>> Psychology enthusiast young people, hello. Yes, hello. >> >> Okay, that was not me. So, hello. Once more, young people, e-certificate on your email a month or so from now. Attendance link is being put It's put every day. Our links stay active for a few days. You can keep watching and your attendance will be taken care of. So, now you can chill. As far as this My back-end colleague, can you please call whoever has set this laptop to silent it so that these phone calls don't keep coming. And the principles of social psychology, uh it's always sensible to have all your social media platforms off when you do what you do. And uh I You do realize, Manya, I'm I can see that you're calling me because it seems it's Nishkam's call, so you still end up calling me. But, that's okay. I understand. Okay, I'm not going to waste time. It's an interesting interesting interesting one. Let's just uh start. And before we start, um just have a look. That's manya.khanna@fortishealthcare.com and she's the one who will remove you if you have messages she doesn't like. And we have nishkam. tyagi@fortishealthcare.com. Uh your laptop's ringing. >> My what? >> Laptop's ringing. >> Oh. >> Can you >> Put it on DND. >> Yes. >> DND DND. >> Social media platforms are on. I don't like them. This is social psychology talk, so >> Okay. >> >> All right, we're moving on. >> Yes, I appreciate. Thank you. So, we will say thank you for keeping it nice and clean manya.kanna@fortishealthcare.com. And we shall now go on to the slides manya.kanna@fortishealthcare.com if you don't mind. Thank you. Self in the world, social psychology inside self in the world. I have myself. There are so many selves in the world, which is each individual being a self. And how does myself have an interplay and interface with so many selves of the world influencing how I see my own self? And how does myself connect with other selves? That is what we talk today. Self in the world, it's social psychology time. Enjoy this. You may not really have paid enough importance to some of these things we'll talk about today. Uh try to absorb more before you start your questions. Try to absorb more. Social psychology young people is a systemic study of human nature. Um You understand what people do, why do they do what they do, and how do these interactions and relationships impact both individual and groups? So, sometimes we behave differently as individuals and different in groups. Sometimes that aspect of ours that comes out in a group may be so different than what people have seen us in our individual self by in its own unique space. Those are aspects of um social psyche and we will be talking about some of these today. I promise you you'll get your certificates. Focus on what we are discussing. And whatever that sound is, we can let it be. So, yeah. Self in the world, let's move forward, Manya. How do we understand ourselves? Yes, and good evening all of you. How do we understand ourselves and the social world around us? Yeah. Interesting. Um okay. Imagine one day you wake up in the morning and you have a pimple on your face. All morning you feel conscious. What will people say? How will people react? Should I cover it up? I was I see people doing such newer things nowadays. That's all a little thing that they put there and it almost is skin tone But when you start and you go through your day, you realize nobody quite noticed. What do you think this is? What do you think would this be? I have a pimple. I am thinking if what will people see. I'm so conscious about this, but nobody sees it. What? This could be yes, thank you for the pimple patches. I appreciate. But what could this be? You say spotlight, you say awareness, you say yes, sir, you say overthink, you say the mind's illusions. And now I shall ask Manya to tell Nishkamya, what does it mean? Nishkam, do you know what this is? That's why you are sitting here and learning. But you will not learn if you are on your phone. But that's okay. I understand. You thought it's a part of your body. But it's not. >> >> It's a spotlight effect. Yes, egocentrism is an interesting answer. Because um various aspects of egocentrism uh can be seen, but egocentrism will go on towards psychodynamic analytical way of looking at things. Today, I'm going to talk only about the social psych aspect. The spotlight effect. The spotlight is on me is what I feel. But in reality, there is no spotlight because people are not seeing it in the way I think they are. So, in spotlight effect, we tend to see ourselves as the center of the stage. We overestimate others' attention. Now, focus on this. I if when I am going through a spotlight effect, I am overestimating others' attention on me. If I were to realize that they are not giving in the kind of attention I think they are giving, I would actually be a very different person in front of them. That is social psych. No, we don't take any tests. I believe a lot of learning is self. I also believe intrinsic motivation is at the core of learning. If you want to learn, then these are just stimuli and triggers that we've given you, and then you read on your own self. Um I'm not a very big on taking tests to confirm whether you learned or not. Even if you get some scores on a test today, if you don't absorb it well enough, it won't last in time. And if you don't understand it more with more depth, it in any case won't have a longitudinal lapse of learning. Okay. Mimansa has a presentation today. This is a favorite topic. And she's an expert in this. OG, like I told you, OG. So, now Mimansa is feeling that all of you know how nervous Mimansa is. What is that? I have a presentation or Mimansa has a presentation. Mimansa feels all of you know and can make out how nervous you are. What is it? You say illusion of transparency. You say personal fable and spotlight are different. Yes, and let me give you the answer that you've already given me. Go ahead. I like this transition. Is it the computer or you guys actually did something lovely for a change. Okay, if yes, then you are experiencing you're quite right. No, not the anxiety. Rush. No, no, not the anxiety. You were right up there. Illusion of transparency. I tend to believe my emotions I am not able to hide and people are understanding them. My emotions you can see through. Illusion of transparency. I'm transparent in that. Spotlight I feel you are all giving attention to me, over attention. These are two aspects which are related to each other. I know. And both of these would be forms of social blunders. In one, I'm overestimating my visibility in a way that you I feel what you are noticing even though you aren't. And in the other one, I feel that you're also seeing through me and understanding how I'm feeling. And these are among the social blunders which Spotlight effect and transparency are both examples of the sense of self in the social world. Understand, my sense of self gets impacted because I think the spotlight is on me. My sense of self gets impacted when I feel that you are able to see through my emotions. And that will affect the way I engage with all of you. And that is what social blunders are. And our ideas and feelings about ourselves, how we respond to others, and that helps shape our sense of self as well. Don't allow yourself to believe that outside world does not influence us. From what you do to what you wear to what you shop, how you go about our dialects for that matter, pronunciations, the way we look at things, we may want to believe that we have all the control. But a lot of times, it's so many vectors acting on us that we don't know why we act the way we do. And that's why if you start understanding some of these principles of social psychology, you will actually start getting a lot better control over yourself. If you were to be asked, "Who am I?" and you were to describe three things that make you who you are, what would you say? You want to say "I am I am I am" gone? >> I'm a clinical psychologist. I'm a parent to a 13-year-old. And I am a multitasker. >> >> Yeah, I wanted I wanted that reaction of yours. >> >> Right, but this who am I tends to also evolve over a period of time. So, if this was something that you would have asked me, let's say a couple of years ago, then I would have said something different versus when you ask me today, then I say something different because I our sense of self also evolves over a period of time. So, if I was in college, it would have been different. If I was in school, I would have said something different. And now that I am a professional, that's a significant part of my identity. So, everyone can do that test. You can ask yourself today and then in a couple of years down the line, you can ask yourself again, who am I? And so, to understand what determines our self-concept, it's about the roles we play. So, as a as a psychologist, the role that I play, along with that, I am also leading a program. So, the role I play in that, in managing that program, then the social identities that we form, which means me in a social setting, in my professional setting, me in my family setting, me in amongst my peers and my groups. So, social identities that we tend to form and how we interact in all of these settings would vary a little despite but my core identity of who am I is going to remain. And then the comparisons that we >> Yeah. Try try and understand this. Uh when Mimansa talked about the various I ams So the roles we play, right? I am I am right now talking about social site, but I'm also alongside Mimansa taking this session and a student also. I I may be a teacher to you, but I'm right now learning from Mimansa. And also the brilliant team that actually puts together these presentations. And then see how first they learned. They've actually been using a phone which I can now read remarkably. Right? Uh what are the roles we play? >> Janvi. >> Janvi? Okay. What I got >> Janvi. >> Yes, nice. Appreciate it. It's good uh friendly to uh So So the roles we play. Now with your friends who are playing a role and very much with another group of peers where you may not be as close, you are being slightly different. And you may be completely different in front of uh somebody else and you may be different. And that's how that's how the social milieu, that social environment So cross-sectionally, you may be in different different social environments. Cross-sectionally, it may impact the roles you play. And your social identity may also vary. For example, right now maybe your social identity may be the name of the school. It may be the um the uh the the s- the section of the class. It could be um some other background or something like that. It could be that you are in the uh school um sports team. Or it could be a group of you who call yourselves something. So all of these are various aspects of your social identities. And then once you become a part of a certain social identity, you don't realize that the roles you play are not only about who you are, but it's also about who you are supposed to be, given that you are with somebody. Okay, I'll give you an example. No, because >> We didn't talk about comparison. >> time and you just moved ahead. Money, I know um I know it's that time of the day when you know, you really are not sure uh what you are clicking, and I get that. Right, but but just give me a really rough time, it would be so nice of you. I tell you, kindness in these people, it's just >> Altruism, you will teach us that also towards the end. >> If I could speak the modern-day social media language, I'm overwhelmed. Humbled and thrilled. And then I'm so humbled that I'm going to write it on a social media platform of how humbled I am, and to show my humility, I would want hundreds of people to like it and share it, so that my humility is being so modest that it does not need the narcissism of recognition of others. Coming to compare. >> could also be flexing how well you are performing on social media. >> That's true. >> Flexing. >> That word I I that that whole thing is So, I I I'd like to use science and and maybe someday I can teach um the whole aspect around the flexing and the dynamic aspects, but not today. Today we'll stick to social psych. Comparisons we make with the other, how are you, how many followers, what likes, what this, what is in. I was told by one of my colleagues about some color which is in last year, which may not be in this year. Oh my god, what ridiculous stupidity. But the comparisons forces me into decision-making. And then it ends up making me judge myself. The moment I start judging myself, it affects my self-esteem. Because if I am not going to evaluate myself on how I see me, and I start seeing me in comparison to you and one more you and some more of yous, then I will not really be able to feel good about myself because I will not be feeling me about myself. >> And that's how we also tend to judge ourselves and the others when we compare ourselves unfavorably. Not only are we judging ourselves in a negative way, but we also tend to judge the others in the same way. And that's where criticism and harshness and unkindness tends to follow. >> Social identity is my how I feel about me in this social milieu that I am at a given moment in time. And not a generic social identity because I'll be in different different situations, so my sense of social self keeps being impacted. Right? So for example, >> What happens when you scroll on social media and see your peers posting pictures of holidays, events, and achievements? How does it make you feel? >> And do you realize that a fraction of a second that is captured in a still photograph or a 2-second to 10, 15, 20 second, whatever that thing is, can possibly not be descriptive or understanding enough to know what these individuals are going through at that zone moment in their life. And that's where it may still bring in the comparison without the insight because you can't possibly have the insight. You are seeing what I'm showing you. I am governing what I'm showing you, but I'm showing you based on what I believe the algorithm of my social network will you make it more likable and that starts a vicious cycle of me not being me. >> Okay, Maya. How does this make you feel? Yeah, we tend to compare ourselves with the others and that has an impact on us. How we compare ourselves with the others also has an impact on us. And what areas are we comparing ourselves with the others having an impact on us. And that's because we are always comparing ourselves in areas where we feel less about ourselves. So we pick and choose that specific aspect that we find less in ourselves and more in the others and we didn't we tend to compare ourselves more and more in that. FOMO, fear of missing out. I mean if if you're living your life in the moment, then the fear of missing out what the others are doing um should certainly make you feel the fear of what you're going to miss out in your moment that you're living. So yes, that's the way to deal with fear of missing out that you try and be as mindful as you can and enjoy the moment that you are having than actually feeling what the others are doing. And um I like to say that I have ROMO, relief of missing out because I don't feel that I can miss out. That's another term. Um but why is it that happens? Why do we tend to compare ourselves and why does it have an impact on us? That's because when we do that, not only are we comparing ourselves in different domains of our lives, it tends to determine our self-esteem. So, if there is a lack of self-awareness, which means I do not know the strengths that I have, the abilities that I have, the skills that I have, what am I capable of, what are my limitations, then I'm going to evaluate myself in that way. If there is lack of awareness, then I am going to feel that I'm not good enough. When I don't recognize my abilities, my positivities, my strengths, then I will feel that I'm not good enough. And with that particular aspect, I'm also going to compare myself with the others in all of these areas that I don't feel good enough in. And as a result of that, we tend to feel that our self-worth is really low. So, to be able to have a good sense of self, you need to have a healthy self-esteem. A positive sense of self, and it starts with how you define yourself. So, when you ask yourself those questions, who am I, and if you're unable to answer it, then you need to learn to be able to define that. And when you ask yourselves, what are my positives, what are my limitations, what are the things that I need to work on, that's also a good exercise to bring in self-awareness. And that's how our self-esteem defines how we are in the social world because our thoughts, our feelings, and our behaviors are shaped by people, groups, and society around us. So, if I have low sense of self, then I will be easily influenced by people around me, by groups, and the society at large. And that's how I experience more and more social pressure, and I give in. Losing my individuality, I continue to keep merging in the world and keep conforming to what I don't want to. But if I have a good sense of self, that's where I'm able to reflect on my thoughts well, I'm able to manage my feeling better, and as a result, my actions and my behaviors and my attitudes would be positive. Have you ever been in a debate and found yourself agreeing with your initial viewpoint despite the opposing team stating factual information? So, which means you have a viewpoint that you already have that's planted in your head, and despite people giving you the information which does not support the viewpoint that you already have, you still continue to just stick on to your belief system. Why does this happen? Bias? No. Cognitive dissonance is when you are actually feeling that dissonance in your thought process. But over here, you're not feeling that dissonance in thought process. Okay, what is the answer, Manya? Belief perseverance. You continue to persevere your belief. That's the tendency that you have to hold on to your own initial beliefs and opinions even when you are presented with contradictory evidence or information. And this is where sometimes we see rigidity prevailing. Yes, rigidity prevailing in people, and yes, people can also be using that rigidity as a defense to not veer away from what they believe in. And that can occur because individuals have a natural inclination to protect and maintain their existing beliefs. And which is why you would see a lot many times even when you tell people that you need help, you need support, that lack of awareness and just the fact that I believe in what I believe in can lead us to stick on to that with a certain sense of rigidity. And that can also have an impact on us. Now, imagine you got A+ on your psychology exam. You believe that it was due to your effort and ability. A+ I mean, I can give you A+. D-? Yes. Sir would give you D- on your psychology exams. Okay. So, and what if if you got D- on your psychology exam, do you believe that it was because the paper was difficult? So, when you got a good score, you think it's because your effort and ability, but when you got a bad score, you believe that it was because of the paper. What is this called? Yes, some of you are answering it correct. Mhm. Not confirmation bias. And Manya is going to give us the answer. And it seems Manya is sleeping over the answer. Self-serving bias. Yes, some of you were correct about this. Not confirmation bias. Confirmation bias is that you already have a belief system and you're going to pick on the information that is going to confirm already pre-existing belief system that you have. That's what confirmation bias is. This is self-serving bias, which means we tend to attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to something else. When something good happens it's because of me, when something bad happens, well, it's it's it's the others, it's not me. And to maintain a positive self-image, we associate ourselves with success. And we distance ourselves from failures. Because as social beings we all want to leave a certain impression. An impression that is favorable, an impression that is associated with more how well are we able to achieve rather than our failures. And which is why you would see why more and more people continue to portray a favorable sense of self to leave that impression on people. Now, what if over here we add a third element that your classmate gets a D- minus in the psychology exam? What do you think led to that result? You got good score because of your effort. Bad because of the paper was difficult or the teacher didn't want to give you the good score. And you blame it on Dr. Paley to give you a bad score. Now, if your classmate gets a bad score, you think you are likely to think that they weren't capable enough to score well. Because well, they lack the capability and the competency as compared to you. And what would this be called? So, this is going to be called fundamental attribution error. And what we end up doing is that we actually tend to tend to have the we have the tendency to attribute another person's actions to their character or personality while ignoring the situational factors, which means the moment we talk about the other, we tend to have just just focus on the person, not the situation. The initial impression that we have of the person, we just focus on their character, their personality, rather than looking at what could also be the other situations that would lead to a similar influence of which you were able to see in your context. So, we judge the others by their actions, but ourselves by our circumstances. And this is where we need to understand that sometimes when we do that, we are going we are being very very judgmental towards people around us. So, if someone is late, we think they are careless. But if it's us, then we feel that, you know, a flat tire can happen to anyone. And that's your fundamental attribution error. Now, attitudes and behaviors, how does we how do we think affect how we feel and behave? And that's where positive attitudes and negative attitudes matter. Because when we have a positive attitude, the way we feel about things, the way we think about things, and as a result of how we are going to behave will also be defined by the kind of attitude that we have. So, attitudes are a person's evaluations, feelings, or opinions about people, objects, or events. If you have a negative evaluation, feeling, and opinion about people, object, and event, that's what is going to come into your action. Because they shape how individuals perceive and respond to the world around them. And which is why positivity has a role to play over here. When we say that think positive or try and have a problem-solving attitude, this is why attitudes matter. And often times we hear this word of toxic positivity. I think what's important that we need to understand that we first try and build more positive attitude towards things. Toxicity Toxicity will take care of itself. If we have a positive attitude, then that's how we're going to perceive and respond to the world around us with the same positivity that we sometimes expect from people to have towards us. So if we expect good from people, we also need to have the same good attitude towards the others. So what we think and we feel and we believe is how we act and we respond. And that reinforces our attitude further in terms of how we think and we feel and behave. And that's how the circle the vicious circle cycle is formed. Attitude drives our behavior. Behavior further reinforces our attitude. And that's why it's important. Now, have you ever thought about why do brands use celebrities in their advertisements? Have you ever thought about that? That's because advertisements work in two ways. One is the central route, which means the content of the product is where the focus is. And if the content is strong, that's what they use to sort of have an influence. But when the content is not strong, it's the packaging the product that matters. And that's where the focus goes on to use that as a means of distraction. So when they focus more on the celebrities, li- rhymes, slogans, it is to distract us from the actual content. And that's called the peripheral route. Now this is This comes under what? What are we trying to What are the advertisements trying to do? Yes. They're trying to persuade you in a certain way. So, persuasive persuasion is what is being used over here. It is the process by which messages induce changes in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. And that's what marketing and advertisement heavily relies on the persuasion technique to attract consumers, and which is what you should also understand and deconstruct media messages and a lot of the marketing techniques and advertisements consumer psychology is also a subject in itself as to why a certain product is packaged for a certain target audience. And what kind of message is being used over here to persuade the target audience. Did you know that even if you know that a news article is fake it might still influence your attitude and your choice later in life. So, despite you knowing that fake news is fake and in the world that we live in, there is a lot of fake news and fake information that continues to float around yet a lot many times we tend to believe in the fake news of what is fake. And why does that happen? That's because it's a Any guesses? A delayed sleeper effect. That's what it is called. A sleeper effect is also a persuasion technique that uses discounting as a cue to increase the impact of the message over and over and over time. So, something which is shown to you again and again and again can actually persuade you in a certain way despite you knowing that this is not true. And they use that as a discounting cue to discount, to trivialize the certain aspect of that particular message so that it stays on and you believe that this is what it is. In a famous study, participants were asked to unscramble set sets of words aggressive, neutral, polite. Following this task, the participants were asked to wait in a line and submit their papers. So, let's say there is group A. They were given aggressive words. Then there was group B who was given neutral words. And then there was group C that was given polite words. And when they were asked to wait in line, what happened was that the group A who had the aggressive words took 5.4 minutes to show a certain kind of an aggression and waited just this much. This longer period of time because just the mere aspect of reading the aggressive words tended them to have a more aggressive behavior that increased their tendency to show aggression in a certain way as compared to the neutral group who could wait for 8.7 minutes and the polite words group that could wait for 9.3 minutes. And what do you think that is called? No, that's not a pattern bias. I don't think so. Is there something called a pattern bias? I've never heard this. What is this called? >> And what is this called? Priming. Discounting cue is that a piece of information is used as a way to create a certain kind of a doubt in a person's mind by showing it again and again and again and again. So, even though when you know that this message is fake, because you show it so many times that the person starts to feel a bit doubtful that maybe this is what it is and it has a which is why it's a sleeper effect. Over a period of time, the number of times the message is shown, there is a likely chance that you would still believe that message. So, that's the discounting cue, which is used as a persuasive technique. Priming helps us construct memories of ourselves and the world around us. And therefore, our preconceived notions and judgments have a striking effect on how we perceive and interpret the information. Our preconceived notion often tends us to behave in a certain way, form certain notions, certain judgments about people, and which is why it's important for us to understand that a lot many times when we already have a something in our mind about a particular person or the way they are, it can impact and influence again how we act towards them. So, just a sheer exposure the priming that happened to those words led to a certain kind of a behavior that happened. So, it helps us to construct memories of ourselves and the world around us. Now, when we first listen to a new song, it may not seem appealing, but after listening to a few times, the song gets stuck in our mind, and that happens to a lot of us. I see that happening to me a lot, and I'm sure a lot of you also feel that can happen to you sometimes, and we often end up listening to it over and over and over and over again. I often tend to do that. And sometimes when I don't remember the lyrics or remember the song, but there is just the tune that is going in, I take the help of my siblings to remember the song. Why do you think this happens? Mhm. Any guesses to this? And Manya's going to give us the answer. Why does this happen? Because No, it's not repetition. It's means hyperfixation is what is happening as a result of this. I'm sure some of you do like it, but sometimes it can also get a little dis- thing, but yes, and this is called mere exposure effect. It's a phenomena in which people prefer things that they are familiar with. And the more frequently you tend to see something, the more tendency that you will also prefer it. It impacts the way and in the world of it um social psychology concept of attraction, also happens because of the mere exposure effect, which means the more you see a person, the familiarity in itself having a sense of comfort that you build by seeing somebody again and again and again, also leads to an influence our how we feel towards them and how we are attracted to people by spending more time, and we that's how we tend to form uh certain relationships over here. Our attractions are also influenced by mere exposure effect. The familiarity to an individual. And that's something that also happens with other things, whether it's music, whether it's a place, it could also be an something that you like, so on and so forth. Have you felt that a person who is warm and friendly would also be kind and generous? Or an attractive person would also be smart and intelligent. Just because somebody is warm, we may feel that yeah, this person is also going to be kind and quite generous. And just because somebody looks good, we may have a certain kind of a bias sometimes that where we we may feel that this person will also be smart and intelligent. Mhm. Somebody's given the right answer. It is the halo effect. It's a cognitive bias where an individual's impression of a person on a single trait influences how we evaluate them, how we judge them on those traits and qualities. And that's what halo effect is. The halo? Yeah? Yes. So, something positive you see in them, one trait that makes you feel positive about them and you tend to evaluate them more positively. Something that you see as a as an individual's first impression is how we tend to feel this is how they're going to be. That's the halo effect. And it's a cognitive bias. Did you know people are more likely to perform well when there are coaches or teachers when their coaches and teachers believe in them. And which is why it's always important to have good mentors who continue to believe in you. The way I have my mentor who's put me here, who believes I would be able to do it. And yet I'm looking for him, where is he? He's left me over here thinking I would be able to do it well. Uh Yes, that is called Rosenthal effect. Rosenthal effect is this refers to when we have high expectations which is leading to improved performance and low expectations leading to poor performance. And which is why when you there are positive reinforcements that you get from people that you look up to whether it is your parents, whether it is your teachers, whether it is any other guide or a coach that you have in sports, in academics, in any other talent. When they have good expectations from you and they show they have high expectations from you, you also tend to start believing that kind of it turns into a self-confidence that pushes you to also improve your performance. And low expectations make you feel less about yourself and could also lead to poor performance. That's Rosenthal effect and a lot of researches is something which is done when it comes to the academic uh achievements and performance when it comes to the biases that teachers can have or parents can have on children when it comes to the performance. So, Rosenthal effect is something that has been again studied and researched a lot to understand a lot of the performance, academic achievement, and performance-related studies. Now, we are going to look at self and the groups. So, we till now studied about self in the social world, you in the social world, how we tend to interact, we tend to compare ourselves, how the comparison impacts us. In the world of social media, comparison is something which is also continuing to grow more and more because we tend to compare our lives to what we are living in this moment to the others that are having and living at certain given point in time, almost making us feel a relative deprivation of a certain sort or fear of missing out that we could have enjoyed so much more while you're already losing the moment to enjoy um at this very moment. At the same time, how we tend to feel about ourselves, our sense of self, our self-esteem, the negative evaluation that we have about ourselves, how it also influences the way we judge and interpret the world around us. And at the same time, the other way around, where we feel that we are the center of the world, the world is looking at us, the world is judging us because we also sometimes tend to hold the same mirror for our own selves. So, that's you in the social world and how we tend to interact um on our day-to-day basis. Now, we're going to look at self in the groups. How do we behave in groups? Now, can you tell which line is equal to the reference reference line? A, B, or C? What do you think is the right answer to this? B, yes, but let's say if I put you in a group of amongst a group which says that the correct answer is C. You may stand up and say B is the right answer, but everybody else around starts to say that it the answer is C. And this is something that I They are my confidants and I planted them over there to say that so-and-so uh is incorrect and I think C is the answer. And the other one stands C is the answer. And the other one stands C is the answer. What is that And ultimately, you also say it's C. The answer is And this is a famous experiment conducted by Ash. A group of participants were shown a simple line comparison task. They had to identify which line from a set of three matched the length of a reference line. But there was a twist. Like how social psychology experiments always have a twist to it. The other participants in the room were confederates of the experimenter and were instructed to give incorrect answers. Yes, some of you are giving the right answer. However, the real participants were unaware of the confederates and ended up giving the same answer as them despite knowing that it was the incorrect answer due to social pressure. And that's what we need to understand how social pressure tends to influence us that even though you may be right, when the pressure comes in, we may get influenced by it and we may go on the wrong side. And this is called conformity. Conformity is how we tend to play a lot in the world of social media where we tend to conform to what the people are doing. The challenges that we follow, the trends that we follow. We want to do it because we want to be the part of that popularity that is going in, the visibility aspect that is going in, the fear of missing out should not be there. So, I want to conform to what everybody else is doing despite me knowing that it may be harmful and may have consequences on me. So, we tend to change our opinions even though initially we may believe and we may be making the right choice, but to be able to fit into the group so that we don't have the fear of missing out due to social pressure, we tend to conform. And which is why there is a lot of portrayal that we tend to see on social media. How our sense of self is very different from what we portray because conformity is what is influencing us at that time. Did you know people follow orders and do things they don't agree with if the command comes from someone who is perceived to be an authority? And this is something again important to understand that how sometimes the authority can have an influence on us because the external environment certainly does have an influence. Yes, all of lot of you are right over here. It is the Milgram's famous experiment that found that despite the apparent harm being inflicted, a significant number of participants continued to administer shocks even at the highest levels simply because the experimenter told them to do so. So, despite knowing that this can be harmful and of course um this experiment was critiqued a lot, but the important part over here is to understand how we tend to obey the authority figure despite having our own concerns and reservations around it. So, obedience, yes, is what the right answer to this is. That following the orders or the commands of an authority figure, even though internally we may disagree to it, can lead and have their own impact on people around us and even us for that matter. And that's how authorities also have a role to play. Yes, I'm glad that a lot of you know the correct answers, which means um you have been studying and about social psychology a lot and one of the books that we've all studied from and which is also Dr. Parikh's favorite book is David Myers. So, if you want to read more about social psychology, you can read from David Myers. Obedience to authority, yes, Milgram experiment. That's correct. So, many of you knew the right answer to this. I'm so happy about that. Yeah. Have you ever wondered why your behavior in a group group setting is different from when you are alone? Why does that happen? Like when you run fast in the presence of others, but seem to be unable to beat your own time while practicing alone. So, if I'm running alone, I may not able be able to beat my own time. I'm actually perform, let's say, worse, but when it's a group setting, I'm able to really explore my potential over there. What is this called? Mhm. Not social pressure. Again, another classic experiment that demonstrated the phenomena of social facilitation. Ah. No. None of you got the answer for this. The classic experiment over here is of social facilitation, where we see um and in this one particular in this particular experiment, um the bicycle race experiment which was conducted in 1898 by Norman Triplett. Triplett observed that cyclists tended to race faster when they were competing against each other as compared to when they were racing alone against the clock. Social facilitation is also something which is used in the field of sports psychology is a lot to enhance um the performance of the athletes. And that's where we see that in teams, people uh specifically in in in team uh sports social facilitation as a technique as a social psychology concept is used a lot more. Because the idea is that when we have a certain audience and we have somebody to compete with we do tend to perform a lot better and we are able to explore our potential a lot better in that sense than us doing with our own self. So it's a tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present. So yes the audience gives us that effect for us to be able to keep exploring our potential and cross what we already believed could be our potential um and in the presence of others that increased arousal actually acts as a motivator and makes us perform much better. Now if you have to look at the other way around that while doing a group project in school do you think everyone in the group is contributing their 100%? Or some people are doing less and some doing more. I'm sure a lot of you all tend to feel that. And I am sure a lot of you are actually sometimes quite unhappy with your peer group because some are performing more and you may feel that I'm performing so much more and I'm doing so much more work and the other person is just not doing it. Oh my god, do you know guys know the answer for this as well? I'm glad. Yes, social loafing. And yes, diffusion of responsibility can also happen or in this end uh diffusion of responsibility also happens in one more thing which we are going to um go on ahead, but social loafing is the correct answer in which what happens is that people tend to exert less effort when they all combine their collective efforts towards a common goal than when they are individually accountable because we do tend to feel the other person will do it. I can get away without doing a lot more and I can do less and still be okay with it. So yes, that is social loafing. So what we see is social facilitation shows us how we can perform better when there is a group. And the other extreme way is in a group setting what you ought to see is that how in a group you can actually diffuse responsibility and put in less effort. So one tells you to put in a lot more effort in a group setting and exceed your own performance while the other makes you perform less because you know there are others who will take care of it. So sometimes group can also make you act in extreme ways. So Stanford's prisoner's experiment by Philip Zimbardo in 1971 investigated the psychological effects of perceived power and authority in a simulated prison environment. The power of the situational forces, the potential for individuals to engage in abusive behaviors when placed in positions of authority. And the importance of social roles and group dynamics was something that was studied over here. Where the anonymity actually encouraged individuals to engage in a lot more extreme behavior. Now, what we need to understand, and yes, this was also one of the controversial experiments, but uh what is important and but very significant uh experiment over here, the Stanford prison uh experiment prison experiment, where it's important to understand that how anonymity makes us actually act in much more extreme ways and can actually lead to a lot more abusive and aggressive behavior. Phenomena that we also see in the form of bullying, cyberbullying, trolling that happens in an online space. So, because you know that you are anonymous and somebody will not know who is writing these messages and sending these messages, allows you to actually do this. The fact that you can hide and somebody would not know, that leads to this particular aspect playing a lot uh in the world of social in the social world and the virtual world. And that can the anonymous aspect can also bring out uh the worst in us is what we can understand. And yes, that is what is called deindividuation because you lose your sense of individuality and what you actually believe in that sense because in a larger group or just the anonymity aspect allows you to just do um the reverse of being good. And that's what you often see in online trolling. That's what you also see in cyberbullying. That's what you also see when you are being uh aggressive and using a lot of abusive terms and terminologies towards each other in a in a social world. It is this aspect of deindividuation that you become a part of the mob and you lose your own sense of individuality and what you believe in. So, yes, there's absolutely anonymity and the and the sense of having that power also is what allows you to do it because you know people will not uh see and will not be able to see who is doing this. So, despite we want the world to be a better place, sometimes all of these processes allow us to be the reverse and the otherwise. So, do you think groups as a whole make better decisions than individuals? Or do you think individuals make better decisions? Can groups also make better decisions than individuals? Or do you think it's the other way around? Hmm. So, yeah, what we see is that groups don't always make better decisions. When it depends, yes, and it and it varies. It can be both. Research has found that groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals, actually. And one of the examples of this is Bay of Pigs invasion. Very interesting uh group phenomena that was studied in 1961 when President John Kennedy decided to overthrow Fidel Castro by invading Cuba with 1400 CIA-trained Cuban exiles. Nearly all the invaders were killed or captured, and none of the members opposed his ideas. The same phenomena that we also saw in the Titanic or the Challenger explosion or Pearl Harbor. And what we see is that what we understand from this is that it's not necessarily always that when we come together, we may actually be making a better decision, but sometimes in order to be able to define the group's identity, we may actually take much extreme decisions than the otherwise. And this process is called group think or group polarization. Yes, some of you did give the right answer. In group think, a group reaches a consensus without evaluating the consequences or the alternatives as they do want to upset they do not want to upset the cohesion of the group. And they do want to upset the cohesiveness of the group. And so, without looking at what consequence it may have, you just reach the consensus of what you want to reach. Group group polarization is the result of what happens as a part of group think. It happens when members adopt more extreme position than they want to. And that's what we see sometimes happening in the kind of things that we see around us in today's time, and that's what you would be able to see how group think and group polarization does does tend to play out in our day-to-day life. Uh when you see some of the some of the decisions and the kind of things that are happened without seeing the consequences or the alternatives uh on on the kind of impact it may have on the humankind. Did you know most of us are likely to believe that students from our own school are better than those of another school? How many of us actually feel that? My school is better than the others. And the sense of identity that I tend to feel with my group and my school versus the other school and the and the group. Or sometimes it could also be class A versus class B. And what is this called? In-group versus out-group phenomena. These are the terms that are used to categorize people as similar or dissimilar. So, in an in-group you you're unified by a shared element of identity. So, my people, my group. A similar unified identity that makes me feel more more in line with the identity of my group versus the others. And that's something that we often see playing out um in peer setting, in social setting, where sometimes we may maybe often do we tend to isolate some people from the group because we feel that it will somewhere impact or uh disturb the identity, the unified element of my group. So, and that's what leads us to isolate some people, reject some people, not include them. Not a very nice thing to do, but yet we end up doing it. And it is the in-group out-group phenomena. So, when part of an in-group, we often tend to perceive and make extreme preconceived conceive notions about the others who are not part of a group. And we do tend to see this being played out, let's say for example, um in people and for the longest period of time, that's why there has been so much of stigma and stereotypy around mental health-related illnesses. A lot of in-group out-group behavior does tend to happen over there. So, what are stereotypes? Stereotypes are beliefs that we tend to carry because it um it as a result of the out-group behavior, we tend to form about others. So, people with colored eyes are mean. I like and I dislike people with colored eyes, leading me to discriminate. I will not let anyone with colored eyes be close to me. As a result, to further leading to my and conforming to my stereotype, people with colored eyes are mean. And you would see that how it has played out for years and years and decades and decades for people with mental health-related illnesses, where the stereotypy of how people with mental illnesses can be harmful, cause harm to the society, uh so on and so forth, and all the labels and the kind of words that we tend to use leads to prejudice and out-group in-group behavior, not include them. As a result of this, you know, um have discrimination in our behavior towards them, in our action towards them. That's how a generalized belief about the personal attributes of a group of people leads to us having a preconceived negative judgment about the group and its members, and that further leads us to discriminate that them and show that in our behavior towards the people and the members based on our prejudiced attitude. So, our attitudes that we spoke about, if we have a negative attitude towards a group of people because of the attributes that we hold towards them, our behavior is going to show it. That's how we are going to act towards them. And that's how we also tend to form preconceived notions, a negative judgment about a certain group or an individual. So, racism, taboos around certain illnesses, and the feeling certain kind of um attitude towards them. All this is part of stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination that continues to prevail. So, discrimination against certain groups can also lead us to have aggressive behavior towards them. But then, how do we learn aggressive behaviors? And if we see someone behave aggressively, are we likely to also engage in that behavior? Do you think that happens? That when we see aggression playing out around us, we see someone behaving aggressively, would you also join that group and also act and behave aggressively? No? There's a group that's There's just being abusive or being nasty or being bad towards this other person, would you just play out along with them? What is this called? We studied about that in our day two. In one of the therapies that happens. Aggression, bystander apathy, and altruism. What you also see over here is aggression. Aggression is also a learned behavior. We learn aggression through observation. In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura, who also gave social learning theory in 1961, um a famous famous experiment, Bobo doll experiment, where he observed that when an adult acted aggressively towards a Bobo doll, the child was likely to engage in a similar aggressive behavior. And that's why it's very important that as adults, we tend to be more responsible in the way we are behaving around our kids. Um so, if a lot of you tend to see irresponsible adult choices and behaviors that are happening around you, uh do correct them and tell them that you know it you can have actually have an influence on on me or the children around you because aggression is not a nice thing. Abusing is not a nice thing. Screaming, shouting is not a nice thing because yes, as good role models, uh modeling and observation is how some of us learn from you. So, aggression is often a learned and an acquired behavior. And one can also see that happening when some of us may have a tendency to follow that aggression more when we are playing some of these aggressive, violent games or getting exposed to a lot of that aggression in our uh in in what we see because the aggression leads to desensitization uh to that violence and aggression that we are seeing more and more. So, that's what one needs to understand that when we are sharing some of those negative things that the the aggressive videos that you share around you, you pass it on and the negative videos have much more likes, comments, and shares than the positive ones. That's because somewhere and we are adding uh to this aspect of uh you know, aggression when we do that. So, withdraw and restrict yourself from passing on something like that because it's important that we rather than desensitize ourselves to violence and aggression, we maintain our sense of sensitivity. Did you know if someone is in trouble, we are less likely to help if there are other people around us? Yes, all of you know the answer to this. And this is called the bystander effect. We notice, we see someone in trouble, and we assume that others are going to take the action, are going to help the people and so you are less likely to help. And this is called the bystander effect. Also the diffusion of responsibility that plays out over here. And this is an important aspect in bullying that we see so often in schools and cyberbullying in the space of social world that continues to happen. So with drawers we don't become a drawer when there is aggression you try and spend send in more positive messages and you actually try to ward off all the negativity. And as a bystander apathy that's that an in interesting study that was done after the death of Kitty Genovese in New York. People are less likely to help a victim in the presence of other people. That's how bystander apathy was studied and the term came into effect. Over here, what we are seeing is that and studies have also shown that even the bystander can have feelings of guilt sometimes to later on think why did I not act at that point in time to help and support somebody who needed that. And it's important for us to understand that as a bystander we also have a role to play. So in a school setting when you see bullying happening to young people or your peers, it's important that we intervene and not be a bystander. A bystander can also have a psychological effect. The victim certainly has a psychological effect and the bully is the one who is actually playing as the the powerfulness and and the dominance in that particular point in time because somewhere the bully also knows that there are people who are just watching and nobody's going to come in because somewhere somebody or the other is going to feel that somebody else is going to help. So we tend to just develop unknowingly that sense of apathy and not do anything about it. But for a lot of us, we do tend to recognize it later. What if I could have done something different to sort of help and support? So important to understand our role as a peer over here. Altruism is the selfless act of kindness that uplifts others. Do we all want to Would we not all want to believe that at the core of who we are, we are kind people? We are nice people. We want to give and spread kindness. We want to be compassionate to people around us. Yet, we don't end up doing it. Yet, we tend to conform to a lot of negativity. Yet, we tend to observe and follow a lot of aggression around us. Yet, we tend to actually follow the negativity around us a lot more, but all of us can actually continue to somewhere stay connected to the better and the best version of ourselves and that's who we can be in our day-to-day lives. So as students of psychology, it's important that we understand the concept of or a lot of these concepts of social psychology as to how do we use that in our day-to-day lives. Altruism is is is what can actually help us bring out the best version of who we are. It's important that we make kind kindness more contagious than the negativity because the negativity tends to stick on more and which is why we need to make a lot more efforts to bring in the positivity in our attitudes, in our belief systems, in our behaviors, in the way we perceive and interpret the world because often or not, the that has an impact on our behavior. It also has an impact on the kind of choices that we make. And it's important that we continue to learn better so that we can be a better version of ourselves in the social context. What's also important is that we must learn how to question and reflect deeply into our own behaviors, into our own attitudes because that's how we will be able to do away with the stereotypes around us. Believe it or not, but the fact is that in our need to not be stereotypical in our way, a lot of this conformity that we tend to have and we tend to play out in the social world because we feel and give in to the social pressure, we are becoming more and more stereotypical in our ways. And which is why it's important that we maintain our sense of individuality. The moment you feel that there is a social pressure that is coming in, take a step back. Think, reflect, introspect because that is what is required in today's world. Constantly we are bombarded with so many things that come around us from the world of social media and social presence that we continue to keep seeing, we continue to keep doomscrolling ourselves on this and that's why the brain rot happens. And brain rot is the real. Brain rot is that you keep scrolling and you keep scrolling and you don't even know what you've scrolled and you keep doing that and ultimately trots your brain and then without thinking you just keep doing what the others are doing around you. And from brain rot in the world of AI, we've also come to what? Brain rot humor. I have my my own kid who sometimes tell me about the six seven uh brain rot humor. I I mean what what what's this entire concept of six seven? I've never understood this. So from having a good humor, there is also now a brain rot humor that has come in, which we all tend to enjoy. Um and that's that's what world ends up doing this. It's not a humor, then what it is? >> >> I'm glad if some of you have not understood like me what is 67, because that's something that ah it's it's a meme. Okay, it's it's a meme. I get that. >> >> I'm glad some of you can empathize with me that yes, it is it is strange and it's a trend and it's a meme and we should sometimes um try and pull ourselves out of the world of memes and try and maintain a sense of individuality because it's important like I said to deflect, to question our behaviors, to to also understand deeper and deeper how we function in the world of social environment. Our social environment has always been there. In the social environment has also come in social media. And along with social media is now also the world of virtual reality, artificial intelligence. So it's important that we don't allow a lot of this to continue to have the kind of influence and control and power that it tends to have on us. It's important that we continue to use a critical mindset and understand how ourselves play out in the world in the social world that we live in. So if you have any more questions, please feel free to ask. >> Okay, if you have a question, please feel free to ask. What is brain rot? Brain rot is that when you continuously just keep scrolling and scrolling and scrolling and you continue to fatigue your mind by just scrolling without even knowing what you're scrolling. And that scrolling leads to uh fatigue and cognitive overload that you then are not able to actually make uh the right kind of choice. And that's what decision fatigue as a uh as a concept is also used in consumer psychology where you continuously given choices and then choices and then choices that you go on and you keep comparing this is better, that is better, and this is better. By the end of it, it leads to decision fatigue. Brain rot is just simply you keep scrolling, scrolling, scrolling, scrolling and it leads to cognitive overload and over a period of time, your brain begins to rot because again, there's a lot of energy that just goes on and on. We feel that out of boredom and because we don't have energy, we can just doom scroll but not recognizing that you rather sit by your own self, look at the nature around you, maybe just simply sit and breathe in and breathe out, relax yourself, listen to some good music than just doom scroll because that's what this extension of who we are has done to us where it becomes where it has become more habit-formation uh than not. So, phones have certainly led us to have more and more habit-formation. Well, if you want to read about social psychology, then like I shared, David Myers is a great book and you can go ahead and read that. The difference between online and offline internship is not much. Uh the topics and what you're going to study here and there remains the same. You just get to have an interaction with our other team of experts within our hospital setting. Unmute yourself is a campaign that we've done for years now, which means unmute yourself and talk about and spread the right information around mental health because there has always been so much stigma and stereotype uh which has been attached to mental health-related illnesses. So, don't be silent, break the stigma, and unmute yourself. And you also unmute yourself through social uh through summer internship project where if you are there on social media and if you're not, that is also good, but if you are, you can always spread the right kind of information about uh mental health-related aspects, bullying, you can talk about that. You can talk about some of the concepts that you've studied today and you can feel free to tag us on Instagram, on some of our other handles, and we will be happy to reshare it, repost it. But even if you're not there on social media, that's absolutely fine, in fact, better. >> Okay. Mhm. I'm seeing if there are more questions that I can answer. If you can ask me No clinical psychologist cannot prescribe medications. Psychiatrist can, so I cannot, but Dr. Parekh can. Um, and in that sense what we study is also different. He's done his MBBS and MD and I have done my bachelor's, master's, MPhil, and PhD. So, I give more therapies and that's what I do, evidence-based psychological treatment process, while he gives medications. How can I help my friend who is bullied peer bullied be a peer support? Be around them, check on them. If they continue to get bullied, support them, report it. That's how you support. And that's how you help your friend. Be a pillar of strength. Well, it doesn't matter where you study as a learner. If you are a good learner, you will learn anywhere. Whether you study here or you study somewhere out. It just depends upon where do you want to practice eventually? Because licensing for each country is something which is required in our field. So, if you want to practice here, then you better study here and we need so many more experts because of the larger and larger population that we have. Um, so yeah. >> Okay, I think I have answered most of the questions. So, aggression is clearly when anger is being um acted out in an aggressive form and aggressive way, which is not nice. You could be abusive, you could be physically aggressive. Uh altruism for that matter is is being nice, it's being kind, it's being having compassion towards people. So, these are two opposite things uh that you would see. Okay. I think then Well, that's absolutely your choice if you've done internship here whether you want to join in um or not in the physical space, that's completely your choice. So, anthropology is not it doesn't come under psychology, it's a completely different subject. A lot of these questions have been answered earlier or by Dr. Parekh and me. Okay. Then, we are going to close in for today. Uh just 3 minutes early from our scheduled time. And I will and both me and Dr. Parekh are going to see you tomorrow in another topic. Right. Okay. So, then see you all tomorrow again for another day on your summer internship in psychology.