Hello, dear friends. Today, in 30 minutes, I will introduce you to the entire grammar of the German language. And believe me, this is the simplest, most logical explanation you will ever see. After this video, the entire grammar of the German language as a complete system will be firmly established in your head once and for all. Take my word for it. Let's get started. This video is suitable not only for beginners, but also for advanced learners, because it systematizes all the topics of German grammar, and you will finally be able to put everything in its place . And a little about myself. My name is Ilya Ryabenkov. I am a qualified teacher of German. I have been teaching for 18 years now, straight after university. And in total I have taught more than 3,000 students. In this video, we'll cover not only the grammar itself, but also the most effective strategy for achieving a confident level in German. Moreover, I will answer questions about why it is so difficult to learn German. I can't remember anything, cases, articles, genders, nothing is clear. It all comes together in a general mess. And it is impossible, of course, to start speaking and understanding by ear, because these are two main vectors of information flow: understanding by ear and speaking. Friends, there is one reason - the enormous burden of German grammar . German is a very grammatically complex language, unlike English. It has verb conjugations, cases, and much, much more. And a structured system of word order and so on. So, uh, if we multiply the complexity of German grammar by the fact that most courses and textbooks do not provide a clear system, but rather confuse, and you learn German not thanks to these textbooks, but rather in spite of them, then this is the root of all the problems in learning German. To start speaking even the simplest phrases, you need to learn a huge number of rules and also understand the logic of the language. And not only learn these rules and learn the words. You must automate these rules to the point of absolute automatic motor skills. That is, you should not think about each connection: article, preposition, verb ending, and so on. That is, you must say all of this out loud many times. We'll talk about this technique too, because simply knowing the rule is not the same as using it in real life. You go to the checkout and you can't remember a single word. And that's okay, because all the words you've learned have been recorded in your passive vocabulary. And how to record them as active, we’ll also talk about that today. Friends, many learning methods are not suitable for beginners. This is what I told you about. And in the applications that you often use, like tiplet or, I don’t remember, the one with the green frog , it doesn’t explain the logic. There is no structure there, and the German language is extremely structured. That is, it is extremely important to go through one topic after another in the right sequence, because you must first go through the verb as a whole, where you consider the subject and predicate e as the core of the sentence and then from it as synopses, and the synopsis grows around all the rest of the periphery in the form of nouns, cases, prepositions, frame constructions, and so on. That is, it is extremely important to maintain the correct logic and order of topics. The integration courses you attend, well, despite the fact that the integration courses are based on a communicative methodology, which was originally designed for the English language, ah, there is no communication there, you sit there, silently, but that's half the problem. It's just that the German language is not designed for this method. More precisely, this method was not created for the German language. And in order to learn German correctly, efficiently, and effectively, you need a combination of methods. On the one hand, you have to use the old grammar-translation, on the other hand, communicative ones, which will be aimed at each other, and in the middle you will stand, where you, on the one hand, understand clear, precise logic and structure, and on the other hand, you, uh, practice this repeatedly out loud. Ah, friends, German in German is impossible. Just imagine, now you have to go and learn Chinese in Chinese. In integration courses, even the most basic, simple rules that don't require much understanding are incomprehensible to you; you can't, uh, use them correctly for the simple reason that they, uh, aren't clear to you in German; you don't have the opportunity to ask questions. The high speed of learning, the high set pace, it, of course, introduces a lot of stress . Lack of practice. This is what I told you about, friends. The communicative methodology that underlies the study of German in integration courses is, in fact, not such a methodology . You are practically silent during all the integration courses , but you are supposed to talk nonsense. And, of course, exercise for the sake of exercise. We need relevant vocabulary and correct exercises that will train the correct aspects of the same grammar topic. This is very important. And what do you get in the end? What you end up with is language anxiety, friends. This is the, uh, phenomenon that was discovered in the eighties. And it is a proven fact that when a person finds himself in an environment, uh, with a language that he doesn't know, he develops language anxiety, and he begins to compare himself with others during the learning process. He feels like he is worse than others, his self-esteem is low, he thinks that he is no longer old enough or that he is not capable of learning. In fact, everyone can speak. This is absolute nonsense. Language anxiety does indeed explain many of these processes. Therefore, ah, I will also tell you how to deal with it correctly, because there are certain techniques that allow you to do it yourself, sitting at home, and, for example, there is a certain moment, speaking through experience, then louder , louder, louder. That is, there are certain techniques that allow you to get rid of language anxiety. Friends, self-study of German. This requires a high level of discipline, no matter how you look at it, but there is a risk of learning mistakes and little progress in learning. This means that you must complete at least the first three levels, A1, A2, B1, under careful guidance. Keep this in mind. That means it will always be cheaper. The main thing is to find a good teacher. Cheaper, faster and more efficient. So, friends, here is the strategy for moving towards confident German. Yes, we have four main steps. Well, the first step is, of course, defining a clear goal. If you can’t answer for yourself: “Why am I learning German?” Or I just teach it for fun, because I want to occupy my time with a hobby, it’s a good hobby. But, friends, this, of course, limits your progress, because, uh, well- learned German gives you a huge advantage. Uh, just imagine, this level of German, like a language barrier. So you are lucky, or you are lucky, if you are a man. And all this separates you from working in another country, if you don’t know the language, adapt to the country, communicate, and solve everyday issues. Yes, even in the store you can ask whether the price is for one piece or for a package. Solution, comfort, salary, stability and much more, friends, this is all you get by studying German, at least to a high-quality B1 level. So, friends, first we go through level A1, then level A2, then level B1. And only then do you achieve that cherished goal, level B1, which is critically important to us, because at this level you can continue to study independently. You will already be picking up those very same constructions and new words from the environment around you and will remember them. But it doesn't work like that until level B1 . Wednesday, like other days of the week, as we know, does not teach. The second step is choosing a training format. It can be different, right? And what should it be like? It should not cause linguistic anxiety. That is, the learning process should make you smarter, not dumber. That is, each subsequent lesson should become easier, easier and easier for you, and not in the way that teachers scare you . Oh, we're only at level A1, and you're wondering what will happen next. Well, first of all, this is absolutely wrong and not pedagogical. Secondly, the further you go through the training, the easier it should be, because you already know some constructions, it’s easier for you to operate them, juggle them, and so on. This means that learning shouldn't worry you. You should feel like a normal, confident, happy person, happy to learn, to become smarter, not to compare yourself to others and not to worry. And training should provide a solid knowledge base. For example, if we take German, then at the A1 level, by and large, 70% of grammar is found, despite the fact that it is only the A1 level. There are absolutely fundamental topics: cases, prepositions, word order, verb conjugation, strong verbs, weak verbs, separable prefixes, modal verbs, just an insane number of grammatical constructions in A1. But you have to learn all this, and then it will be extremely simple. It's easy to study for a long time, regularly for a long time and not give up. Friends, indeed, learning is a process. That is, when you begin such a complex task as learning German, you need to set aside at least 5-6 months to reach level B1. This is the bare minimum. That is, these are almost daily activities. This is mandatory homework, this is internal self-discipline, right? Motivation, the one we have outlined, it must be there, but it is not the main thing. This is one step, but there must be internal discipline. And, of course, training should give you confidence in your abilities. This is what I was talking about. No language anxiety. You should feel smarter and smarter, not dumber and dumber, as often happens. For example, I have a course, for example, my course from zero to B1. He makes online learning absolutely comfortable . All you need is a phone, no anxiety, a safe space, you can return to the materials, the program is absolutely consistent. That is, each topic is clearly verified. And, of course, there is a dedicated language anxiety specialist who deals with such psychological problems. He also gives incredibly cool, uh , techniques, auto techniques, when you can sit at home and, in fact, calm yourself down, get yourself in the right mood. This works really well. And also what all language courses lack is, of course, conversation clubs. My course includes a conversation club , and it is fully included in this package. And, by the way, I personally run these language clubs. They are always very interesting, very informative and incredibly cool, friends. And, of course , this is the construction of a grammatical foundation. That's what we're going to talk about now, because today we'll cover all the German grammar you need to communicate fluently on any topic. Let me begin. And, uh, as I told you before, I think that the central core of a German sentence is, of course, a set of subject and predicate, that is, a noun plus a verb. And when we talk about a verb, we talk about the conjugation of the verb. And almost all verbs in German end with -. Look, for example, at the verb ko. See, it ends in -en. For example, when we start to conjugate the verb ko, friends, we change the ending en to the appropriate one. Their coston, the common. That is, I come, you come, he, she, it comes, we come, you come, they come and in a respectful manner you come. Please pay attention to this. That is, these personal endings of the verb must, of course, be learned. You should know that with the pronoun "their" we combine the ending "э", which we add to the base. It is important to note, friends, that everything before the ending is called the base, and the ending en itself, well, that is what the ending an is called. And so on, friends. But, please note, we actually already know how to construct short sentences. We state the fact that they come to a coma or dokomst . Well, to construct a question, you simply move the verb to the first place. It's extremely simple. See how it's done. The common. You come, yes, we state the fact. Common, you come, you will come. And we raise the intonation. And, friends, there is a question that begins with a verb, a general question, or in German it is called "I am nein frag". See why it's called "Yes." No, the question is: "I'm not a frag." Because he only has two answer options. Yes or no? You will come, so what can we say in response? Yes, I will come, no, I will not come. All. Well, there is an option, I don’t know, but it’s a passing option, yes, an option. Take a look. I am a coin - this is the reaction no. And it is translated as not this is a negative particle. And look where we put it. After the verb. While in Russian we don't put the particle "nikto" before "ya ne podum" (meaning "I won't come"), in German it 's common to put "nishcht" after the verb. Please pay attention to this. Do you see? And, as I told you, it's called ya ninefraga, because there are only two answer options. But in German, in addition to Jan frag, there are also so-called v frag - this is a special question or a question with a question word. We remember that when we ask a question, the verb comes first. Konzy is a question. And we can add absolutely any question word before. For example, when you come to one common. Look at all the question words. start with the letter в вы, что, во, где, ви, как, ve, кто, ван, кого, вохе, изто, вохин, кдо. And now we understand why this type of question is called in frag. That's because all question words begin with the letter v. What do you think is the most important verb in the German language? Let me give you a hint, friends. This is the verb zayn. It is used more often than all other verbs. It is translated as the verb to be. And in English the analogue of this verb is the verb to be. And if you and I say, for example, I am a doctor or I am a teacher in my case, then a German will say: “I am a doctor.” We say: "She's at home." The Germans will say: "She is at home." That is, any German sentence must contain a verb. And most often, if there is no verb in Russian, then in German this verb will be the verb zay. And the verb zayn is an irregular verb from the point of view of its conjugation. That is, you need to remember the conjugation. Take a look. Ihbin, I am here. Do beist, you exist. El as ist, he, she, it is . We- we are. And you are. They are . And in a respectful manner you are here. You see, here we no longer change the ending, as, for example, with the verb ko and with the overwhelming majority of all other verbs in the German language. We need to immediately remember the form of this verb: their been beast or this is, because there is no logic here. This verb, as I said, is irregular. Well, here's a great example. Their binler. I am a teacher. You see, the verb "loan", look, has turned into the verb "bin". Here's the conjugation table. I am a teacher. or do cool. The weather is cool. So, you and I see that the weather is who? What she is in Russian, in German it is neuter. That is, it is the third person singular . Rзс, and there the verb is ist. We move on to strong verbs. Look how muscular and strong they are. Why are they strong? Because they find the strength to change not only the ending of their coma, dokomst, you see, the ending changes, but also the root vowel. And what’s more, it changes only in the second and third person singular, that is, with the pronouns do and rz s. Globally, we can distinguish two types of strong verbs. I know you'll find a bunch of variations of other subtypes in textbooks, but believe me, we must still operate with the principle of frequency and cover what is really necessary. Globally, we will highlight only two. And the root e changes to i, for example, I give them gayb. You're giving me dupst. You see, the ending and e in the first person with the pronoun their is quite natural, but the root has already changed. Do gipst, elgipt, and so on. Ah, but the second category of verbs are verbs where a changes to n. For example, the verb to wash theirs. I wash. However, doveshst, you wash. The endings are also okay. They are quite familiar to us in terms of persons and numbers. But the root a changes for us. That is, there are two types. And so, if you were to ask me, Ilya Vladimirovich, how can I actually remember or know that a verb is strong? No way, friends. Let's take the verb "makhan" to do. How does it differ from the verb важен мышь in terms of its appearance? Mahan is weak, Vashin is strong. nothing. There is a root in both places. But Makhn is weak, and Vashin is strong. We should learn small lists of these verbs. By the way, I teach them in my course. The most important verbs. These are not huge, endless sheets of paper, but rather small lists that allow us to find the right strong verb in absolutely any situation. So , friends, we have now analyzed the paradigm of how the subject of the predicate works. That is , how the verb is conjugated and how both the strong verb and the irregular verb zain are conjugated. Aa, and in our wonderful sentence, which we learned to construct, their your I wash , душс ты wash, э, ихбин, Lera, я тустер and so on. We were missing, we were missing a noun with any article. And we introduce such a category, my friends, as nouns. Nouns in German. We are accustomed to this and in Russian too, in fact, there are three genders: masculine, neuter and feminine. And before each noun there is an article, which indicates its gender. For example, man, look, a man, that is, the manн is a man, das is a child, frau is a woman, that is, there, does and - this is an article of masculine, neuter and feminine gender. I also ask you to note that all nouns in German are usually written with a capital letter. They have a high register. And the article there does is a definite article. But the indefinite article also exists in German , but it is the article ain and ah. And it will also change depending on the gender. The male and middle names will have ain, and the female will have ane. When we use definite, when we use indefinite, when we mention something for the first time in context, in a conversation with our potential interlocutor. That is, for example, what if I, for example, had a cup here, I don’t have a cup here, unfortunately, but I have a computer mouse. I know this mouse well , my old favorite mouse, but you are seeing it for the first time in your life. Accordingly, when I tell you this mouse, look, this mouse is das mouse. Maus I use the indefinite article, but then I can say: the mouse is black, the mouse is schwarz. That is, the repeated mention will already be with the definite article. Yes, it is difficult for us to understand them. I understand perfectly well that no matter how much I explain to you the topic of the definite and indefinite article, until you have collected some critical mass of examples, you will not fully understand this topic . So just let her go and remember this rule. The first mentions are uncertain. So, the indefinite article for there and which are definite is ain, and the feminine gender is ainy. For example, das is man - this is a man. Man is the masculine gender, we know. And the masculine gender has the article ain. Here we are, a woman taking a man by the hand and showing him his first time. Here man is a man. The man is intelligent. The man is smart, by the way. Intelligent is translated as smart, but in general, such a concept as intelligent does not exist in European culture. So don't try to translate it, it won't work. We can only do it in a descriptive way. So, we have already covered the definite article, the indefinite article, but we have one more article, the negative article. None, right? And we use it when we negate a noun. For example, this is not a mouse. Yes. Kai maus kai maus da. And look, it changes according to gender, just like the indefinite article ain. That is, kain will be relevant for masculine and neuter, and kaina will be relevant for feminine. Take a look. Does is kind this book, mouse feminine maous. So, following the logic of our table, das is kind. Kais. And this is how it is, friends. So let's look at an example. Stoltiš is a table. This is the first time you're showing it. In general, the construction das tends to always be followed by an indefinite article, because it is with this construction that you most often introduce some new, uh, object, a new noun into the context, into the narrative with your interlocutor. That is, does ti is a table, das is book is a book, das islampe is a lamp. That is, you walk around, show him, this is usually the first time he sees it with a construction, so you use the indefinite article. But if we want to say, this is not a table, does das bukh book is ein buchх - this is a book bukh it is not a book. Lamp. lampe is a lamp. Does klam - this is not a lamp. Friends, everything we have just said about nouns was in the singular, and now we will learn how to construct plural nouns. It is worth noting here that the article there does, which is relevant for the masculine, neuter and feminine genders, will always be 'di' in the plural. Plural, it no longer has a gender marker. So it doesn't matter whether you have men, women or children there. That is, it does not matter what gender the noun was previously. In the plural it will always have the article di in the plural form. And this needs to be recorded. We have a specific formula for constructing the plural. When we talk about the masculine gender, for example, das chair, then to form the plural it is customary to add an umlaut to the root and a letter at the end. Dishtule chairs. Book dasbukh debyukhe. You see, we are also adding an umlaut, but the ending will already be there. Eer, eer, in the neuter gender. In the feminine gender, no umlaut is provided. The ending will be in the form of the letter N. Dilampe, dilampen. Here, friends, regarding the umlauto in the root. The German language has three additional letters, unlike the Latin alphabet. These are umlauts. Ah, umlaut, umlaut. Oh, umlaut. Ah, uh, here, uh, uh, that's how they read. Accordingly, you and I , if we encounter one of these three root vowels, only in this case do we add it, because in other cases, well, we don’t have the technical ability to add it, right? We will fulfill the condition that we have . For example, the letter at the end. Here, for example, is a table. Well, look, the word table has the letter i at the root. There, umlaut is not possible. Umlaut is possible for a, o and u. This means that in the plural it will be di tishe tishe or a child is also a letter and umlauts are impossible, that is, der will have r at the end of the ending. Yes. This is how we construct the plural. Now we will discuss with you the direct and reverse word order. Friends, this is also an important topic that comes up often. In German, it is customary to always put the verb in the second place in a statement, but anything can come first . Look, does ein man - this is a man. We can say ein man is do. A man is. Here. Accordingly, the verb should always come in second place. Not by count. Naturally, we don't count the article. Articles and nouns are a single unit, right? And the verb comes in second place. We have become familiar with articles. And the article shows us not only the mouth, but also, uh, in German there does, but it also shows us case changes, that is, case. So, we are gradually approaching the topic of cases. Look, in German, don't be scared by this table, in German there are only four cases. Nominative nominative, genitive genitive. And here I have two spellings. Hey, friends, this is not a typo, you can use genitive, you can use genitive. It's written both ways. Dative, dative case, and accusative, accusative case. Look, the nominative case answers the questions who does what. This is a word from the dictionary. We don't need to teach him any additional lessons. There, it remains so. Well, for example, debda, brother. Who's what, brother? Debda. The genitive case answers the genitive, answers the questions of whom and what. This is an accessory, right? For example, ah, the wife's brother. And look, to express this, we already change the article. There we change to, and we change to adv. Our woman is a difrau, therefore derfrau. And what do we get? Brother of whom? What? Wives. Derbruda, der Frau. This is the story, friends. I'm pronouncing these r's more carefully. I know very well that in classical phonetics in Khokhdochge we say дебда дефау, да, brat zheni. Next we have the action of the sheet reading, that is, the wife’s brother reading. And we move on to the dative case, which answers the questions: to whom, to what. In the dative case, all articles also change. There and change to dem, di nar. And this is how it is . That is, the child does it. So, das changes for us. To whom? What? To the child. We are already developing a proposal. Debruda. Defau, the wife's brother. The leaf reads. To whom? To the child. DMIN. The article has been changed. Whom? What? Accusative. The accusative case answers the questions who what. Novel. He reads the deiman to the child. And in the accusative tense dr changes to den. This is the only single change of gender. The masculine gender only changes in akuzatev, but dadi does not change. Here we get the phrase " debgau", the wife's brother reads the sheet "kind" to the child "Dane novel who what". Roman, this is all a case system and there is absolutely nothing else here, friends. The next step you need to go through is, of course, prepositions. Look, we have four cases. No, sorry, not prepositions, but personal pronouns. And we have four cases in the nominative - these are prepositions known to you. I, you, he, she, their, du, RZS and so on. In the dative case, which answers the questions "to whom" and "to what," we will naturally talk about personal pronouns through the prism of words such as "to me," "to you," and "to him." Well, because to whom, right? Miya, me, Diya, you, them, him, iyaa, she, them, him, in the neuter gender, uns us. Oh, you, in, them, in you. Well, for example, I help you. To whom? What? Their in, yes, because initially it is zy. You, right? And in the accusative who what. You all know the phrase: "I love you." Who do I love? What you have is an accusative, that is, it is an object of action, an object of love. or. That is, here we will talk about pronouns such as me, you, him, and so on. That is, we me, dikh, tebya, in, ego, zy ego, es ego, he un s us, oy, vas, zy ih, zy vas. Oh, and of course we already have possessive articles. I included them in this table because I think it makes sense. These are words like m my, give, your, they are placed before the noun. And this column, it is essentially already articles, friends. Keep in mind. In the feminine gender, as you understood by analogy, we will now add the letter e at the end. Let's look at some examples. Their either dikh, I love you. Whom? What? Du changed to dikh, because that is the accusative of who what. See, it changes to di. I help you idie, who wants what the Dunaje changes. Here in our table this is a die. Here it is in date. Igala. I'm showing your lamp. Lamp is feminine . We add the letter e. We add the letter e to each possessive article, as well as kakne and ayn. Aine by analogy, yes. Daine, mayne, same story. The letter e is added to any article in the feminine gender . Ah, friends, and on this note we move on to prepositions. We have four cases, and accordingly, for each case there is a group of prepositions. Four groups of prepositions. You just need to remember them in lists. A, genitive, that is, after these four prepositions there will always be a genitive case. And in the course of the faithful, the weigen is due to, the state instead of the Trotsmor. And we remember how the genitive is constructed . Look, it changes to des. I can say vagon des vets because of the weather, yes, because the genitive changes the article to des, and the weather is das, it is neuter. Accordingly, the wagon desats. This is how it will work absolutely easily. State instead of Trots, despite. This must be remembered. And here, my friends, here there is no need to ask any questions . If you start here during someone-something or there from someone-something, well, okay, here it matches, but most often it will not match, asking this reliable question will give you absolutely no logic. Here you simply need to remember in advance that the genitive is combined only with these prepositions. More precisely, these prepositions are combined only with nitives. Met na khautsufnbay only add dative. Remember this children's counting rhyme? Here too, only the dative will be used. And ginyuba is here too, right? The preposition with after to fon u and ginyuba. For example, at the doctor by them аst. The doctor is a boy. By them, right? Oh, you see how we use the accusative. There are only three prepositions you need to know. Durkh, für and geygn, that is, through, for and against. And there are more positional prepositions. inion. And here you need to ask a test question: where and where to? Where is the dative? Where? Acusative. So remember, there is Q both here and there. Look at the examples. For example, we have vegan def women. Women are D. In geniti, a nar with a friend midmkhau is imputed. Here it is already the dative case. Accusative Fin for dad. And here we can have and date you accusative park. Where? I'm going to Vohin Park where the accusative dernaden changes. I'm going to Ignpak Park, but in Idempak Park, because where in the park is the question? Where is the dative? By the way, my course covers everything in detail with a huge number of exercises, developing each preposition separately with an exercise for each preposition. Friends, in German, there are verbs with separable prefixes. At first glance, this seems like an illogical topic, but it's very simple. And in German, there are verbs with prefixes, just like in Russian, and they change the meaning of the word. For example, the verb "to dress" can be formed into "to change clothes" or " to undress" and so on. In German there is also, for example, the verb "to stand", but " austein" means to get up. And a verb with a separable prefix, friends, well, it is necessary to remember it as a new word, an independent new word. And now remember them in lists. This is very, very important, because if you, uh, try to analyze them with the meaning of the original word, with the meaning of the separable prefix, then you will ultimately become very confused. So, friends, here, for example, is the verb aushtein. Get up frv. I get up early. Do you see? I get up. I get up early. And so we move on. The prefix "u" separated, flew to the end and formed a frame structure. Let's move on to modal verbs. Friends, modal verbs are verbs that show attitude towards an action. In general, modality is a relation to an action. These are words like want, can, and be able to. In general, three modalities can be expressed : desire, obligation, and possibility. We will also look at this separately , but we can only highlight five modal verbs. There is no need to take Meghan there. This is an independent verb and its derivative is also an independent verb. They must be passed in a separate category. The original ones, here they are in front of you. If you want, you can. Muson must be. But this obligation is caused by an internal imperative. Not by external circumstances, not by regulations, not by rules, not by orders, but by me. It is my inner being that asks for this. Zolen means to be obliged. That is, I have to, because the daily routine is like this , for example, I have to be at work at 9:00. Not because my conscience torments me, that is the verb "zolen". Isoltsua anon, yes, he must come to work by nine. Because that's what the employment contract says. Durfan - this is I can in the meaning I am allowed. Ихидар хираухан. I can smoke here. Pay attention to the conjugation of modal verbs. They, like the verb zayn, are irregular in terms of their conjugation. Ihvilstrswil. Although initially the verb was voling in general. And here it is worth noting that we can deduce the same morphological feature for all modal verbs. That is, we see that the first and third persons, that is, their iss, do not receive personal endings. This is important to note. Ihvil, rzsvi will, their kanzs can ihmus, mus and so on. When we use a modal verb in a sentence, we always use a frame construction. The modal verb will be in second place, and the semantic verb will always be at the end, in the initial form, in the infinitive form. I can go to the cinema. And everything that we have considered up to this point was in presence in the present tense. In general, the tense system in German is very simple, unlike in English. Therefore, we can safely move on to the past tense and designate the perfect as the most important past tense in the German language. Friends, the Perfect tense is used in oral communication, in short correspondence, in conversations, dialogues, in anything. That is, 99% of the past tense usage is, of course, Perfect. The Perfect tense is constructed on the principle of using the auxiliary verb Hubн and the part CVAй. Auxiliary verb. Let's look at an example of how this will work. And, for example, ikhabatmaht. I did the job. Here we have the verb хабн. Gmacht is in second place with us. Look, if we translate it literally, I have work to do. My work is done. Verbatim. Here is a perfect construction in Russian. My work is done. My car is washed. This is the same verb of possession habn plus the participle zwei, that is, the past participle. We will now learn how to build it. How do we build a participium? We can't do anything without him . And it is built very simply. We take the stem of the verb, and you remember from the beginning of the lesson that the stem of the verb is everything before the ending en. And so, for example, the verb mahn will have the stem mah. And to this base "max" we add the suffix "e" and the prefix "e". we get the word "macht made" literally translated. Friends, there is a list of strong verbs, partipvai form, which you just need to learn and remember. And, for example, there is genggangan esngsn, right? I also always give them in limited quantities in my course from zero to B1 free German. Why learn something that is not used? We have 57 of them. Everyone is taxpayer, but you have to learn everything. And also, my friends, if we encounter a verb of movement, motion, or a verb of change of state, then the auxiliary verb in the perfect will be the verb zain. Look, zayn plus partitseptsvay. Ikhbinfr auvwaht. I woke up early. The verb auva translates as to wake up. That is, even from the point of view of a literal translation, the logic is preserved here. Why is the verb zayn? I am an early riser. We have nothing to possess here. That is, if I say: “I have, I woke up early,” well, that would be stupid, right? And I am the one who woke up early. Here the logic is already preserved. So, let's fix it. Most often we use the verb хабн as an auxiliary verb. But if your main verb is expressed by a verb of motion or a verb of change of state, then you use the verb zay. Please, their been of. I traveled often. Ryen is a movement from point A to point B. Here. But the verbs themselves, which on the one hand are auxiliary verbs in the construction of the past tense, can also be independent verbs, have, possess. This is the verb haben, and to be is the verb zaimn. They are modified according to persons and numbers, but simply without any perfect. It is not customary to use them in the perfect tense, although technically this is possible. But we use the verb хабн in its independent form. Ihate. I had, for example, ihaten. I had a dog, I loved her, she ate a piece of meat, I killed her. But the verb zain will turn into the verb va. I was there. Ihwatsuhausa. This conjugation will also need to be remembered. Friends, let's move on to unions. What are unions? Conjunctions are words like because, that if, although, but, that is, you have probably come across all these words, like das vnul abagum and so on. Globally, we can divide all unions into three types, into three categories. When the verb is at the end, and the verb is immediately after and the verb is in second place. Ah, friends, the conjunctions when the verb is at the end are the conjunctions when, while, does, and, that is, if, because, that, and although. Let's look at a clear example. I stay at home because I am sick. Look, this subordinate clause of theirs is a complete sentence. It 's just that the verb is at the end, because after the conjunction "val" it is customary for the verb to be at the end. I'll tell you a secret that in the German language, Germans often neglect these rules and often the verb " any" remains in second place. But you, as students, cannot do this. So, the category of conjunctions after which the verb is immediately placed. This is the Darum Union. Therefore, deveign or deschalp are synonyms. And, of course, Trots, despite Look at their Khan. I'm sick, that's the main sentence. Then comes the union darum darum blyatsuhause, so I stay at home. The verb immediately after, that is, after блеайбн, вейген дарум and трос, we put the verb right away. It is necessary to learn and remember these three conjunctions. Well, and finally, when the verb is in second place, nothing changes at all. Direct word order. These are the verbs unt, and abano, oda, or iden, because or so, as you look. Ihbnhan he dobisthan. I am sick and you are sick. You see, our verb bist is the verb zayn, which has this conjugation form in the second person singular. It comes second after the subject. Here it seems that we have no influence whatsoever on the word order. Shave, wash, wash your face. What do all these verbs have in common, friends? Of course, they are all returnable, yes. Uh, why are they called reflexive verbs? But it’s not for nothing that we wash, scrub, shave, and comb our hair. They are called reflexive because the action that we express with this verb returns to us. That is, we as a subject are simultaneously also an object of action. This is such a metamorphosis. That is, when I comb my hair, I even have a comb here. I combed my hair before the broadcast . Whose hair am I doing? I'm combing my hair. Myself. That is, the action comes back to me. The actor directs the action towards himself. A clear marker that a verb is reflexive in Russian is the ending ся. That is, most often the ending ся in Russian will indicate that the verb is reflexive in German. In German, a reflexive verb always has a reflexive pronoun zyhi. That is, this sya is expressed through the separately standing word zykh. For example, to comb one's hair. Comb your hair. Look here. Zy and here sya. Because who am I combing? Myself. And when we conjugate the verb, in our case, to comb one's hair, we are not only conjugating the verb, as is customary to do. theirzek and so on. We change this reflexive pronoun zikh according to person and number. I'm combing my hair. You're combing your hair. He she it combs her hair. We are combing our hair, oh, you are combing your hair. This is an informal address to several people. They comb their hair. And in a respectful form, the and you comb your hair. That's all. Indeed, the principle of return will not be 100% the same, dear friends. So often, not often, sometimes it will happen that, for example, in Russian the verb is reflexive, for example, to smile, to laugh, but in Russian it is non-reflexive, and in German it is non-reflexive, for example, lheln and lahan - this is to smile and laugh. And the opposite is also true. For example, the verb "е" (to rest) is non-reflexive in Russian, but in German it's "з эхолин" or "зих аурин" (to 'echolin') or "зих аурин" (to zikh auruin), for some reason it's reflexive there, right? That is, we also need to simply learn these verbs in lists and do not only grammatical but also lexical exercises with them in order to train them completely. And now we move on to superverbs. Eh, this verb actually has a bunch of different variations, like vurd, vurd, vorden, vorden, e, and so on. But there is no need to be afraid of it. In general, the verb Verden itself can be used as an independent verb. It will be translated as becoming. Ihvedalera. I am becoming a teacher. Let's imagine that I was a student, I graduated a long time ago, in 2007, I was almost 18 years old, and I became a teacher. And, accordingly, the verb "verden" means to become. But if we take the verb verden as an auxiliary and add infinni at the end, we get the future tense. I'll go to the cinema. If we take the verb " верден" and add "партипй" at the end, we get the passive voice. And you already know how to build a party. We just built for the perfect tense, remember, at the end there was this "macht" prefix G, suffix T. What is the passive voice used for? To show an action without showing the performer of the action. For example, DIBIрмах the work is done, абйт вурдамах the work is done. That is, we also change vern to vurda, put it in the preterite form and get simply the past tense. But wurd translates as pillars. Stolby is the subjunctive form of the verb verden. Ikhvyurdya Lera. I would become a teacher, for example. Or we can use it with the verb ихрда капетриннькон, that is, I would drink coffee. Or, more humanly, we can translate it as I would drink coffee. This is the form of constructing conjunctivtsvay. We take vurde and any verb to it. This is the conjunctive zwei, an auxiliary verb for constructing the subjunctive mood. Я быихвюрда капет тринькон. I would like to drink coffee. But the verb "zaynhaben", as you already understood from the past tense, often has its own separate categories in different grammatical constructions. Here in Perfect he turned into a var and in a hatte, yes, he was and had one. And in the end we cannot use the verb haby with the auxiliary verb vjurd. This would be a mistake. Zayn turns into vere haben in Hittite. Well, for example, their leg. I would be their teacher. Aikhon, I would have a dog. This is how you need to remember it. Let's move on to the preteriums. In my opinion, I wouldn't take Preterium at all if you need a language for some basic communication. It's just a bookish past tense. That's what they call it: the bookish past tense. And where can you meet him? In newspapers, in magazines, in books, in articles. That's what they call him. Bookish past tense. But it is built very simply. We take the stem of the verb. For example, the verb " маха", I remind you, has the form "мах". And we add the suffix, that is, I did them. And look how he will hide. I did their machte. Mach you did. Mahte, he she did it. We did you did. The machtхtн they did. And in a respectful manner the mahn you did. That is, we also encounter the same morphological feature, when in the first and third person singular we do not receive personal endings. We encountered this, by the way, in the conjugation of the verb хабзнай in the past tense. Huts willow their hut, rzs hut. And in modal verbs they have kanrz kankhvilzvi, remember? Remember how it was. Ah, friends, there is also a list of strong verbs. Let me remind you of the preterite form that you need to learn. That is, the same as in Perfect. So we learned partitseptsvay strong verbs, right? for example, some kind of ikhing and so on: "I'm going." Or their foo, I was driving and so on. Well, in conclusion, I would like to separately consider the particle tsu, which has three hypostases. The particle tsu can be used before an adjective, for example, too fried. Tsuhais. It can be used before a verb when we have two verbs in a sentence . Now remember, with modal verbs, when we have two verbs in a sentence, they both tantsen. I can dance. We do not use their cantancin. And if our first verb is anything but modal, for example, a plan to plan everything, before the second part tsutsu we immediately put their plans tsutantsin. I plan to dance and tsu can be a preposition that will be combined with a noun and translated as to the direction of action. Most often, we go to a doctor, attend an event, or visit some organization. And geiyatsudem ast. For example, I go to the doctor. Friends, this was the third step, let me remind you. That is, a clear, simple structure. You see, in literally a short amount of time I have given you almost all the German grammar you need to understand any topic. I'm sorry, I've been talking a lot and my throat is starting to get sore. Step four is a comprehensive training system. That is, it must include absolutely everything. The first thing is, of course, at the initial stages, friends, German in Russian. Only this way. Because if you start learning all these stories in German, where teachers are proud—in my lessons from the very beginning, there wasn't a word of Russian— what are you proud of? If you shock someone, they'll say everything that needs to be said in German, but they need to be given the opportunity to speak up, ask questions, discuss, ask: "But if we do this, what will happen?" He should be able to do this. This is, for example, when you teach correctly. Here, take a look at my great reviews. Ilya, what's so difficult about telling teachers everything so simply? Surely the Germans cannot help but know that such a classification exists. Thank you very much, teacher from God and so on. That is, when you simply don’t do anything special, but simply give a transcript of a normally laid out topic, and then you start practicing it only in German, then this gives some amazing results. The second component is training from the appropriate level, friends. That is, you should be able to start with A1, C2, and B1. Of course, if you have any confusion about prepositions, cases, articles, word order, and, in short, everything that is covered at level A1, and all of this is covered at level A1, then you need to start learning from level A1, friends, if we are talking about systematic learning, because at level A2 you should already know the cases simply by heart. prepositions to remember. You should know word order, separable prefixes, conjugation of strong verbs and irregular verbs. This all goes through one at a time. Imagine how many mistakes you will make in two if you arrive confused about cases and everything else. So, uh, of course, if you have problems with this, then you just need to start over, quickly complete A1 in 2 months and not worry about it. Ah, friends, component number three: practice of all aspects, absolutely all aspects need to be trained. You see, in my course there is absolutely everything: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. That is, we develop all four aspects . Plus a conversation club. Don't forget, friends, I also have a conversation club on my course twice a week so that those who are taking the course can participate in it . This is very cool. Support. And I answer all messages, I answer absolutely all questions. And if you have any questions about the course, I'll go into as much detail as possible while I explain it, or sometimes I'll even call the students if needed. But, as a rule, I, uh, really explain very well, and there is no need to make any additional explanations, because everything is clear anyway. Most often, these are questions that are related to some further development. That is, people try on their own situations, ask if they translated it correctly, and so on. The fifth component is comfortable learning conditions. I'm telling you now about my course, friends, fluent German, from zero to B1. Look, this is how you will receive in Telegram, if you come to study with me , you will receive, and I strongly recommend that you do this. All materials will include videos, PDFs, and everything else. You get it twice a month, oh, twice a week, sorry. You do your homework, we check it. You can also pay monthly, which is very convenient. None of these banks and so on. It's just that the official installment plan from me is absolutely, as they say, based on trust. We all value and respect each other. Loyal price. It's very inexpensive. And you can pay from absolutely any country, friends, from absolutely any country. This is technically, this technical problem has been solved. So, here we have four components that we must adhere to for quality education, friends. And my free German course will last 24 weeks . He's starting soon, he's starting. Recorded lessons are published twice a week in a separate Telegram channel. We will go through all the grammar in detail, all the vocabulary in detail, all the aspects, and we will train. It also includes preparation for the B1 or DTCT exam for those who attended integration courses; this is the description of the picture. And, of course, we have a conversation club, which I personally run online, and we have the help of a specialist who helps us combat language anxiety, because, unfortunately, there’s no other way now. Everyone is crippled by these integration courses and generally bad courses. And here's my course, friends: lessons recorded on a Telegram channel twice a week, feedback from me, live broadcasts, questions and answers at the end of each level, and materials on relevant vocabulary for the corresponding levels. That is, I will give you all the necessary words that you will need to memorize. Speaking practice in every lesson. I practice speaking at a conversation club, which I run twice a week, and I get help from a language anxiety specialist. And as a result, you get a confident B1 level in 24 weeks. Friends, the course program takes you to B1 in 24 weeks, as I said. And on average, completing one level with a teacher will take, well, 30 lessons, if you also work hard at home. If you take a super-mediocre, cheap teacher, it’s 750 euros for 30 lessons. In total you get 2,250 for three levels. It's very expensive, but the end result you get is much worse, friends. But on my course it will be much cheaper, especially for participants of the free closed Telegram channel to which I invite you. In it, you will have special conditions, bonuses, giveaways and, of course, a live broadcast in which I will give you a huge amount of benefits. We'll go over a bunch of topics in German. We'll be covering preparation for the B1 exam, so be sure to check it out. Ah, friends, unfortunately, we're not currently accepting registration for the course, as it's being held in stages, but you can still join the waiting list. How to do this? You just need to subscribe to my free closed Telegram channel. And you don’t just sit there and wait for something. It's really about to start, but we're right there with you right now, and first of all, there's written instructions for preparing for the B1 exam. It's ideal, after watching this video, to actually watch this instruction and figure out what you remember from what I told you with what is in this exam preparation manual. Accordingly, this is very important. I will also host a broadcast there, in which we will analyze in detail all the grammar, along with the exam. I will show where which topic and in which exercise to use correctly. This is an absolutely beautiful piece of work that I have been working on for a very long time. Friends, to access the free private channel, you just need to follow the link in the description of this video or from the comments to this video; it will also be pinned there. Please proceed. Believe me, this is a super super useful channel that will be very useful. In addition to the fact that you will have the opportunity to participate in the B1 course at a super price . So, friends, thank you for watching. See you in new videos and new live broadcasts on the channel. Let me remind you to go to the channel, where we'll cover the entire B1 exam, including grammar. No one has ever had anything like this, and you will understand how to study which topic in the context of both passing the exam and simply to know this grammar topic. See you in video and on air. M.