal, or it could be different. There is no certainty about this . The total number of particles is higher compared to its neutral state . Are n't you saying this about the total particle size? Didn't we say proton plus neutron plus electron? Since the number of electrons is increasing from the outside, what should the total number of particles be? You would expect it to increase. Then the answer will be option C. Professor, when an element turns into an ion, I'm not sure if that ion is an anion or a cation. For example, let's say there are cations here. Let's say there are x anions here. For example, I'm just making it up . For example, what should the number of electrons be ? Uh, I assume it's 9. If it's a cation, what should the value here be? 8. If it's an anion, what should the value be? You're saying it needs to become the number 10. Which one is definitely true? Will its chemical properties change, sir? In chemistry, the number of protons and electrons changes; if my electron count changes, my chemistry will definitely change. The number of electrons increases. One minute. It can decrease or increase. Did you specify anion or cation? No. Then that sentence was incorrect. The total number of particles in the nucleus remains unchanged. Touch the kernel, shopping is outside. The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is still the same. Then I say it definitely won't change. Which one turned out to be absolutely correct? My answer turned out to be option D, sections 1 and 3 . Okay professor, let's examine the terms related to atoms . What else will we talk about? 1. In the section on atomic terms, which of the following quantities could be the same in different atoms x and y? Now, if the atoms are different, did you mention x and y? So does this have to be A and this has to be B? Because he said it was different . Is it possible that the core payload is the same? There's absolutely no chance. This place can't be the same. But could the number of nuclei be the same? Could the isobar be ejected? But professor, protons are different, neutrons are different, but their masses are the same. It's possible this is the same. The number of neutrons can be the same, sir. It is isotopic. Since protons are different and neutrons are the same, this could also be the same. Then which one could be the same? I said that 2 and 3 might be the same, but they definitely can't be the same as the kernel . The question asks which of two statements about two different particles belonging to the element "geldim" is true. Now, two different particles of element x. I said X, I said X. Now he says that if they have different numbers of nucleons, they are isotopes. Since it already says they belong to element x, it means their protons are definitely the same. What does it mean to have a different number of nuclear atoms ? If they have different neutrons, they are isotopes. It comes across as an accurate statement. If the total number of particles in a neutral is different, it is an isotope. No, that's impossible. Isotopes are the same as neutrons, but protons are different. Sir, if you're talking about a specific element, X, then the protons have to be the same. He said that since the proton has to be the same, there's no possibility of it being an isotope. If the number of electrons is different, at least one of them is an ion. Is it true? TRUE. Why? The protons have to be the same, but if the electrons are different, you expect one of them to become an ion. I was right then . So my answer turned out to be option 1 and 3C . Professor, I gave you the protons, neutrons, and all that stuff for atoms X, Y, Z, and T. I'll write it down right away, guys. What was he talking about for X? He gave 6 to 6.6. This one is also 6. I said this one came out as 12. I came right away. My teacher gave me a 6 or a 7 for Y. I said that this place is also number 13 . I'm continuing. For Z, the answer was 19 to 20. For Z, this is 19. I said this one is 20. I'm continuing . Uh, for T, it came out to 20 by 20. 20 came for T. 20 arrived. This also showed that this place is 40 . Wait, we wrote that Z in the wrong place. One minute. 19 to 20. Heh. 19 to 20. He says this place is 39. The process is now complete. When we look at the details from there, it says that X and Y are isotopes. The isotope proton is the same. Ok. If neutrons are different, what are they ? Isotope. TRUE. Z and T are isotopes. Z and T, sir, are neutrons. If the protons are different, it's an isotope. That's right, teacher. The nuclear charges of X and Y are the same. X and Y have the same nuclear charge, meaning they have the same protons. Then that's right. Z and T have the same chemical properties. Excuse me, professor, one moment. If the proton is different, the physical and chemical properties will be directly different. So I said that this place was wrong. I'm continuing . The nuclear charge of Z is less than that of T. Z's nuclear charge is 19, T's is 20. Therefore, the statement that Z is less than T is correct . Which one was wrong? My answer turned out to be option D. I continued . Look for hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium particles. Look, what was their special feature? It had no neutrons. It had a neutron. It had two neutrons. All three have a nuclear charge of 1. So the result is the same. Could its chemical properties be different in a neutral state? One minute. In neutral, aren't protons, neutrons, and electrons the same? If the number of protons and electrons are the same, then the chemical composition will be the same . Therefore, the phrase "it might be different" is gone. The three of them turned out to have different numbers of neutrons . That's why it's gone. Which one is correct? My answer will appear as option A. Okay professor, let's look at the conversion of X- ions to X+ ions. Let's transform it like this . Professor, there is an ion called x - 1. To whom is X being returned? What does it need to do to turn into +1 ? It will give off electrons. If it gives one, then x = 0, if it gives two, then x + 2. So I would say it gives 2 electrons, right ? It gives. What does it mean to donate 2 electrons ? The X-1 ion transformed by giving away 2 electrons, not 1. Nuclear charge refers to the number of protons. And I exchanged electronics. I'm not touching the proton . Then the sentence remains unchanged. TRUE. The attractive force that the nucleus exerts on each electron increases. One minute. So what's the situation now? I usually just shake it. For example, if this place had 3 or 4 units, what would happen? It went from 3 to 2, right? The attractive force exerted per electron was such that 3 protons held 4 together. Now 3 protons are holding 2 of them together. At that point, I increased the attractive force it exerts on each electron . Therefore, the statement here seems correct. So our answer is option D. Okay, professor, but when we encounter a complex structure, our rule always remains the same. I wrote X, sir. What is the mass number in X? He said 15. Then he said the number of electrons was 8 . A neutral particle. Then I would say that the number of protons is 8. When we add up the neutrons with this, we get 15. I said that the neutron should also come out as 7 . What is the atomic number? Stop. The question was about the atomic number. We brought it in the form of an 8 . Ok. Because it's asking for the atomic number. It wasn't a neutron. I am here. We are talking about particle Y. I said Y-2. I don't know how many electrons there are. Uh, I said that the mass number is 16 , and uh, the number of protons is 8 . The neutron count will be 8, but this time it's the number of electrons he wants . What should I add to -2 to get 8, sir? 10. So, what should the number of electrons here be? It was supposed to be 10. I've reached the Z particle, sir. Particle Z is a particle with a +2 charge . I said this place is number 10. When I added it all up, it came to 12. What value should this part have for the mass number to be 24? I said again that it should be 12 . Now the man says that X and Y are isotopes of 1. What if the proton was the same but the neutron was different? It was an isotope. That's an accurate statement then. Y and Z are isoelectronic components of each other. Now, the number of electrons is the same, but the number of protons is different? Different. Then they are isoelectronic with each other. Look at the relationship between the neutron numbers: Z is 12, Y is 8, X is 7. Then this relationship also seems correct. My answer was option N. Try to draw his attention to something . When the table is given, take it out immediately. Analyze it. After you solve it, it doesn't matter what you want, whether it's a multiple-choice question or a regular question . Once you solve the puzzle, there's nothing left to fear . Okay, professor, let 's take a look at magnesium ions right away. Look, it says magnesium + 2. It shows that this place has 12 and that place has 24. So what's the result here? 12 has arrived. Teacher, what was the score here? It appeared as 10 . The nucleus is nucleus + 2, sir. It is +2. Don't you dare say that's true. Why? E refers to the core load. Nuclear charge does n't mean ionic charge. Nuclear charge is the number of protons. How many protons are there? 12. That's why he left. This is a question that makes you think like a carp . The number of electrons is 10. The correct answer was 10 . The number of protons turned out to be equal to the number of neutrons, sir. That's true too. What was the answer ? 2 and 3. So, it came out as option D. Professor, since the fluorine particle has 10 electrons, I'll come right away. Look, I wrote F. -1 electron count is 10. What am I expecting to get when I add them up ? I'm expecting 9. Its atomic number is 9. TRUE. Atomic number, proton number, and nuclear charge were all the same thing. If the number of neutrons is one more than the number of protons, then the value here should be 10. When I add it all up, I expect this one to come down to 19 as well . The number of nucleons is 19. That's an accurate statement then. If the number of neutrons was 9, it has now returned the number of neutrons to 9. Stop. Now, if this comes out as 9, I said what the sum of 9 and 9 is. 18. The number of particles is 27. Look, is n't the total number of particles this much? Proton, neutron, electron. I said there are 18 protons and 18 neutrons . What is the number of electrons? It became the number 10. Does that make it 28 for you? Now, if the number of neutrons is 9, it is in a neutral state. If it had said "in ionic form," it would have been 28. You're confused because it says "in a neutral state," aren't you? I need to reconsider this as a 9. So, shall I repeat it like this? 9 This place has been reset. This is 9. If this is also 9, then this is 18. It will come in the form of 9 18 27 . Then the total number of tanks is 27. His statement seemed accurate to the young people. So what was our answer? 1 2 3? We can say that it presented itself as option E. I continued, sir. Another painting. What did I do first when I saw the painting? He mentioned X + 2. The number of electrons is 10. How many protons do you have when you add them up? I said 12 had arrived. Uh, the mass number is 24. So I said that this ratio would be 12 . I'm continuing. I'm talking about Y. Y is given in a neutral form. Uh, he gave the number of protons as 10. It has been shown that the mass number is 20. So the number of neutrons is 20. Since it is in a neutral state, it also shows the number of electrons as 10. He's talking about Z. A particle with a charge of -2. If the number of protons is 8 and the mass is 16, how many neutrons does it have? 8 arrived. How many electrons were there then? 10 came. So that when I added it all up, it would amount to this. Look, he's figured it out. Now I've returned to the question itself. The relationship between neutron numbers is 12, sir, 20. It seems like Y's is higher. Then the expression here disappeared. Z-2 and Y+2 are electronics, sir. The two of them... uh... wait, we looked at the wrong number 2. If these two particles have the same number of electrons but different numbers of protons, they are isoelectronic particles. I was right. The nuclear charge of X+2 is 12. TRUE. Nuclear charge refers to the number of protons. He also came in at 12. So, the answer turned out to be option D, he says. And now I've come to another one . Look, it says the nucleon number is 30. I immediately brought x of them. The number of nucleons doesn't equate to mass, right? We said 39. The number of neutrons is 20. Okay, I've written it down. What should this number be then? It should come in the form of 19 . The isotope of atom X has a nuclear charge of 19. Now, we're going to say that the isotope has the same number of protons, right? Then the number of protons should be 19 in the ground state . So, when it's neutral, it has 19 electrons, sir. There are 19 electrons. I was right. The x + 1 ion has the electron configuration of a noble gas . If I say +1, this place will be like 18 argon . So I said that noble gases have an electron configuration . My answer is options 2 and 3D . Sorry, we approved option 1 instead of options 2 and 3 . The option presented to us was 1 2 3 E. Okay teacher, I've arrived at 11. The question asks: Which of the following pairs is not isoelectronic? Now I expect the number of electrons to be the same, right? How many electrons are there? 2. How many electrons are there? 2. Isoelectronics. Number of electrons: 2. Number of electrons: 2. Isoelectronic. Number of electrons: 10. Number of electrons: 10. Isoelectronic. Number of electrons: 18. Number of electrons: 18. Isoelectronic. One has 18 electrons, the other has 10. The electrons are not the same. Then it is not isoelectronic. Why? What was the Quran? If the number and configuration of electrons were the same, it turned out to be isoelectronic. The professor asks: " For the ions listed in the table above, which of the following options correctly gives the values ​​A and B?" Let's take a look . My teacher gave me aluminum and said 3+. Ok. He said this man's mass number is A. He said the neutron count is 14 . It says the number of electrons is 10. Sir, if I add the ion and the electron, I get 13, and if I add 13 and 14, I get the number A, which is 27. I came here and the doctor said K+ for potassium. He said its mass is 40. He denoted the number of neutrons as B. If the number of electrons is 18, when I add them up I find that the number of protons is 19. I learned that if I add up the numbers to 40, then the number I get is 21. So, the value I identified as A is 27, and the value I identified as B is 21. This indicates that option D should be my answer . I've reached question 13. Which of the following statements about the fundamental particles of an atom is incorrect ? Particles with the same number of protons belong to the same element. If the protons are the same, it's the same element. Finished. Because we mentioned the element's defining characteristic. In positively charged ions, the number of protons is greater than the number of electrons. Look, you forgot, it didn't cross your mind. So, if there are 3 protons and 2 electrons, what should it be? Plus. Then it became a quadrillion. Therefore, in positively charged particles, there are more protons than electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons were also in orbit. TRUE. If a nuclear atom donates an electron, its nuclear charge increases. One minute. The nuclear charge of a proton means sound. Whether I gain or lose electrons, the proton remains the same. Because what's its name? An electron? It's not a core load . Therefore, that statement turned out to be false. The exchange of electrons changes the chemical properties of an atom. Because protons and electrons must be the same. If the electrons change, the chemical changes. The answer we're looking for is option D. Professor, the atomic number is 26, and the mass number is 56. Let's write it down now. He mentioned the element iron. He figured out that if the atomic number is 26 and the mass number is 56, then the number of neutrons would be 30. If the +2 charged ion becomes +2 charged, what should the value be here for the total charge to be 24? Then I will say that the number of electrons is 24 and the number of neutrons is 30. So the answer will be option A. Now I'll move on to my next question. In question 15, it says, "The X+1 ion has transformed into x-1, should we transform it? We've seen before that x+1 transforms into x-1. What do I need to do to turn +1 into negative ? What should happen this time ? I need to say it gained two electrons. Why? If I gain one, it's neutral, if I gain two, it becomes -1. The +1 ion doesn't transform by gaining one electron. It transforms by gaining two electrons. There you go. Both ions have the same nuclear charge because they have the same number of protons. The nuclear charges will be the same. The total number of particles has increased . Since it will gain electrons, the number of electrons will increase, so the total number of particles will increase. The answer I'm looking for will appear as an option . Okay, sir, we said that some graphs showing the number of protons and neutrons of some element atoms are given below. Now, look at the graphs. If the number of protons is the same but the number of neutrons is different, it's an isotope, right? So the first one should be an isotope. Sir, if the number of neutrons is the same but the number of protons is different, it will be an isotope, right ? This one should be an isotope." It should be an isotone. The answer is actually there. So what is this? Look, when I add these two together, how much is it? 40. If I add these two together, how much is it? 40. If the protons and neutrons are different but the mass is the same, what does this particle get? It comes up as an isobar particle . Okay, professor, let me get to my next question. x+2 and y-2 ions are isoelectronic particles. A, professor, x+2 and y-2, right? For isoelectronic, let me say this: I put 10 here, professor. I went here and put 10 again. For example, if I add them up, how much does this get ? 12. If I add them up, how much does this get? 18. And we were expecting the protons to be different but the electrons to be the same. Now it says the relationship between the nuclear charges is x > y, which is definitely a correct statement. The chemical properties, professor, the protons are different, it can't be the same. The total number of particles is the same. It could be, but is there any certainty? No. So we multiplied it. We said our answer came up as option A. Yes. Now Now, whose turn is it ? The real bombshell, the ÖSYM question. Let me get the green color so we can see what they're asking. The question we got this year, in the 2026 exam, said something like this: " I've given you the information about the atomic and mass numbers of element X, Y, and Z atoms in a table." What were we supposed to do, sir? I brought X. What atomic number was given? 11. What mass number was given ? 23. So, what will the number of neutrons be? It came as 12. Okay. I'll look at element Y. What atomic number was given for element Y? 012. What mass was given? 24. What is this? I brought it as 12. I'll look at element Z. Sir, this is 12, this is 23. What will this be? It came as 13. Now, what's the question stem? Elements X and Y are isotopes of each other . X and Y. If their neutrons are the same, but their protons are different, then they are isotopes of each other. Sir, that's a correct statement. Elements Y and Z... Atoms Y and Z are isobars of each other . But Y and Z aren't isobars. What's required for an isobar? Well, they need to have the same mass number but different numbers of protons and electrons. So the statement here is wrong . In element Z, the number of electrons and neutrons is the same. When we look at Z, are the electrons and neutrons the same, sir? The number of electrons is 12, the number of neutrons is 13. So the statement here is also wrong . Wait, it's asking which one is correct. Let's multiply and discard the wrong ones. We already got A. Wait. Element atoms X and Z are isotopes of each other . Sir, X and Z are not isotopes of each other . Their proton numbers are different. So it's gone. Element atoms X and Y are isoelectronic, sir. X1 Z12, the number of electrons is different, so it's not isoelectronic. Our answer is short, see ? The questions are the same. Agreed? Did anything different come up? No. The questions are in the same format. Let's examine it a bit more. According to the Ruford atomic model, which of these statements is correct? Is that correct? They asked Ruford. He says, "In an atom, positive charges are concentrated in the nucleus." Wasn't this the same man who first introduced the concept of a nucleus ? At that point, the statement here seemed correct. Does Brother have a concept of orbitals in relation to electrons in an atom? In this modern atomic theory, young people, there is no such concept . Gone. The first person to say that a large part of the atom's volume is empty space is the one who answered 1 and 3. So, option D is correct; it was a question you could answer in 3 seconds. I am here. He says there are two productions. He gave an x ​​and said that this place is 'a'. This place is 12. It gave a 'y', this place is 11. It showed that this place is 23. Then he said that these two are isotonic shades of one another. Aha, the solution has begun. Professor, did you notice that this is the 12th neutron? I caught him. Since it's isotopic, it has to be 12 . I discovered that adding 12 and 12 equals 24 . Okay, this is over. The problem, he says, is related to this element's atom, meaning x 12 24, and even when neutral, I said that this part is also 12 . The statement "mass number is 23" is incorrect. I caught 24. He says this is an isotope. One minute. How many neutrons does it have? 14. The proton is the same. If the neutrons are different, they are isotopes of each other. TRUE. It says that X and Y+ are isoelectronic. How many electrons does the particle Y + 1 have? 10. How many of these are there? 12. Do they both have the same number of electrons? Not. Then these are not isoelectrons of each other. Which one was correct? My answer turned out to be the Olivia option . Okay, sir, I've given you the information about the atom of element X," he says. Look, it says it's sodium and isotone . How many neutrons does sodium have? 12. For it to be isotopic, what neutron value do you expect x to have? 12. It continued. He says it's an isotope of magnesium. There's probably a typesetting error here. It should be 24. Heh. What value does this need to be for it to be an isotope? I do n't even need the value above. It becomes 12. I saw that this place is number 12. Okay, he's talking about electrons, protons, and neutrons, but let me show you the trap here. 12. You came here and said 24. You came here. Normally, 90% of people who chose option 12 (Aa 12 12A) ended up here. What does the question ask? Look at the root of the problem. The professor says it's related to the X+2 ion. What does +2 mean? If I give away two electrons, who does this place turn into? He turned to her. Isn't it ? Neutron 12. Okay. Proton 12. Okay. But how many electrons should there be? It should be 10. Therefore, my answer is option C. This question disappointed many people. What is the reason? He didn't read the question stem; he just jumped straight in when he heard "electron, proton, neutron." But here, because he's asking about the ion's electron, he must have thought of many people. Question. We need to be careful. So, professor, what is the number of neutrons in a neon atom ? 12 is the income, right? How many electrons are there? It came in the form of 10. Now it says it contains the same number of neutrons as sodium . How many neutrons are there here? 12 has arrived. Since both have 12, they have the same number of neutrons. It contains the same number of protons as the sodium +1 ion. Now it has given +1 ion of acid. I was going to say, "There are ten verses here, teacher," but that's not what you're being asked . Proton inside, he says. Where is the proton? Right here . The elements E and E aren't the same, so they can't have the same protons. Wrong. It contains the same number of electrons as fluorine. Look, this is number 10, this is number 10. Then you say, "This is the right place." So the answer will appear as option 1 and 3C. Okay, now let's look at the other one. He's talking about hydrogen and deuterium. I said that this man has 0 neutrons. I said that this man has 1 neutron . Both atomic number and atomic number indicate the number of protons. They have to be the same, they're isotopes anyway. The number of neutrons is 0a 1. The neutron numbers turned out to be different, sir. Since the number of electrons was given for the neutral state, both of them had one electron each. That's true too. So my answer appeared as 1 and 3 . Aren't the questions quite enjoyable? So, as we said to young people, learning the subject is fine, but you need to reinforce your understanding of it. You'll do that by asking questions. The more questions you solve, the more you improve. That 's why your homework is coming right away. You go straight to the question bank. Here you will have solved all the tests related to atoms. And then we'll meet again in the next video. Then take very good care of yourself. Looking forward to seeing you in the next lessons.